The document discusses the use of the past perfect tense in English. It provides examples of how the past perfect is used to indicate an action that was completed before another past action. It explains that the past perfect is formed using had + past participle. It also discusses how time expressions like "before" and "by the time" are often used with the past perfect to indicate one past action occurring prior to another.

2. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE.
Use
1) Activities that started in the past and are
continuing now
We've been learning Spanish this year.
2) An activity which has recently finished
Have you been smoking? I can smell
smoke!

3. All the sentences are about a reunion where
classmates haven't seen each other for a long time.
They're all in the present perfect continuous.
1.You living been lived How have long here?
2. Three living for here years. lived been We have
3. so working being I have much been
4. We garage. built new a have building bee

4. Meaning and use
To talk about an activity that started
in the past and is continuing now
or has recently finished.
I’ve been reading that new book
you lent me…

5. Form
The present perfect continuous is made with:
Subject + have/has/haven't/hasn't + been +
present participle of main verb
Positive
Jack's working very hard for his exams. He's
been revising all day.
I've been working at the café for two weeks.

6. Question
Present perfect continuous questions
are made with:
Have/has not + subject + been +
present participle
Have you been eating all the biscuits?
There are none left!
What have you been doing? You look
exhausted!

7. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
present perfect continuous,
activity is completed, or
we wish to emphasise the length of time
it has lasted or stress the continuous,
on-going nature of the activity.
The present perfect continuous is often
used in conjunction
with for or since phrases.

8. 'How long have you been waiting for
this bus?' 'I’ve been standing here for
over half an hour. These buses never
come.'
'I’ve been looking for a summer holiday
job for two weeks now, but I
still haven’t found one.'
'We’ve been living here in Multan since
1991 – the year we did matric!

9. present perfect continuous vs present
perfect simple
the two verb aspects in a contrastive way.
Compare the following:
'Dick Francis has been writing novels since
1957. In forty odd years, he has written over
30 best sellers.'

10. 'I’ve read five chapters of this book this
afternoon. (And I think that’s quite an
achievement).'
'I’ve been reading this book all
afternoon. (And I still haven’t
finished it yet.)'
'Who’s eaten my chocolates? There are
none left.'
'Who’s been eating my chocolates?
There are only a few left.

12. Fortunate
/ˈfɔː.tʃən.ət/
Adj
lucky

13. Apprehension
ap¦pre|hen|sion
/ˌæp.rɪˈhen.ʃən/
fear that something bad will happen

14. stationary
/ˈsteɪ.ʃən.ər.i/
adj
not moving, still

15. 0
Shipwreck
ship|wreck
/ˈʃɪprek/
the destruction of a ship at sea by
sinking or breaking up

16. Now we are going to watch an animated
video from the telling the story of Eva
Hart. She was a seven-year-old
passenger on the Titanic. But how much
do you know about the passenger liner
already? Before you watch the video,
look at these statements - are they true
or false? Do you know? Then watch the
video and check your answers.

17. 1. The Titanic was travelling to New
York.
2. The ship struck an iceberg on the first
night of the journey.
3. The lifeboats took women only at first.
4. Passengers panicked when they
realised there weren't enough lifeboats
for everyone.
5. The sea wasn't calm and the sky was
cloudy on the night Titanic sank.
6. The ship broke into two pieces before
it sank.

18. .
Past Perfect

19. WE USE IT WHEN TWO ACTIONS OR EVENTS IN
A SENTENCE HAPPENED IN THE PAST, AND WE
NEED TO SHOW WHICH ONE HAPPENED FIRST.
FOR EXAMPLE:
When I arrived home, my son had
baked an enormous carrot cake.

20. We use the past perfect part of the
sentence to show which event
happened first (and often the past
simple to say what happened second):
When I arrived home, my son had
already made an enormous
carrot cake.
We can also change the order of events
in the sentence, and still show what
happened first.
My son had made an enormous carrot
cake when I arrived home.

21. First let's read this story about a woman
called Roberta. She's had a terrible
day. We'll look at how the past perfect
works, and then we'll do an exercise
to test your understanding of the past
perfect tense.

22. The story
I had a terrible day today. It started badly and
just got worse.
I woke up late because I'd forgotten to set my
alarm clock. Because I was late, I ran to the
train station but when I got there I realised I
hadn't brought my season ticket. I missed
my train.
By the time I arrived at work, the staff meeting
had already started. I really wanted to finish
work at the usual time of 5pm because
I wanted to see my favourite band at
a concert. But I couldn’t leave on
time because I hadn’t completed the report
my boss had asked for.
I left work late - and by the time I arrived at the
concert venue, the band had already finished

23. "I woke up late because I’d forgotten
to set my alarm clock." What
happened first?
A Roberta forgot to set her alarm clock
B Roberta woke up

24. "By the time I arrived at work, the
staff meeting had already started."
What happened first?
A She arrived at work
B The staff meeting started

25. "But couldn’t leave on time
because I hadn’t completed
the report my boss had
asked for." What happened
first?
A The clock struck 5pm
B She completed her report

26. In this case we have: 1) she didn't
complete her report, 2) the clock
struck 5pm.
The negative past perfect form
"hadn't completed" tells us which
was the first event in time (in this
case the completing of the report
was something that didn't
happen).
She probably completed the report
after 5pm!

27. "I ran to the train station but when I got
there I realised I hadn’t brought my
season ticket." Which order of events is
correct?
A 1) She ran to the station 2) She realised
that her ticket was still at home 3) She left
home without her ticket
B 1) She left home without her ticket 2) She
ran to the station 3) She realised that her
ticket was still at home
C 1) She ran to the station 2) She forgot her
ticket at home 3) She realised that her ticket

28. "...by the time I arrived at the concert venue,
the band had already finished playing. I
wept like a child." Which order of events is
correct?
A 1) She arrived at the concert venue 2) The
band stopped playing 3) She cried
B 1) The band stopped playing 2) She arrived at
the concert venue 3) She cried
C 1) She cried 2) She arrived at the concert
venue 3) The band stopped playing

29. PAST PERFECT TENSE: MEANING AND USE
When I arrived home, my son had
baked an enormous carrot cake.
What happened first:
What happened second:

30. When I arrived home, my son had
already made an enormous
carrot cake.
We can also change the order of events
in the sentence, and still show what
happened first.
My son had made an enormous carrot
cake when I arrived home.

31. Form
The past perfect is made
with subject + had/hadn’t
+ past participle.

32. Positive
When my parents got to the station, they
realised they had left the tickets at
home.
By the time Mark arrived at work, the
staff meeting had already started.
I woke up late because I’d forgotten to
set my alarm clock.

33. Negative
Kerry couldn’t leave work on time
because she hadn't written the
report.
They didn’t tell the police about the
accident they had seen.

34. Question
Had you finished your homework
before the movie started?
Hadn't John told them what he
wanted?

35. Quite often with the past perfect we use adverbs
like already and just:
When I arrived home, my sister had already
made lunch.
I had just taken off my coat when the telephone
rang.
We also use time expressions
like when, before and by the time:

36. When I arrived at the concert venue, the
band had already finished playing.
Had you finished your meal before your friend
arrived?
By the time we got to the party all the food had
gone.

37. USE 1 Duration Before
Something in the Past
to show that something started in
the past and continued up until
another time in the past.
however, the duration does not
continue until now, it stops before
something else in the past.

38. EXAMPLES:
They had been talking for over an
hour before Tony arrived.
She had been working at that
company for three years when it went
out of business.
How long had you been waiting to get
on the bus?

39. USE 2 Cause of Something in the
Past
Past Perfect Continuous before
another action in the past is a
good way to show cause and
effect.

40. Examples:
Jason was tired because he had
been jogging.
Betty failed the final test because
she had not been
attending class.