PATIENT COUNSELLING.pptx
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This document discusses the role and responsibilities of hospital pharmacists. It begins by defining hospital pharmacy as the department responsible for procuring, storing, and distributing medications in a hospital setting. The scope of hospital pharmacy has expanded beyond traditional dispensing roles to include clinical services like reviewing medications for safety and providing drug information. The document outlines the organizational structure of hospital pharmacies and the professional responsibilities, qualifications, and job specifications of hospital pharmacists. It discusses standards and guidelines for good pharmacy practice from organizations like FIP, ASHP, and within India. Overall, the document provides an overview of the hospital pharmacy system and pharmacists' patient care roles within it.
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This document discusses the role and responsibilities of hospital pharmacists. It begins by defining hospital pharmacy as the department responsible for procuring, storing, and distributing medications in a hospital setting. The scope of hospital pharmacy has expanded beyond traditional dispensing roles to include clinical services like reviewing medications for safety and providing drug information. The document outlines the organizational structure of hospital pharmacies and the professional responsibilities, qualifications, and job specifications of hospital pharmacists. It discusses standards and guidelines for good pharmacy practice from organizations like FIP, ASHP, and within India. Overall, the document provides an overview of the hospital pharmacy system and pharmacists' patient care roles within it.
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hospital formulary
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Pharmacy and therapeutic committee
The document discusses the role and functions of pharmacy and therapeutics committees (PTC) in hospitals. PTCs are responsible for selecting drugs for the hospital formulary, promoting rational drug use, and reducing drug costs. They provide leadership on issues related to appropriate drug therapy. Key functions of PTCs include advising on drug policies, evaluating drugs for the formulary, assessing drug use to identify problems, and managing adverse drug reactions. PTCs also monitor drug safety, maintain emergency drug lists, and conduct drug utilization reviews to improve prescribing practices. Composition of PTCs varies but generally includes physicians, pharmacists, nurses and hospital administrators.
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Patient counselling
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Improve medication adherence.
Improve dosage regimen adherence.
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Reduce incidence of adverse drug effect and unnecessary healthcare cost.
ADR reporting.
Improve quality of life for patient.
Raising image of Pharmacist & its profession.
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The document discusses patient counseling, which involves providing information, advice, and assistance to help patients appropriately use their medications. The objectives of patient counseling are to improve patient understanding of their illness and medications, enhance medication adherence, and improve health outcomes. Effective counseling requires strong communication skills, both verbal and non-verbal. Barriers to counseling can include environmental factors, semantics, negative attitudes, and time constraints. The pharmacist's role is to counsel patients on medication names, uses, dosages, side effects and more to optimize treatment.
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OTC drugs are medications that can be purchased without a prescription. They include pain relievers like acetaminophen and ibuprofen, cough and cold medicines, antacids, and allergy medications. OTC drugs are widely used in India, accounting for 55% of drugs consumed. While convenient and cheaper than prescription drugs, OTC medications still carry risks if not taken as directed or if combining multiple products with the same active ingredients. Proper use of OTC drugs requires carefully reading and following all label instructions.
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The document discusses various aspects of hospital pharmacy operations including definitions, inpatient and outpatient dispensing systems, and controlled drug handling. It describes the key functions of hospital pharmacies like procurement, storage, manufacturing and distribution of medications. For inpatients, it explains individual prescription ordering as well as floor stock systems including charge, non-charge and unit dose methods. Outpatient dispensing involves dispensing medications to patients not admitted. Proper storage, documentation and authorization are needed for controlled substances.
Opportunities for Pharmacy Practice Research in Community Setting
The document discusses opportunities for pharmacy practice research in community settings. It begins by outlining the changing role of pharmacists from product-focused to patient-centered care. There is a need for pharmacy practice research in community settings to optimize medication use, support self-care, and improve health outcomes. The presentation then describes development of a clinical tool called STARZ-DRP, which is a step-by-step approach for minor illness consultation and triaging decisions in community pharmacies. A study was conducted to evaluate STARZ-DRP which found it improved identification of drug-related problems and referral decisions compared to usual care.
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medication Adherence defined as the act of filling a new prescription for the first time.
The extent to which the patients take medications as prescribed by the prescriber.
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PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTIC COMMITTEE IS VERY IMPORTANT IN RECENT DAYS TO MAKE SURE DRUG FORMULARY MAINTENANCE
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Hospital pharmacists are experts in medicines who work as part of healthcare teams to manage medication use in hospitals. Their responsibilities include procurement, storage, dispensing, manufacturing, testing, and distribution of drugs. They provide patient-centered care through individualized patient monitoring and evaluation. Hospital pharmacists require administrative, technical, and academic abilities to plan pharmacy operations, ensure quality control, provide training, and participate in research. Their roles include working in central dispensing areas, patient care units, and direct patient care through counseling, monitoring therapy, and obtaining medication histories. Beyond clinical care, hospital pharmacists also serve on committees, conduct drug trials, provide education, and influence hospital formularies.
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2) It defines pharmaceutical care as the responsible provision of drug therapy to achieve definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life.
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OTC drugs are medications that can be purchased without a prescription. They include analgesics, cough/cold medicines, and antacids. OTC drugs are cheaper and more convenient than prescription drugs. However, they still carry risks like drug interactions and side effects if not taken properly. Pharmacists play an important role in counseling patients on safe OTC use, including asking questions to assess medical history, providing instructions, and ensuring understanding. Proper use of OTC drugs can provide symptom relief when needed.
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1) Poison information centres provide information to identify and treat poisonings from any compound. They aim to reduce accidental poisoning deaths, provide rapid access to treatment information, and assist with poison prevention.
2) Poison information centres operate 24/7 to provide immediate assistance, handle a high call volume, and respond to more complex cases compared to drug information centres. They are also better staffed and funded.
3) Organizing an effective poison information centre requires qualified personnel like medical directors, managers, information specialists, and educators. It also requires appropriate facilities, equipment, resources, policies, training, and quality improvement programs.
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The document discusses the role and functions of pharmacy and therapeutics committees (PTC) in hospitals. PTCs are responsible for selecting drugs for the hospital formulary, promoting rational drug use, and reducing drug costs. They provide leadership on issues related to appropriate drug therapy. Key functions of PTCs include advising on drug policies, evaluating drugs for the formulary, assessing drug use to identify problems, and managing adverse drug reactions. PTCs also monitor drug safety, maintain emergency drug lists, and conduct drug utilization reviews to improve prescribing practices. Composition of PTCs varies but generally includes physicians, pharmacists, nurses and hospital administrators.
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This document discusses the importance of pharmacist counseling for patients with chronic illnesses. It provides details on the contents and techniques of effective counseling, including discussing medication use, side effects, adherence and lifestyle changes. It also gives examples of counseling points for various chronic conditions like hypertension, diabetes and heart disease. Studies mentioned found pharmacist counseling improved medication adherence and outcomes for patients with conditions like hypertension and diabetes. The conclusion emphasizes the role counseling plays in improving patient care and health outcomes.
Community pharmacy
Community pharmacy provides pharmaceutical care and serves the public's need for medicines. In India, community pharmacies are privately owned medicine shops that serve local communities. Community pharmacists play an important role in providing patients access to healthcare by managing their medication needs. They are regulated under the Pharmacy Act of 1948 and must maintain certain legal records. To run a pharmacy properly, pharmacists must select an appropriate site, design an effective layout, stock medicines correctly, hire qualified staff, and keep various financial and legal records.
Medication Adherence
Medication adherence is defined as a patient conforming to a healthcare provider's recommendations regarding timing, dosage, and frequency of medication. It involves filling prescriptions and refilling on time. Non-adherence can be caused by patient factors like forgetfulness or cost barriers, physician factors like complex regimens, and health system factors like fragmented care. Pharmacists can improve adherence through education on medication purpose, usage, and side effects. Adherence is especially important for chronic conditions and can be monitored through patient assessments.
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Drug information centers provide unbiased drug information to healthcare professionals and patients. The first drug information center was established in 1960 at the University of Kentucky. In Nepal, drug information centers are still in their infancy. The Drug Information Network of Nepal was established in 1996 with participation from government, academic, and non-government organizations to disseminate drug information. The network aims to optimize drug use and decision making in Nepal through sharing up-to-date, evaluated information on drugs.
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Similar to PATIENT COUNSELLING.pptx
Patient counselling
Patient Counselling is needed for
Better patient understanding to their illness and role of medication.
Improve medication adherence.
Improve dosage regimen adherence.
More effective Drug treatment.
Reduce incidence of adverse drug effect and unnecessary healthcare cost.
ADR reporting.
Improve quality of life for patient.
Raising image of Pharmacist & its profession.
patient counseling
The document discusses patient counseling, which involves providing information, advice, and assistance to help patients appropriately use their medications. The objectives of patient counseling are to improve patient understanding of their illness and medications, enhance medication adherence, and improve health outcomes. Effective counseling requires strong communication skills, both verbal and non-verbal. Barriers to counseling can include environmental factors, semantics, negative attitudes, and time constraints. The pharmacist's role is to counsel patients on medication names, uses, dosages, side effects and more to optimize treatment.
medication adherence
Medication adherence refers to the extent to which a patient follows medical advice regarding prescribed medications. It is important for therapeutic outcomes, especially for chronic illnesses. While many factors can influence adherence, it is difficult to predict. Pharmacists are well-positioned to improve adherence through patient education about their medications, potential side effects, and the importance of adherence. Strategies like simplifying dosing regimens, using medication organizers, and addressing specific barriers can also help. Further research is still needed to better understand and promote adherence.
16 ab1t0022
Medication adherence refers to the extent to which a patient follows medical advice regarding prescribed medications. It is important for therapeutic outcomes, especially for chronic illnesses. While many factors can influence adherence, it is difficult to predict. Pharmacists are well-positioned to improve adherence through patient education about their medications, potential side effects, and the importance of adherence. Strategies like simplifying dosing regimens, using medication organizers, and addressing specific barriers can also help. Further research is still needed to better understand and promote adherence.
Patients councelling
what is patient counselling, objective of patient counselling, steps in patient counselling, patient counselling contents, process, conclusion, communicative skill for effective counselling, verbal communication, non verbal communications
Patient counselling
This document provides an overview of patient counseling. It defines patient counseling as enhancing a patient's problem-solving skills to improve or maintain health and quality of life. The objectives of patient counseling are to improve communication, patient understanding of their illness and medications, medication adherence, treatment effectiveness, and quality of life while reducing adverse effects and healthcare costs. Effective patient counseling requires strong communication skills, both verbal and non-verbal, and addresses topics like medication use, dosing, side effects, and storage. Barriers to effective counseling can include environmental factors, semantics, attitudes, and time limitations.
PATIENT COUNSELLING.pptx
1.Definition and benefits of patient counselling
2.Stages of patient counselling - Introduction, counselling content, counselling process and closing the counselling session
3.Barriers to effective counseling - Types and strategies to overcome the barriers
Medication history interview
A medication history interview is used to collect detailed information about all medications a patient is currently taking or has taken in the past. This provides insights into allergic reactions, adherence, and use of alternative medicines. The goals are to obtain complete information to compare to medical records, verify histories, and inform care. Key information includes current and past medications, reactions, effectiveness, adherence, and sources like patients, families, and records. Patient counseling then aims to improve understanding of treatment, side effects, and self-management through a structured introduction, discussion, and conclusion.
Patient education and counselling
This document defines patient counseling as a one-on-one interaction between a pharmacist and patient/caregiver to provide medication information. It discusses how counseling is undertaken during dispensing, disease management, and providing self-care advice. The pharmacist should educate patients on medication names, directions, interactions, intended effects, side effects and monitoring. Effective communication relies on active listening, questioning, responding, explaining and ensuring patient understanding. Counseling aims to improve patient outcomes and satisfaction.
Medication Adherence & Role of Pharmacist
Medication adherence refers to the extent to which a patient follows their prescribed treatment regimen. Non-adherence can range from 10-92% and is influenced by many factors such as complex regimens, side effects, cost, forgetfulness, and lack of understanding. Improving adherence benefits patients through better management of conditions, reduced healthcare costs, and an improved quality of life. Pharmacist-led interventions are associated with increased adherence but multi-faceted programs with frequent follow-ups tend to be most effective.
Patient counseling
Patient counseling, problems in counseling and others, role of pharmacists, role of patients, ASHP guideline
Patient counselling
Patient counseling by pharmacists involves providing patients with information about their medications and conditions to ensure safe and effective use. During counseling, the pharmacist assesses the patient's understanding, provides individualized advice, and aims to improve adherence, health outcomes, and quality of life. The counseling process involves preparing, opening the session, discussing the medication and treatment plan, and closing by checking the patient's understanding. The goal is to educate patients and empower them to better manage their health.
16 ab1t0024
Patient counseling by pharmacists involves providing patients with information about their medications and conditions to ensure safe and effective use. During counseling, the pharmacist assesses the patient's understanding, provides individualized advice, and aims to improve adherence, health outcomes, and quality of life. The counseling process involves preparing, opening the session, discussing the medication and treatment plan, and closing by checking the patient's understanding. Effective counseling requires good communication and establishing rapport between the pharmacist and patient.
Patient medication counselling.
Patient counselling involves providing patients with information about their medications, including how to take them properly, potential side effects, and monitoring for drug interactions. An effective counselling session establishes trust, actively listens to patient concerns, tailors information to individual needs, and motivates patients to adhere to their medication regimen. The goal is to help patients safely use their medications and better manage their health conditions.
PATIENTCOUNSELLING in.pptx
Title: Enhancing Healthcare through Patient Counselling
Slide 1: Introduction
Welcome to the presentation on "Patient Counselling: A Vital Component of Healthcare."
Briefly outline the importance of effective patient counselling in improving health outcomes.
Slide 2: Definition of Patient Counselling
Define patient counselling as a dynamic process where healthcare professionals communicate with patients to provide information, support, and guidance regarding their health and treatment.
Slide 3: Objectives of Patient Counselling
Highlight the primary goals of patient counselling, such as improving medication adherence, promoting lifestyle changes, and enhancing overall patient understanding of their health conditions.
Slide 4: Importance of Patient Counselling
Discuss the impact of patient counselling on patient satisfaction, treatment outcomes, and the overall quality of healthcare services.
Slide 5: Key Components of Patient Counselling
a. Building Rapport
- Emphasize the significance of establishing a trusting relationship between healthcare professionals and patients.
b. Information Sharing
- Highlight the need for clear and understandable communication about diagnoses, treatment plans, and potential side effects.
c. Addressing Patient Concerns
- Discuss strategies for addressing and alleviating patient fears, doubts, and questions.
d. Empowering Patients
- Explore ways to empower patients to actively participate in their healthcare decisions and self-management.
Slide 6: Methods of Patient Counselling
a. One-on-One Sessions
- Discuss the benefits of individualized counselling sessions for personalized care.
b. Group Counselling
- Explore the advantages of group counselling, fostering peer support and shared experiences.
c. Technology-Assisted Counselling
- Introduce the use of technology, such as virtual consultations and mobile apps, to enhance patient counselling.
Slide 7: Challenges in Patient Counselling
Recognize common obstacles faced by healthcare professionals in patient counselling and propose strategies to overcome them.
Slide 8: Case Studies
Present real-world examples illustrating successful patient counselling outcomes, demonstrating the positive impact on patient health.
Slide 9: Training and Development for Healthcare Professionals
Highlight the importance of ongoing training for healthcare professionals to enhance their counselling skills and stay updated on best practices.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summarize key points and reiterate the crucial role of patient counselling in improving healthcare outcomes.
Encourage continued efforts to prioritize and invest in patient counselling as an integral part of comprehensive healthcare services.Keep each slide concise, focusing on key points to maintain audience engagement and understanding.
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The document discusses modern aspects of dispensing from a pharmacist's perspective. It covers several topics:
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- The importance of obtaining an accurate medical and medication history from patients to identify potential issues and direct appropriate treatment
Pateient counseling by BNP.pdf
The availability of and rational use of medicines are critical for a successful therapeutic outcome. Though rapid developments in science and technology have led to easy understanding of etiology and pathophysiological basis of various diseases and development of new molecules, many times clinicians fail to achieve the desired therapeutic goals. One of the major reasons for this can be the patient non-compliance or partial compliance towards the prescribed treatment (World Health Organization, 2003). Patient compliance is defined as the adherence of a patient towards the prescriber‘s instructions.
It implies an understanding of how the medicine is to be used, as well as a positive behavior in which the patient is motivated sufficiently to use the prescribed treatment in the manner intended because of a perceived self-benefit and a positive outcome (e.g. enhanced quality of life and well being).
MEDICATION ADHERENCE.pptx
Medication adherence is essential for achieving positive therapeutic outcomes, especially in chronic diseases. Non-adherence has many causes like patients not believing treatment is necessary, complex regimens, or poor communication with providers. Pharmacists can play an important role in improving adherence through patient education, simplifying dosing, minimizing side effects, reminder calls/texts, and identifying individual barriers. Proper adherence monitoring is also important, as it allows interventions when non-adherence is detected. Both direct methods like biological fluid testing and indirect methods like pill counting can assess adherence, though indirect methods are less expensive.
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INTRODUCTION TO HERBAL FORMULATIONS.pptx
Herbal formulation shall mean a dosage form consisting of one or more herbs in specified quantities to provide specific nutritional, cosmetic benefits, or other benefits meant for use to diagnose treat, mitigate diseases of human beings or animals.
Herbal preparations are obtained by subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation.
These include comminuted or powdered herbal substances, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates.
Herbal cosmetic is defined as “ the beauty products, which possess desirable physiological activities such as skin healing, smoothening, appearance enhancing properties with the help of herbal ingredients.”
almond oil
olive oil
rosemarry oil
sandalwood oil
PLANT FIBRES USED AS SURGICAL DRESSING.pptx
Fibers are elongated thick walled cells with pointed ends, cell walls of which may consist of cellulose and may or may not contain lignin
Plant fibers
Jute
Flax
Cotton
Banana
Hemp
Animal fiber
Silk
wool
Minerals
Glass
Asbestos
Surgical dressings are the materials used alone or in combination for protection and healing of wound
e.g. cotton, wool, rayon
Official requirements of surgical dressings are as;
They should be sterilized before use
They should be stored in dry-ventilated place at temperature not exceeding 250c
They should not be dyed unless mentioned in the monograph
There should not be any loose threads fibres-ends in dressings
They should be used with permitted prescribed concentrations only.
Sutures
Sutures are threads used for stiching the tissues like skin, muscles by using needle.
Two types of sutures;
Absorbable sutures: these are absorbed in the body
E.g catgut, kangaroo tendon and some synthetic polymers
Non-absorbable sutures: these are not absorbed by skin.
E.g silk, nylon
Requirements of sutures;
They must be sterile and cause no irritation
They should be stored in dry place
They are intended for one use.
DIURETICS.pptx
A diuretic is any substance that increases production of urine.
Sometimes called water pills, help rid your body of salt (sodium) and water.
Gokharu
Synonym: Puncture vine, devil’s thorn, Caltrops fruit.
B.S.: Gokhru is the dried ripe seeds of Tribulus terrestris Linn., Family: Zygophyllaceae.
Morphological characters:
Color: fruits are yellowish in colour
Odor: odorless
Taste: slightly bitter
Shape: globose, 1.2 cm in diameter containing five woody, densely hairy, spiny cocci
Size: 1-1.5cm in diameter and 8.5mm thick
Chemical Constituents
consist of steroidal saponins as the major constituents.which are;
terestrosins A, B, C, D and E,.
F-gitonin and gitonin.
Certain other steroidal such as terestroside F, tribulosin, trillin, gracillin, dioscin
Therapeutic uses
The fruit has cooling, anti inflammatory, antiarthritic, diuretic, tonic, properties.
It is used in building immune system, in painful micturition, calculus affections and impotency.
Improves and prolongs the duration of erection
It exerts a stimulating effect on reproductary organs.
Punarnava
Synonym: rakta punarnava, hog-weed
B.S.: freh dried herb of Boerhhavia diffusa
Family: Nyctagineacea.
Morphological characters:
Color: green on upper surface,
Odor: odorless
Taste: slightly bitter
Shape: ovate
Size: 25-30mm long
Therapeutic uses
In the treatment of urogenital disorders
In the renal diseases
Fever, cough, dysponea and bronchial complaints
Herbs as health food.pptx
The term "Nutraceutical" was coined by combining the terms "Nutrition" and "Pharmaceutical" in 1989 by Dr. Stephen De Felice.
Definition Of Nutraceuticals...
A nutraceutical is any substance considered as a food, or its part which, in addition to its normal which, in addition to its normal nutritional value provides health benefits including the prevention of disease or promotion of health.
Antioxidants are substance that can prevent or minimize cell damage caused by free radicals.
These are live microbial feed supplement which improves intestinal microbial balance when administered
E.g. lactobacilli such as L. acidophilus, gram +ve cocci such as enterococcus foecium etc.
A non- digestible food ingredient that stimulates the growth or activity of number of bacteria in colon.
TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF MEDICINE.pptx
what is TSM?
WHO defines traditional medicine as including diverse health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal, and/or mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises which can be used to maintain well-being, as well as to treat, diagnose or prevent illness.
TYPES OF TSM (AYUSH)
A-AYURVEDA
Y-YOGA & NATUROPATHY
U-UNANI
S-SIDDHA
H-HOMEOPATHY
Classification of Ayurvedic dosage form
CLINICAL PHARMACY.pptx
POINTS TO BE INCLUDED
Definition, scope,
Technical definitions, common terminologies used in clinical
settings
Daily activities of clinical pharmacists
Ward round participation
Treatment Chart Review
Adverse drug reaction monitoring
Interprofessional collaboration
SUPPLY CHAIN & INVENTORY CONTROL.pptx
The list of drugs guides to detect medications that require special precautions to reduce risk of errors
Precautions may include limiting access to certain drugs.
The list of drugs categorised into
High risk drugs
Emergency drugs
Schedule H1 drugs
NDPS drugs
Reserved antibiotics
High risk medications are drugs that have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when they are misused.
List of high risk drugs
Adrenaline 1mg/ml inj
Cobra antivenom inj
Dextrose 30% and 50% inj
Digoxin 0.5 mg inj
Dopamine 200mg/ 20ml inj
Heparin 5000unit/ml inj
Actrapid1000 unit/10ml inj
Morphine 10mg/ml inj
Noradrenaline inj
All high medication containers or loose vials/ampoules stored must be labelled as high risk medicines
Use TALL-man lettering to emphasize difference in medication name e.g. DOPamine abd DOButamine
Prescribing: do not use abbreviations when prescribing
Do not use trailing zero when prescribing e.g. 5.0mg can be mistaken as 50mg
Administration: the following particulars shall be checked before administration;
Patient’s name
Strength of medication
Dose
Route and expiry
DRUG DISTRIBUTION.pptx
Drug distribution is defined as, "Physical transfer of drugs from storage area in the hospital to the patient's bedside".
This involves two types of drug distribution. They are:
In-patient distribution
Out-patient distribution
The drug distribution to the in patient department can be carried out from the out patient dispensing area.
The pharmacists involved in dispensing the drugs for out patient can dispense drugs for in patients too.
The pharmacist employed for drug distribution to the in patient wards should be well skilled and qualified staff.
Out patient refers to the patients not occupying beds in hospital or in clinics, health centers and other places where out patients usually go for health care.
No medicaments should be issued without the prescription.
After the issue has been made the quantities supplied must be recorded.
In short form the out patient department was called as OPD.
CLASSIFICATION OF PATIENTS
EMERGENCY
TERTIARY CARE
PRIMARY CARE
AMBULATORY.
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT OF CENTRAL DRUG STORES.pptx
The document discusses various aspects of inventory management and storage of drugs at central drug stores. It provides guidelines on proper storage conditions for drugs including temperature, humidity and light exposure. It describes different inventory control techniques like economic order quantity, reorder quantity level, ABC analysis and VED analysis. The document also outlines standard operating procedures for storage, handling and disposal of expired or damaged drugs. It discusses various disposal methods for different drug types including return, incineration and landfilling while following safety protocols.
VITAMINS ENZYMES.pptx
Vitamins are organic chemical compounds which cannot be synthesized in the body but are essential for normal metabolic functions
ANTI-RHEUMATIC.pptx
This document discusses anti-rheumatic drugs and colchicum, a crude drug used to treat rheumatism. Rheumatism is characterized by increased uric acid in the blood and recurrent joint inflammation due to urate crystal deposition. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the synovial membrane. Colchicum, also known as meadow saffron, contains the toxic but potent anti-rheumatic alkaloid colchicine in its seeds and corms. It is used to treat gout and rheumatism due to its analgesic, antirheumatic, cathartic and emetic properties, but its toxicity requires caution, especially in pregnant women and those with kidney
RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL.pptx
They are radioactive substances or radioactive medications for diagnostic & therapeutic intervention
Radiopharmaceutical are medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes which are safe for organization in people for analysis or for treatment
Usually radiopharmaceuticals contain at least 2major components;
Radionuclide that provides the desired radiation characteristics &
Chemical compound with structural or chemical properties that determine the physiological behavior of radiopharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical Aids.pptx
"Pharmaceutical aids are the drugs or substances which have no or little pharmacological.but they are essentially used in the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage form
Antimalarials.pptx
This document discusses antimalarial drugs, focusing on Cinchona and Artemisia. It defines antimalarials as drugs used to prevent or treat malaria, which is caused by four Plasmodium species and transmitted via mosquito bites. Cinchona, whose active compound is quinine, is derived from Cinchona trees and has been used traditionally to treat malaria. It also has other medicinal properties. Artemisia annua contains the antimalarial compound artemisinin and has been used to treat malaria as well as conditions like epilepsy and irregular periods.
Anti Tussives.pptx
Antitussives can be defined as the drugs which ae used in treatment of cough.
vasaka
honey
balsam of tolu
Anti-tumour.pptx
nticancer drug, also called antineoplastic drug, any drug that is effective in the treatment of malignant, or cancerous, disease.
Vinca have been used to treat diabetes, high blood pressure and have been used as disinfectants and anti-cancer.
oxytocic.pptx
A drug that stimulates contraction of the myometrium. Oxytocics are used to induce labour, obstetric at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion haemorrhage, and to assess foetal status in high risk pregnancies.
crude drug used is Ergot
ergot life cycle
1. over wintering stage
2. sexual reproduction
3. asexual reproduction
Vitamins.pptx
Vitamins can be soluble in fat or water, that effect allows classifying them on liposoluble or water-soluble.
In the first classification are the vitamins A, D, E and K. Due to the ease of their solution in body fat they stored and need not consume daily.
In the water-soluble group are B Complex and Vitamin C that can not be stored since they´re easily removed by body fluids and should be consumed daily preferably, with some exceptions.
useful for D>Pharm as per PCI syllabus
The human body does not synthesize vitamins and should be acquired by the daily intake of food, the lack of any of them can cause various diseases.
ASTRINGENTS.pptx
Astringents are substances that cause the contraction or shrinkage of tissues and dry up secretions. Astringents include catechu, which is the dried aqueous extract of the heartwood of the Acacia catechu plant. Catechu contains around 10% catechin and 25-33% phlobatannic acid. It is used as an antidiarrheal, to soothe the throat and mouth, increase appetite, and for dyeing fabrics. Myrobalan is the dried fruit of Terminalia chebula and is used as an astringent to treat dyspepsia, diarrhea, ulcers, wounds, and piles. It contains hydrolysable tannins like chebul
ANTIDIABETICS.pptx
This document discusses diabetes and anti-diabetic drugs. It defines diabetes as a chronic health condition that affects how the body turns food into energy. The three main types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-producing cells, type 2 involves insulin resistance, and gestational only occurs during pregnancy. Anti-diabetic drugs work by altering blood glucose levels. Examples mentioned are Pterocarpus marsupium and Gymnema sylvestre, which are used traditionally to treat diabetes.
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
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Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Pune Call Girls 7339748667 AVAILABLE HOT GIRLS AUNTY BOOK NOW
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Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
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One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
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Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
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Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
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Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
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PATIENT COUNSELLING.pptx
- 2. WHAT IS PATIENT COUNSELLING? •Patient counseling refers to the process of providing information, advice and assistance to help patients use their medications appropriately •Patient counseling is an acquired skill of a pharmacist
- 3. OBJECTIVES 1.Assessing the patient‘s understanding of the therapy including proper use and adverse effects of the medication. 2.Improving patient adherence. 3.Motivating the patient to take an active role in health management.
- 4. •Studies have shown that patient counseling can improve patient care in various ways 1.Reducing medication errors. 2.Increasing patients understanding and management of their medical condition. 3.Minimizing incidence of adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions. 4.Improving patient outcomes and satisfaction with care.
- 5. FEATURES OF EFFECTIVE PATIENT COUNSELING: Build Trust Listen Verbal communication non-Verbal communication Ask questions Show sympathy & encouragement
- 6. WHY PHARMACISTS SHOULD COUNSEL PATIENTS? • Improved therapeutic outcomes and decreased adverse effects • Improved patient adherence to the treatment plan • decreased medication errors and misuse • Enhanced patient self-management by involving the patient in designing the therapeutic plan. • Potential for decreased health care costs due to appropriate use of medications and prevention of adverse events.
- 7. EFFECTS OF POOR COUNSELLING
- 8. STEPS INVOLVED IN PATIENT COUNSELLING • INTRODUCTION • UNDERSTANDING THE PATIENT • UNDERSTANDING PATIENTS MEDICAL CONDITION • COUNSELLING ABOUT PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS • COUNSELLING ABOUT MAJOR SIDE EFFECTS • COUNSELLING ABOUT DRUG INTERACTION • PRECAUTIONS • REFILL INFORMATION • ENSURE ABOUT UNDERSTANDING OF PATIENT • ASKING ANY QUERIES
- 9. KEY POINTS COVER DURING COUNSELLING • NAME , STRENGTH DOSAGE, ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION, PURPOSE, EXPECTED BENEFITS OF MEDICATIONS • HOW AND WHEN TO TAKE MEDICATIONS • ADVERSE EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF MEDICATIONS • PRECAUTIONS, CONTRAINDICATIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS • REFILL INFORMATION AND FOLLOW UP • ASK PATIENTS IF HE HAS ANY QUESTIONS