The document discusses the passive voice and how it is formed across different tenses in English. It provides examples of active and passive constructions for the present simple, present continuous, past simple, past continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous, past perfect, future simple, and future perfect tenses. It also discusses how reported or indirect speech is formed by backshifting the tense when reporting something someone has said.

1. PASSIVE STRUCTURES
tense active passive
present simple I make a cake A cake is made (by me)
present continuous I am making a cake A cake is being made (by me)
past simple I made a cake A cake was made (by me)
A cake was being made (by
past continuous I was making a cake
me)
A cake has been made (by
present perfect I have made a cake
me)
pres. perf. I have been making a A cake has been being made
continuous cake (by me)
A cake had been made (by
past perfect I had made a cake
me)
future simple I will make a cake A cake will be made (by me)
I will have made a A cake will have been made
future perfect
cake (by me)
REPORTER SPEECH
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present
“I like ice cream” She said (that) she liked ice cream.
simple
present “I am living in
She said she was living in London.
continuous London”
She said she had bought a car OR She said
past simple “I bought a car”
she bought a car.
past “I was walking along She said she had been walking along the
continuous the street” street.
present
“I haven’t seen Julie” She said she hadn’t seen Julie.
perfect
“I had taken English She said she had taken English lessons
past perfect*
lessons before” before.
will “I’ll see you later” She said she would see me later.
would* “I would help, but..” She said she would help but...
“I can speak perfect
can She said she could speak perfect English.
English”
“I could swim when I She said she could swim when she was
could*
was four” four.
shall “I shall come later” She said she would come later.
should* “I should call my She said she should call her mother

2. mother”
might* "I might be late" She said she might be late
She said she must study at the weekend
"I must study at the
must OR She said she had to study at the
weekend"
weekend
* doesn’t change
Present Perfect Mixed Exercise 1
Make the present perfect - choose positive, negative or question:
1. (I / go / to the library today)
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2. (you / keep a pet for three years)
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3. (you / come here before?)
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4. (it / rain all day?)
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5. (who / we / forgot to invite?)
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6. (we / not / hear that song already)
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7. (he / not / forget his books)
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8. (she / steal all the chocolate!)
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9. (I / explain it well?)
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10. (who / he / meet recently?)
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11. (how / we / finish already?)
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12. (he / study Latin)
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13. (I / know him for three months)
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14. (where / you / study Arabic?)
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15. (what countries / they / visit in Europe?)
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16. (he / hurt his leg)
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17. (she / leave her phone in a taxi)
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3. 18. (we / not / lose our tickets)
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19. (she / call her mother?)
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20. (he / take a taxi?)
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