Presentation given at the “Exploring Research” - The Faculty of Law, Arts and Social Science Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005.
Based on presentation given at CAA 2005 held in Tomar, Portugal. Presenting my PhD research to a non-archaeological, non-technical audience.
Pathways, Perception and the development of PlacePaul Cripps
Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory.
Building on my masters work, an initial presentation having just started my PhD
Pathways, Perception and the development of PlacePaul Cripps
Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory.
Building on my masters work, an initial presentation having just started my PhD
Towards a graph of ancient world geographical knowledgeElton Barker
Presentation on three collaborative projects: Hestia (http://hestia.open.ac.uk/), GAP (http://googleancientplaces.wordpress.com/gapvis/), and Pelagios (pelagios-project.blogspot.com)
Photosynths as a method for capturing rich visual, qualitative dataGavin Harper
Photosynths as a method for capturing rich visual, qualitative data
8th International Qualitative Research Conference
6-8th September
Talbot Campus
Bournemouth University
Gavin D. J. Harper
The ESRC Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability and Society
Cardiff University
55 Park Place
Cardiff
CF10 3AT
United Kingdom
harpergd@cf.ac.uk
Geosemantic Tools for Archaeological ResearchPaul Cripps
Presentation given at the annual Postgraduate Researchers Presentation Day held at the University of South Wales Postgraduate Research Centre, Trefforest Campus.
Linked Geospatial Data for Archaeological Research Paul Cripps
Investigating Archaeological Research Questions using a Linked Data framework
A presentation given to the Avebury & Stonehenge Archaeological & Historical Research Group, May 2015.
21st Century Geospatial #HistEnv Data ManagementPaul Cripps
A keynote presentation given at the Towards a Collaborative Strategy for sector information management (TACOS) seminar held at the University of York, May 2014
GeoSemantic Technologies for Archaeological ResourcesPaul Cripps
The semantics of heritage data is a growing area of interest with ontologies such as the CIDOC-CRM providing semantic frameworks and exemplary projects such as STAR and STELLAR demonstrating what can be done using semantic technologies applied to archaeological resources. In the world of the Semantic Web, advances regarding geosemantics have emerged to extend research more fully into the spatio-temporal domain, for example extending the SPARQL standard to produce GeoSPARQL. Importantly, the use of semantic technologies, particularly the structure of RDF, aligns with graph and network based approaches, providing a rich fusion of techniques for geospatial analysis of heritage data expressed in such a manner.
This paper gives an overview of the ongoing G-STAR research project (GeoSemantic Technologies for Archaeological Resources) with reference to broader sectoral links particularly to commercial archaeology. Particular attention is paid to examining the integration of spatial data into the heritage Global Graph and the relationship between Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) and Linked Data, moving beyond notions of ‘location’ as simple nodes, placenames and coordinates towards fuller support for complex geometries and advanced spatial reasoning. Finally, the potential impacts of such research is discussed with particular reference to the current practice of commercial archaeology, access to and publishing of (legacy, big) data, and leveraging network models to better understand and manage change within archaeological information systems.
A University Technical College for Wiltshire; Specialising in Science and En...Paul Cripps
A presentation given by Clive Duggleby (General Manager, Tetricus Science Park) to Salisbury Cafe Scientifique, November 2012
See the Cafe Scientifique website for more information:
http://cafescientifiquesalisbury.org.uk/2012/11/wiltshire-utc/
Archaeological Computing Research Group (ACRG) Seminar: Digital Spatial Techn...Paul Cripps
Digital Spatial Technologies have become central to modern archaeological practice. There are a number of interrelated strands to this which can be broadly categorised as capture, management, analysis/interpretation, visualisation and dissemination.
Techniques and technologies used to capture spatial data include: Total Station Theodolites (TST), Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS), Airborne Laser Scanners (ALS) and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS); computational photography including Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI), Structure from Motion (SfM) and photogrammetry.
Allied with this are tools and techniques to support management, analysis, visualisation and dissemination including more robust, ontologically driven, semantically enabled data models and Archaeological Information Systems (AIS) to handle both spatial and spatially referenced digital data and all manner of visualisations and interfaces (2D, 3D, graphs, web, portals, etc) for resource discovery, analysis and dissemination.
Digital resources are being made accessible like never before, with spatiality forming a key component, opening up new potential with platforms such as Google Earth and Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) for research, public access and heritage management either here, now, or becoming possible, drawing on and breathing new life into archaeological archives and indices.
All of this combines to help us as archaeologists create richer, multi-vocal, data driven narratives and theoretical frameworks and ultimately better understand the past and convey this to a wider audience. Drawing on experiences from one of the UKs largest archaeological units as well as ongoing projects across the heritage domain in which I have participated or observed, this talk aims to give a personal view on where we as a discipline are at and some ideas for where we can go next.
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Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
1. Pathways, Perception and the
development of Place
Computational
approaches to
movement and
perception of
landscape in
prehistory
A 3D reconstruction of the Beckhampton
Avenue, Avebury, Wilts.
Paul Cripps, Postgraduate Research Student,
University of Southampton, School of Humanities; Archaeology
2. 2 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
Outline
Introduction
Landscape studies
Visibility analysis
Abstractions of reality
Approximations of
the situation
Moving and seeing
Movement
Perception
Computer based
approaches
An integrated
approach A 3D reconstruction of the Cove in
Longstones Field, Avebury, Wilts.
Available tools; GIS
and 3D
An integrated system
3. 3 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
Background & Introduction
Any landscape can be seen as a snapshot of the
complex continuum of interaction between
humans and their environment
The formation of landscapes, particularly
significant places within them, can therefore be
seen as a function of this interaction
This interaction has at its core the notions of
movement and perception, humans being highly
visually attuned, mobile actors
In the later Neolithic, we see monumental forms
which are linear in nature and may be related to
movement of one kind or another
4. 4 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
e.g. Stonehenge, Wilts.
Many
archaeological
remains
Complex sequence
of developments
over a very long
period of time
Linear monuments
include an avenue
and two cursus
5. 5 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
Landscape studies & visibility analysis
Landscape interpretation comprises functional
aspects (eg Renfrew) and phenomenological
aspects (eg Tilley, Thomas)
Complementary rather than bipolar
Visibility analysis fuses these aspects and has
been used successfully to analyse visual
characteristics of landscape built up from the
point of view of individual human actors
eg Exon, Gaffney, Woodward & Yorston (2000);
investigated intervisibility of sites around
Stonehenge
eg Wheatley (1995); looked at intervisibility of
long barrows around Avebury and Stonehenge
eg Llobera; looked at total visual characteristics
of landscape
6. 6 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
Abstraction from reality…
Visibility analysis can only ever provide an
approximation of the situation
Better approximations can be achieved by
improving the theoretical model used and/or the
source data
Computers can be used to speed up the process
of calculating lines-of-sight; a viewshed shows all
the lines-of-sight from a location
A simple binary viewshed can be seen as a
starting point illustrating a single static view but
can also be used as the input to:
Cumulative, Fuzzy and Dynamic viewshed
techniques used to give an improved
approximation the situation
7. 7 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
Approximations of the situation
But this is still only part of the story!
Traditionally, visibility analysis dependent on a
purely mathematical approach using Line-Of-Sight
vectors
What about other factors…?
Vegetation has a dramatic effect on visibility, as
does weather, colour, relative position and
lighting
Static viewpoints only give one view, often biased
by the choice of archaeological sites as input
locations
8. 8 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
Approximations of the situation
A mathematical
approach to
visibility
Processor intensive;
powerful computers
needed
Many calculations
possible on a
modern computer
9. 9 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
Moving and seeing
So visibility analyses to date, while successful,
have for the most part, ignored effects of
movement and perception
While there may be significance in particular
static viewsheds, what about humans as dynamic
agents, moving through, seeing and interacting
with the landscape around them…?
This investigation will draw on theoretical
discourses and make use of the concept of
visibility as a means to investigate this cultural
continuum in terms of movement and perception
Hence, inferences regarding site location, relative
chronology and functional aspects may be made
10. 10 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
Perception
For the purposes of this investigation, a simplified
perceptual model is used:
Based on visibility and factors influencing visibility
alone eg effects of colour, lighting, relative
position, environmental factors, etc
Other senses (aural, haptic, etc) are currently
ignored
Drawing on interdisciplinary sources eg
psychology and landscape design
11. 11 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
Movement
Humans are dynamic agents capable of moving
and interacting with their environment
It is through such movements and interactions an
understanding of landscape is constructed
This understanding is incorporated back into the
landscape continuum by means of human action
eg constructing/destruction of monuments,
reserving ‘special’ places, cultural practices, etc
Movement is therefore an important factor in the
way humans come to understand the world
around them
12. 12 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
An integrated approach
A holistic approach needed
GIS cannot adequetely account for the factors
previously mentioned
3D technologies do not have the sort of analytical
functions found in GIS, but outputs can be
subjected to image analysis.
Therefore, make use of analytical 2D GIS and
image analysis supported and qualified by 3D
visualisation tools
Incorporate rich spatial data; terrain models,
lighting/atmospheric models, environmental
evidence, reconstructed archaeological features
and interpretations (eg Neolithic neon)
13. 13 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
GIS based Viewshed Analysis
Binary viewshed
from the Cove in
Longstones Field,
Avebury, Wilts.
Pink areas visible,
other areas not
visible
14. 14 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
GIS based Viewshed Analysis
Probabilistic
viewshed
from
Stonehenge,
Wilts.
Grey areas
not visible;
darker
shades of
blue indicate
higher
probability of
being visible
15. 15 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
GIS based Viewshed Analysis
Animated
sequence of
viewsheds along
the path of the
Beckhampton
Avenue,
Avebury Wilts.
A dynamic
approach to
viewsheds
16. 16 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
3D visualisation
Animations
Modern
computers
capable of
real-time high
quality
visualisations
Animation showing the Cove,
Longstones Field, Avebury, Wilts.
21. 21 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
An integrated system
Image Analysis
(analytical gfx package
Viewsheds Viewsheds
tbc)
(simple, (complex,
Animations Rendered binary) compound)
views
3D model 2D spatial analysis
(Vue Infinite v5) (ArcINFO / Grass)
Dynamic
interaction
(gaming
engine /
OpenGL tbc)
GIS database
(ArcINFO / Grass)
Uni-directional data flow
Bi-directional data flow
Interface interaction
22. 22 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
Next steps
This investigation is still very much work in
progress (first year PhD, studying part-time)
Hardware set up (ACRG Workstation); Unix based
(OSX; Tiger) 64-bit workstation recently acquired
System components to be integrated and tested
(due late 2005); Open-source where possible
Detailed investigations of study areas to follow
(scheduled for 2006), including fieldwork to
validate results
23. 23 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
Acknowledgements & image credits
Dr. David Wheatley (Supervisor)
English Heritage; Stonehenge & Avebury World
Heritage Site GIS (archaeological data)
Archaeological Computing Research Group (support)
http://www.arch.soton.ac.uk/Prospectus/ACRG/
Eon Software (manufacturers of Vue 5 Infinite)
http://www.e-onsoftware.com/Products/vue5infinite
ATI (manufacturers of graphics cards)
http://www.ati.com/developer/demos/macss2/
24. 24 Pathways, Perception and the development of Place; Computational approaches to movement and perception of landscape in prehistory
“Exploring Research” - LASS Conference, University of Southampton, Jun 7th 2005
fin
360° Panorama from Windmill Hill, Avebury, Wilts.
Contact paul.cripps@soton.ac.uk
See www.soton.ac.uk/~pjc196/research/
for more information
Based on a paper originally presented at
Computer Applications in Archaeology,
Tomar, Portugal, Easter 2005