The document discusses the past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses in English grammar. It provides examples of how to use each tense correctly, including showing actions that were completed before another past action for the past perfect, and ongoing actions up until a past time or event for the past perfect progressive. It also contrasts the two tenses and provides exercises for readers to practice using them in sentences.

1. The Past Perfect
and
The past Perfect Progressive

2. Past Perfect
Use the past perfect when one
action in the past happened before
another action in the past. Put the
earlier action in the past perfect
and the later action in the simple
past.

3. Past Perfect
had + ed
 It is used to talk about actions that were
completed at an unspecified time before
another past action ( at different times). I
had already done my homework when my
mother arrived.
 With before, by the time, until and when
the verb is in the simple past.
 With after the verb is the past perfect

4. Past Perfect
It is used only when a clear
relationship exists with an event in
simple past time. It indicates that
an action was completed before
another one in the past.
When I arrived at the party,
everyone had left

5. Because the past perfect means
“before”, it must relate a past event
to another past event or time.
Steve had just dropped a bag of
groceries when Marie came into the
kitchen.
He had not finished when we arrived.

6. EVER, NEVER (experiences before
a specific past time)
YET, STILL, ALREADY (completed
before a specific past time)
JUST (happened a short time
before a specific past time)

7. Was born gave 1st got
1st got 1st hosted talk was in her 1st got own built her starred in film
speech radio job TV job show major movie show own studio Beloved
---/-----------------/-------------/------------/----------------/---------------/------------/------------/-----------/-------
1954 1957 1971 1973 1983 1985 1986 1988 1998
1. By 1958 Oprah ____________________ her first speech.
2. By 1971 she _____________________ her first TV job
3. By 1972 she _____________________ her first radio job.
4. By 1972 she _____________________ in a major movie.
5. By 1985 she _____________________ her own TV show.
6. By 1986 she _____________________ in a major movie
7. BY 1987 she _____________________ her own studio.
8. By 2000 she _____________________ in the film Beloved

8. Use because to connect sentences.
1. His car broke down.
He took the bus.
________________________________________
2. Charlotte was depressed.
She failed her English exam.
________________________________________
3. We didn’t eat all day.
We were really hungry.
________________________________________
4. We studied hard for three weeks.
We thought the test was easy.
__________________________________________
5. Neville couldn’t sleep.
He drank several cups of very strong coffee.

9. 1. He took the bus because his car had
broken down.
2. Charlotte was depressed because she had
failed her English exam.
3. We were really hungry because we hadn’t
eaten all day.
4. We thought the test was easy because we
had studied hard for three weeks
5. Neville couldn’t sleep because he had
drunk several cups of strong coffee.

10. Past perfect progressive
had + been + ing
 It is used to talk about actions that were in
progress up to another past action or time.
I had been doing my homework when she
arrived.
 It expresses a sense that the action was
ongoing and is often used with for, since,
all day, all night

11. Past Perfect Progressive
It tells us about the length of the
action and the specific point when it
ended. It occurs with since or for to
specify the duration of the action.
I had been playing for two hours
when I fell and twisted my ankle.

12. When the race started, it was raining and
the streets were wet.
(It was still raining during the race)
When the race started, it had been raining
and the streets were wet.
(It wasn’t raining during the race. It had already stopped)

13. Explain the difference in meaning
A. When the phone rang, I was eating.
B. When the phone rang, I ate.
C. When the phone rang, I had eaten.
D. When the phone rang, I was going to eat.
E. When the phone rang, I had been eating.

14. Your work
 Page 182 – 188
 Exercise 77 and 78. (Now)
 Punctuation Practice, Question 1 – 10
only. (Homework)

15. Exercise 77 page 183
1. Remembered; had not
turned; left
2. Had…set; heard; had
failed; collapsed
3. Knew; had…shrunk
4. Were; had committed;
tried; drew
5. Remembered; had
closed; got; woke; found

16. Exercise 77 page 183
6. Had wanted; was closed;
had; arrived
7. Was; fell; was taken
8. Had subsided; had been
evacuated; returned
9. Were told; had increased
10. Took; had placed
11. Looked; had seen; was;
was
12. Had listened; told
13. Had quarrelled; had not
spoken
14. Was; was forbidden; had
fixed; had
15. Had sounded; had…
heard; had pondered;
thought; might
16. Had interrogated;
appeared; had managed;
was; was accused

17. Exercise 77 page 183
17. Died; had complained;
had cared; bothered
18. Had gathered; arrived;
had occurred; caused
19. Had bought; had taken;
loved; regretted
20. Searched; had stolen;
had hidden; had not told;
was arrested

18. Exercise 78 page 186
1. Had not been paying
2. Had,,,been telling
3. Had been knocking
4. Had been walking
5. Had ben working

19. Exercise 78 page 186
6. Had…been playing
7. Had been standing
8. Had not been reading;
had been sleeping
9. Had not been talking
10. Had not been taking
11. Had…been playing
12. Had not been thinking
13. Had been pestering
13. Had been spreading
14. Had been working
15. Had been working; had
not been sleeping
16. Had been waiting
17. Had been eating
18. Had been studying
19. Had…been supporting
20. Had been living; had not
been planning

20. Punctuation Practice
1. Alice helped her mother to re-cover the cushions in
preparation for Christmas.
2. Daniel received a long-distance call last night; it was
from his pen-pal in New Zealand.
3. “If all of you co-operate, I think that we can get this
done by four-thirty,’ said Lawrence.
4. The traveller demanded first-class accomodation for the
trip.
5. The old man had such a tear-provoking story totell that
at the end of it, all of us were upset.

21. Punctuation Practice
6. When Billy was ill, he had to take a spoonful of foul-
tasting medicine each day.
7. Edward’s brother, Richard, is twenty-four years old and
1.8 metres tall.
8. Jill, who is long legged and slim, wants to be a model
when she leaves school.
9. Fifty people were invited to the beach party, but only
thirty-six turned up.
10. Mr. Cooper and his son-in-law enjoy each other’s
company; they often attend football matches together.

22. THE END!