Parthenon And Pantheon Analysis

Parthenon And Pantheon Analysis
When the Romans invaded Greece, they returned with an admiration of their art, culture, and
architecture. When you look at the Greek Parthenon and the Roman Pantheon, it is evident that the
Romans took a lot of ideas from Greek designers. However, they also added their innovations and
designs.
Though the Parthenon is now a ruin, it was built in part due to Pericles within the years 447 and 432
BCE (2012) and was used as a temple to honor the goddess, Athena. Immediately, the similarities
you can notice is the columns that surround the temple. While the Parthenon has Doric columns, the
Pantheon is held up by the more ornate, Corinthian columns. Additionally, on the outside, you can
see relief carvings on the pediments, whereas the Pantheon only has a more practical phrase in
Latin, "Built by Marcus Agrippa, son of Lucius, consul for the third time." (2014, para. 3) However,
the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The building that is still now a Catholic Chruch in Rome (n.d) was built during Hadrian's reign in
125 CE. One large difference between the two structures is that the Pantheon has a large rotunda. On
the outside, there isn't much to distinguish the temple from others, however, inside the rotunda, it is
an amazing work of architecture and art. Almost everything was covered in bronze, from the double
doors to the ceiling panels. Even the dome itself is an incredible work of art. Like the Parthenon, it
is believed the Pantheon was used as a temple. Though as Cartwright explains, it might have another
use, "... the Pantheon may have been designed as a place where the emperor could make public
appearances in a setting which reminded onlookers of his divine status, equal with the other gods of
the Roman pantheon and his deified emperor predecessors." (2013, para. 2) The grand interior also
supports this theory. It seems like a place made for royalty more than common
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The Parthenon : A Greek Masterpiece
The Parthenon: A Greek Masterpiece "The most beautiful things in the world are there, Athens...The
sumptuous temple of Athena stands out and is well worth a look. It is called the Parthenon and is on
the hill above the theatre. It makes a tremendous impression on visitors." (Heracleides of Crete, 3rd
century BC) The Parthenon serves as a refined Greek Doric temple design that took approximately 2
centuries to achieve. This magnificent temple began undergoing construction in 447 BCE by
architects Iktinos and Kallikrates as a way to celebrate their victory against the Persians in war.
Phidias was another contributor to the beauty of the Parthenon and also created the notorious Athena
Parthenos statue, which became the centerpiece that the Parthenon was built around. The architects
of the Parthenon wanted to achieve a type of beauty that was erected from proportions that were so
precise they had to use certain mathematical formulas to perfect them. The temple itself is not like
the typical ancient Greek buildings that contain the same sizing when it comes to columns and
width. The Parthenon was like nothing the Greeks had ever achieved before and because of this the
structure had a harmonic lifelike appeal. In addition to being an architectural gem, the temple stands
in the heart of the Athenian Acropolis and adds to the grand city of Athens' gusto. The Parthenon is a
monumental masterpiece that embodies the culture, religion, and vitality of the Ancient Greek
Empire.

Roman Art Research Paper
Roman Art Introduction: Ancient Romans copied Greek art but also had many unique art of their
own. Art in Ancient Rome was either architecture, sculptures, or paintings. The Roman Artists
admired and studied Greek statues, buildings, and ideas. They coped Greek in many ways. However,
they alternated Greek's ideas to suit their own needs. Body: Architecture – The Romans adored
Greek architecture. The Romans used Greek–style porches and colonnades. Colonnades were rows
of columns. In addition to porches and columns, Roman artists added their own features, such as
arches and domes. Roman builders were the first to make arches. Arches supported bridges and
buildings as well as curved ceilings called vaults. Romans were also the first to invent

Comparing The Parthenon Building In Ancient Rome And Greece
Introduction
Any civilization, race or nations is characterized by some specific elements or characteristics. The
way houses and buildings are made play also a crucial role in people lives and the culture of this
civilization. In this assignment we are to consider how the style and function (use) of each building
in the ancient Rome and Greece. In addition to this, I will consider the similarities and differences
that exist between ancient Greece and Rome. Having a basic understanding of these two influential
cultures is helpful when considering the whole history of Western art.
Body
Let us start with the Parthenon building. It clearly stated that:" the Parthenon is a Doric peripheral
temple, which means that it consists of a rectangular

A Comparison Of The Acropolis And Chartres Cathedral
The Acropolis and Chartres Cathedral are two building with immense historical and cultural value
that are admired to this day. In Arts and Ideas, Marien Warner and William Fleming discuss about
the physical features and purposes of these iconic structures and the ingenuity implemented in them.
They were not only build as religious or cultural centers, but also to prove that they are capable of
producing works that are different and revolutionary with regards of their esthetics and architecture.
Although Chartres and the Acropolis are very different from a visual standpoint, they were both
used for religious and cultural purposes. The Chartres Cathedral was visited by thousands because of
its shrine and celebrations dedicated to the Virgin Mary that were "unique to the Cathedral of
Chartres" (Marien and Fleming 193). Being "the geographical center of the medieval town", the
cathedral was used for town meetings and social gatherings where theatrical and musical
performances were housed. Also, it was a representation of the town as an indication is the "size and
height of its cathedral" (Marien 193). The Acropolis was, like Chartres, was used for a variety of
reasons like "their religious, cultural, and civic ceremonies" (Acropolis 26). In the agora people
were selling and buying goods, having discussions, and conducting city affairs. In addition one
could have even heard Socrates "arguing with the Sophists" (Acropolis 26). In the Theater of
Dionysus (dedicated to the god of

Greek Architecture Essay
Characteristics of Greek Architecture:–
INTRODUCTION:–
Instead of covering nearly every bit of space with ornament, as the Egyptians did, the Greeks
selected only the best places for it, and thus gave it its proper effect. The decorations, especially the
sculptures, were one of the chief features of a Greek temple. Besides their temples the Greeks built
many theaters which may be studied from their ruins, but of their dwelling–houses almost nothing
remains to us.
The Greek style is noted for the repose, harmony, and proportion of its effect. These are terms we
might use in speaking of a painting, but they relate to the composition of a building which is, in
many respects, similar to the composition of a picture. In selecting his ... Show more content on
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The most important of the Ionic temples left to us is the Erechtheum at Athens. It differs from other
temples in its irregularity. This makes it doubly interesting for it shows that although the Greeks
nearly always adhered to one simple form, they could dispense with it when they wished. In the
Erechtheum, they wished to provide for several shrines in one building, and under one roof. The
irregularity they have made so beautiful and interesting that it is a wonder they did not repeat the
idea many times in other structures. Its two colonnades of different designs, its remarkable north
doorway, and the famous caryatid porch to the south are unsurpassed. Another temple, that of
Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus, was known as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
THE GREEK CORINTHIAN ORDER:–
This is the most ornate of the classical orders, and the most slender in its proportions. The capital is
shaped somewhat like a bell inverted, and is adorned with rows of acanthus leaves. A great example
of the, third, or Corinthian order is the monument of Lysicrates at Athens.
"Straight is the line of duty."
"Curved is the line of beauty"
"Follow the one and it shall be; The other shall always follow thee."
For such reasons, Greek architecture was called "Intellectual".
"Where on the Aegean shore a city stands,
Built nobly, pure the air and light the soil;
Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts and

Importance Of The Colosseum
The functions religious or otherwise, of the colosseum were irrelevant to the ultimate design of the
architecture.
"Once the colosseum had been built it seems to have become the model for many, if not most, of
those that followed" (Hopkins and Beard 2005, 24). The Colosseum stands proudly upon the
villainous Emperor Nero's once grand Valley of the Golden House, projecting the munificence of
Imperial Roman Architecture of the Flavian period. Its ultimate design could be said to be formed
through purpose or function. However, this does not do justice to the importance of architecture
within Roman society (Thornton and Thornton in Lyes 1999, 2). The functions whether it be
religious or otherwise, of the Colosseum were irrelevant to the ... Show more content on
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The diameter of the entire Colosseum was thus reduced and convention disregarded to take into
consideration this architectural feature. Looking in detail at the classical orders themselves which
made up the levels of the façade and the 80 grand entrances of the Colosseum it would appear to not
be revolutionary. However, if you engage with the architecture closer it reveals further Roman
architectural ingenuity and the importance of the structures appearance.
Traditionally Roman buildings saw the use of the classical Greek Doric order on ground levels
(without bases) with the more decorative orders of Ionic and Corinthian stacked above this (Lyes
1999, 6). However, in the Colosseum these orders were stacked and used in a way which had no
previous precedent in Roman architecture (Lyes 1999, 6). The design sees the orders dramatically
reduced, which has the columns that are engaged within the structure constructed with bases, and
the column shaft themselves missing the usual entasis of classic Greek orders, this all leads to a
much–simplified capital. Between each stacked order there is a triple facia architrave, a relatively
plain designed freeze and cornice (Lyes 1999, 6). The use of the classical orders in this manner
within the design of the Colosseum, without precedent, was in fact not structural but a façade or
veneer. This allowed the

Parthenon
.Introduction
There are 3 (three) architectural orders in a classical building of the ancient Greece, they are Doric,
Ionic and Corinthian. As suggested by Dietsch and Stern (2002) that Doric is a common style in 7th
century B.C; Ionic style is first developed in the Ionian islands around the 6th century B.C or 100
year after Doric style; and then, Corinthian style was originally from the city of Corinth around 5th
century B.C., not so popular like Doric.
The Parthenon is a Doric order style of the Temple that built by the Athenian Empire in 447 BC. In
terms of political and military viewpoints, the Parthenon is a symbol of Athenian imperial power. As
said by Martin (1999) that the Parthenon served as a champion of military power, indicated ... Show
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The Pantheon (source: Wikipedia, 2016)
II. Discussion The initial function of both buildings is serving as a temple. Then, the Pantheon is
used as the Roman Church, while the Parthenon function is as a museum now days. Moreover, there
is another similarity between the Pantheon and the Parthenon that both Pantheon and Parthenon
have 8 pillars in front of the entrance. These pillars to support a pediment; a triangular element in
upper part of front any classical style buildings. The different between Pantheon and Parthenon are
following:
1.The Pantheon was designed to be placed to commemorate every god and goddesses (all the
Roman gods and goddesses), whereas the Parthenon was a temple for the patron of goddess, Athena.
2. In respect to structures, the Parthenon is a rectangular form; Columns are smaller; and columns in
Doric order of classical style. Quite a contrast that the Pantheon is built in a spherical structure, look
like circular from above building; columns are much larger, even to any other buildings ever built in
the Greek; and columns are in the Corinthian order of classical style.
3.In term of order of classical style that Doric is not only the oldest, but also very simple form.
While the Corinthian order is the newest one with a lot of fancies in the element and

Greek Perfection Essay
The Perfection by the Classical Greek People Vs. Today The pursuit of perfection shown by the
Classical Greek people years ago, were Architecture. The Classical Greek people perfection was
created from generation to generation. Every structure was skillful put together. "The design of
graceful columned Greek temples has influenced architecture from the Renaissance to modern
times. Greek sculpture established an ideal standard for the human form that served as a model for
artists in ages to come." Greeks not only discovered the Architectural skills but also use it to create
human like figures from mud and wood like structures. These structures were created by in the 700
BC which potteries structures. Today, architecture structures from years

Ancient Greek Culture Vs Corinthian Culture
Two ancient contributions that influence our culture today are the architecture of ancient Greece and
the Gregorian Calendar. First of all, Greek builders built a structure called a column. It helped
support buildings so that they were less likely to collapse.The Doric order is the oldest and most
simple order. The columns have no base and the columns have a very simple capital. In other words,
Doric buildings were the least decorated. Archaeologists believe that Doric architectural buildings,
which were built in stone, evolved from wooden buildings that were very similar. The Ionic order is
more decorative than the Doric. The columns are taller and thinner, and the capitals at the top of the
columns are decorated. The Corinthian order is a

Looking At The Pantheon
In opening, I believe the first item of significance with both building is there location, both were
placed at the highest point in their respective cities. Obviously, these sites were chosen for a reason.
My intention is to share my thoughts on why.
First let's examine the Parthenon in Greece which was built as a tribute to the goddess Athena, and
inside was placed almost 39–foot–tall statue of Athena. The other purpose of the Parthenon was the
replacement of two smaller temples. It also said the building housed a treasury room. I have very
little doubt the building was first and foremost designed as tribute to not only Athena, in looking at
the intricate design located on the building, it was built as a symbol to many Greek gods and
displayed the power and importance of each to Greek society. The prestige of having such a building
built at the highest point in the city just emits power. I can only imagine what it must have felt like
see this from a far. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even today it is used as a house of worship by the Roman Catholic Church.
It does seem the romans may have borrowed a little bit of Greek Architecture when designing this
building judging by the front entrance. Once inside it is all roman, with the large rotunda and statues
built into the walls. Much like the Parthenon the Pantheon was also built on what was at the time
was the highest point in the city, my guess is this was more to please the gods then the people. While
the romans did amass great wealth, they seemed at that time to be more centered on their culture and

The Parthenon: A Symbol Of Ancient Greek Culture
Ancient Greek civilization provided notable ideas and approaches due to their large emphasis on
creativity and individualism. Much of the Greek's culture is currently shown through various forms
including philosophy, sport, democracy and food. In particular, Greek architecture plays an
important role in how structures are built in present day society. One of the most impressive and
extraordinary structures built during the Ancient Greek period is the Parthenon. Built in honor of the
Greek goddess Athena, the Parthenon stands as a symbol of Greek architecture and culture.
Although the Parthenon served many functions,"the temple's main function was to shelter the
monumental statue of Athena that was made by Pheidias out of gold and ivory" (The ... Show more
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Since the Persians had destroyed the original parthenon nearly thirty five years before, the esteemed
politician Pericles led the reconstruction project of the temple. Using the same structure as before,
Pericles pieced together the Parthenon using influences of the Doric and Ionic orders. While adding
on columns to lengthen the temple while still maintaining the same nine to four ratio used to
measure out the height and width of the steps and columns(Hurwit 166). The three Temples of this
age are put into categories called 'orders', which are based on the structure of the columns and the
floorplan of each level. Use of the Doric order utilized the simple, yet elegant design of the columns
which the Parthenon is so famous for. Ionic influences help bring about intricate design which gives
the temple its unique look. The subject of the freezes decorating the building were unusual in that
typically, it was scenes from Greek mythology that were chosen to decorate buildings. In the
procession depicted on the freeze, were horsemen, dignitaries, musicians, chariots, and the Gods
with Athena at the center. This design was more often seen in treasury buildings and most likely
reflects the Parthenon's uses as a treasury and a temple of worship. Upon completion, this
monolithic temple towered approximately thirty four feet high upon the Acropolis of Athens in
Greece. Although

The Established Rules For The Doric And Corinthian Orders...
In Book 4, Vitruvius writes on the established rules for the Doric and Corinthian orders, and
explains the differences and peculiarities.
Chapter I: The Origins of the Three Orders, and the Proportions of the Corinthian Capital
In chapter 1, Vitruvius writes of the proportions of the Ionic, Doric, and Corinthian columns and the
similarities and differences. The three architectural order by its capital are Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian. Corinthian columns, apart from in their capitals that has the same proportions as in the
Ionic order, but the height of the capitals taller than the Ionic capitals that give it a slimmer
appearance. In Corinthian style two thirds are added capitals, that gives a slender appearance to the
length of the columns. Corinthian columns are composed either of the Doric proportions or uses the
Ionic, and the Corinthian order does not have any peculiar arrangement for its cornices or other
ornaments. The Corinthian order may be arranged with a frieze decorated with sculptures that is
accompanied with dentils and coronae. The Corinthian order may include mutules in the coronae
and guttae with the architraves as the triglyph system of the Doric style or as the Ionic style.
Doric was the first to have rules for their symmetry to tolerate large sums of weight, and also to a
satisfactory appearance of beauty. They measured a man 's foot and compared this with his height,
finding that the foot was one sixth of the height, and they applied the same principle

Unit 2 Compare And Contrast Parthenon With Pantheon
Written Assignment Unit 2
Compare and Contrast Parthenon with Pantheon
University of the People
The House of the Virgin, [1] versus a temple for Every Divinity, [2] built using two completely
different construction techniques, both are equal in magnificence. Let's start by exploring how both
temples where constructed. We will begin with the Parthenon, if only because it was built five
hundred fifty seven years prior to the Pantheon.
The Parthenon is dedicated to Athena, the goddess of wisdom and military victory. [3] Built as a
post and lintel temple, the Parthenon is by no means the largest temple built in ancient Greece, nor
the most elaborate. It has however survived mostly intact through nearly twenty five centuries,
including ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both cultures had military conquests, and control over vast areas of what is now Southern Europe,
North Africa, the Mediterranean, Aegean and central Asia. Both cultures worshiped a diverse group
of gods and deities, at least until monotheism took root and both cultures built large scale public
works for the betterment of society.
Word count 500
1. Parthenon. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2015, from http://www.ancient.eu/parthenon/
2. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2015, from http://www.turismoroma.it/cosa–fare/pantheon?lang=en
3. Athena, goddess of wisdom. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2015, from
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Herakles/athena.html
4. (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2015, from

Characteristics Of Greek Architecture
Greek Architecture:
The Architectures of Greek was produced by the Hellenic group of people who used to speak Greek
as a language. Ancient Greek is very well known for its architecture of temples and also the
architecture of open air theatres. Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished from other architectural
work in terms of its structure and decoration. The temples mainly were constructed on high grounds,
so that elegance of its proportion can be visible and the effect of light can be seen from all angles.
Greek architecture was all about simplicity and symmetry.
Ancient Greek architecture is divided into three main architectural styles Ionic, Doric and
Corinthian.
The domestic buildings in the Greek time period used to have open porches ... Show more content
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The temples in those days did not function in the same way as today. Temples then were a storage
for the treasures associated with the cult, where the devotees would leave their offerings such as
helmets, weapons and also statues for the god. Public spaces more gracious and dignified and would
have similar architectural properties so that they could relate to each other.
The architecture of ancient Greece is a composition of posts, which are the vertical beams and
lentils which are the horizontal beams. Originally, for the construction of the buildings wooden
beams were used, but later they were replaced with stone for stronger structural support. Some of
the temples which are still standing were made with stones.
The entablature is a horizontal structural element which supports the roof and runs around the entire
length of the building. In case of Ionic and Corinthian, the decoration or sculpting runs in a
continues manner throughout. But in Doric it is divided into two sections Metopes and Triglyphs.
Triglyphs are the vertical grooves and Metopes are the space between each Triglyphs. In the front
and rear of each temple, the entablature supports a triangular structure known as the Pediment. The
pediment is known for the extraordinary decoration on the exterior of the

Architecture Of The Colosseum
"Once the Colosseum had been built, it seems to have become the model for many, if not most, of
those that followed" (Hopkins and Beard 2005, 24). The Colosseum stands proudly upon the
villainous Emperor Nero's once grand Valley of the Golden House, projecting the munificence of
Imperial Roman Architecture. Its ultimate design could be said to be formed through purpose or
function. However, this does not do justice to the importance of architecture within Roman society
(Thornton and Thornton in Lyes 1999, 2). The functions, whether it be religious or otherwise, of the
Colosseum were irrelevant to the ultimate design of the architecture, as the architectural features
contained within the Colosseum's ultimate design created an "instant archetype, a marker of
'Romanness' across the empire" (Hopkins and Beard 2005, 25). The clever use of the classical orders
and façades, and adaptation of existing Roman architecture of the period allowed the Colosseum to
become a model for many subsequent Roman amphitheatres, whilst showing the ingenuity of
Roman architecture of the period.
The architectural vocabulary of the Colosseum saw the clever use of existing Roman design
practices to create a final structure which became a precedent for all Amphitheatres which followed.
Thus, highlighting the overriding importance of the aesthetics the ultimate design displayed. The
importance of the appearance in the final design's architecture begins with the conventions which
were used for

Mythology Retold Through Entertainment Outlets Essay
Mythology Retold Through Entertainment Outlets
The world of Art and Architecture has continually provided the tools to communicate many differing
concepts or ideas such as political ideologies like socialism to simple folk–tales or intricate
narratives. The elements of Greek Art and Architecture and its direct connection to mythology is the
main focus of this essay. I will present the comparison of a "new" representation of a Greek Temple
used in the set design of, The Clash of the Titans; to the original where its influence is traced to the
classic of all Greek Temples, the Parthenon. By illustrating this comparison of new to original, I
hope to communicate the idea of how contemporary society has attempted to retell mythology ...
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Argos, located upon the eastern coast of Peloponnese ( a region of Macedonia ) is considered the
western area of Greece from where the Doric order originated from. The Doric order is represented
through this sensationalized work of film through the columns of the architecture destroyed by one
of nature's elements. It is through this romanticized version of mythology in film, that Greek
mythology as well as history has reached a wider audience.
The influence for which the set design of The Clash of the Titans was based upon the High Classical
period, where the differing orders were clearly represented. The original I have chosen is one of the
most well known Greek Temples, the Parthenon; it is the most influential of the architectural
monuments as well as one of the most admired. The Parthenon was built as a temple to honor the
Goddess of War, Wisdom, City and Civilization, Athena; she was deemed the protector of Athens,
where the temple is located. The construction of this temple at the Acropolis began around 490 BCE
and ended in 438 BCE. The Parthenon itself was a composite of both Doric and Ionic orders as it
was located in between the eastern and western regions of Greece. The Doric order of the Parthenon
is what will be stressed for its significance, as it related to the Temple located in Argos.
The Parthenon as a well known architectural icon has had major influence upon all other
reconstruction of Greek

Winged Victory Of Samothrace Essay
The topic I chose is the Winged Victory of Samothrace. The most famous monument of
Samothrace– and one of the earliest discoveries– is the great Winged Victory of Samothrace, also
called the Nike of Samothrace. It was discovered in April 1863 by a French expedition led by
archaeologist Charles Champoiseau. The Victory stands about 8 feet tall by herself, but with the ship
prow, the statue stands at a little over 18 feet tall. The Winged Victory of Samothrace is thought to
have been created around 200–190 BC. The Victory is made from Parian marble and the ship
pedestal is made from gray Lartos marble. For the ancient Greeks, the goddess Nike represented the
personification of victory. In the case of this particular work of art, there are many

The Classical Style Of The Ancient Greece And The United...
Neo– Classicism in France and the United States
The classical style of the ancient Athens, derived from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome in the
15th century, has had a universal impact on many cultures during previous time periods. The
classical period reflected traditional forms focused on symmetry and elegance; it flourished during
the time of the Renaissance through artist such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo De Vinci.
The artists' main goal was to attain the absolute beauty in their art by showing emotion through
detail, almost through perfection. Some examples of well–known classical arts during the
Renaissance were 'Belvedere Torso' and the 'Medici Venus'. In the 17th century the classical style
was revived, now called the neo–classical style. It was born in Rome but its popularity flourished all
over Europe. The neo–classical movement clashed with the age of Enlightment and continued
through the 19th century. The neo–classical principles were based around the same characteristics as
the classical arts such as: balance, proportion, order, simplicity, clarity, and reason. It was strongest
in architect, sculpture, and decorative arts. The neo– classical style continued to spread throughout
the world and became sought after in the 17th and 18th century in countries such as France and The
United States, and it influenced some of the greatest government buildings in America.
Neoclassicism can be seen as a political movement as well as an artistic and cultural one.

The Changes In Temple Architecture In The Hellenistic Period
Temple architecture in the archaic period slowly but steadily changed over time, there was a change
in the materials used and their ground plan, elevation, and decoration. As the changes in temple
architecture were the considered the past features while adding new detail that expanded the abilities
of style. Two main systems of design were the Doric and Ionic orders. They both had the same basic
principles for foundation and ground plan. They were both rectangular in shape, consisted of a
levelling course, three steps on top of the levelling course, and the stylobate on top of the steps
marking the floor of the temple. The temple consisted on cult rooms surrounded by the colonnade.
There were a few differences in column forms and entablature. ... Show more content on
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Spartan life was very strict in may aspects. Also, their government was essentially an oligarchy, with
a council of a smaller body to make important decisions. Athens, with major developments in
architecture and art, showed much contrast to Sparta. The city was dominated by two hills, Pnyx and
the Acropolis. Pnyx is where meetings where held and the Acropolis was turning to a religious
sanctuary. The city's civic center, the Agora, took on the secular role during the early Archaic period.
The land had precise borders marked by boundary stones. Athens was well known for its pottery and
sculpture. The figural painted pots and carved sculpture gave us a multitude of pictures of ancient
Greek people and animals, real, legendary, and divine, and the world, natural and built, within which
they lived, and of their actions and behavior. Historical pottery found in the city are attic black–
figure and red–figure pottery. Their sculptures portrayed men and their naked body and females
clothed to show their pureness. All in all, these Greek cities added essential aspects to Greek

Essay about Techniques Used by Ancient Greek Architects
Greece is a small country on the southern end of Europe's Balkan Peninsula. While a relatively
small area of geography, the country was a focal point of power and influence in the ancient world
as well as today. Greek architects were relentless in their quest for perfection, used meticulous
attention to detail and created many innovations. The methods used were tremendously sophisticated
and complex even in comparison to modern times. Techniques used by ancient Greek architects are
still used today and are copied around the world. Without exception, the techniques used at that time
have been unequivocally influential throughout the world and formed the foundation for modern
architecture today. From 2000–1000 BC was the Bronze Age of ... Show more content on
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Its citizens who could trace their families back for generations to the foundation of the community.
(Darling xxvii) During the Geometric period, architecture was reintroduced primarily for religious
purposes. Before the Geometric period, religious services were held in simple sanctuaries that were
surrounded by a wall. In the center of these sacred places was an altar. However, during the
Geometric period, they began to build houses for the Gods. These early temples were constructed of
sun–dried brick, with stone foundations and thatched roofs. The onset of new innovative building
techniques used to build the Temple of Hera a new style started and the Geometric period ended.
Instead of a simple long, narrow room with columns down the center typical of the Geometric
period, a more elaborate colonnaded building began to appear. This style of temple became an
example for future religious architecture. The next period of Greek's history is the Orientalizing
Period. During this period, trade began to expand, the polis of Corinth became a commercial center
in Europe. During this time, there was much political unrest and tyrants began to emerge. A majority
of these tyrants were from Corinth. These tyrants had a love for the arts and architecture and
increased funding for these things. As a result, much experimentation in different types of
architecture occurred. The post– and lintel system was introduced. Because of the increase in trade,
ideas for

Greek Sanctuary Essay
The Greek sanctuary rose as the model place of worship ever. Dissimilar to the Egyptians, the
Greeks put their dividers inside to ensure the cella and their segments all things considered, where
they could express outside space. Maybe interestingly, the overriding concern is for the building
seen as a wonderful question remotely, while in the meantime containing valuable and sacrosanct
internal space. Greek designers have been commended for not pounding the viewer with over
monumentality; yet they thought that it was suitable to construct sanctuaries on essentially the same
topic running in size from the little Temple of Nike Apteros (427–424 BC) of around 6 by 9 m
(around 20 by 30 ft) on the Athens Acropolis to the huge Temple of Zeus (500? BC) at Agrigento in
Sicily, which secured more than 1 hectare (more than 2 sections of land). The Greeks sometimes
masterminded their landmarks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sympathy toward the profile of the building in space impelled fashioners toward flawlessness in the
enunciation of parts, and these parts got to be intellectualized as stylobate, base, shaft, capital,
architrave, frieze, cornice, and pediment, each speaking to figuratively its basic reason.
Two requests grew pretty much simultaneously. The Doric request prevailed on the territory and in
the western settlements. The recognized Doric perfect work of art is the Parthenon (448–432 BC)
delegated the Athens Acropolis (see Parthenon).
The Ionic request began in the urban areas on the islands and shores of Asia Minor, which were
more presented to Asian and Egyptian impacts; it included capitals with winding volutes, a more
slim shaft with entirely diverse fluting, and an extensive and curvilinear base. The vast majority of
the early illustrations are gone, however Ionic was utilized inside the Propylaea (started 437 BC)
and in the Erechtheum (started 421 BC), both on the Athens

Crotone Research Paper
Crotone – The tiny spot on Italian Map Crotone is one of the cities as well as a commune in the
Calabria region. The Province of Crotone is a comparatively young city bordering the southwest part
Calabria. Eastwards, the Province of Crotone overlooks the Ionian Sea. The most famous aspect of
the city is the color of the Ionian See that it overlooks. The color of the water changes and that is the
uniqueness of the place. It fades out from light blue to an emerald green, thereby embellishing the
coast in an out of this world way, so much so that it is regarded as a protected place from the year
1991. The sea area comprises of Capo Rizzuto, which is the most extensive sea area in entire Italy,
with a total sea area of 15,000 hectares. There are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The island is the birthplace of Ugurk–Ali, the famous commander of the imperial fleet of
Constantinople. The Provincial territory is home to a wide variety of places with geological as well
as naturalistic interest. They include the Montagnella Park that is home to the Giglietto Valley as
well as the summit of the Pizzuta Mountain. The other memorable place of tourist interest is the Sila
National Park. The National Park is home to some dense forests and woods, which are inestimable
natural heritage for the entire community as well as for entire Italy. Then there is the village of
Palumbo, which is considered as one of the most prosperous places in terms and arts, culture and
folklore. The village of Palumbo is home to some marvelous landscapes, from the Lake Ampollino
to the endless forest regions that are home to a wide variety of flora and fauna and wildlife. Another
village, Principe, which is situated at an altitude of 4,853 ft, is immersed in thick woods beech and
black pine and is also enriched by amazing

Parthenon Vs Pantheon Research Paper
The Parthenon and the Pantheon are both examples of classical architecture. They share many
common architectural features due to the proximity of their builders. Their differences stem largely
from the cultural differences of the Greeks and Romans. Those cultural differences extend even to
the present day as both sites are currently in use in different capacities.
The Parthenon is located in Athens, Greece and was completed in 432BC. It was championed by
Perikles, a local politician. It was built as a temple for the goddess Athena, the goddess of wisdom,
courage, justice, law, and mathematics. Additionally, she was seen as the patron goddess of Athens
(Athena, nd). The Parthenon was built at the height of Athenian power, and served the additional
function of a show of strength and wealth (Parthenon, nd). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It is a rectangular structure surrounded by columns. The columns are characteristic of the Doric
order with very simple decorations and a short stature. A statue of Athena served as one of the main
decorations. The Parthenon's architect made use of the Greek knowledge of mathematics, especially
geometry, to produce striking visual effects. The proportions of the Parthenon are said to
approximate the golden ratio, yet another example of the Greek use of mathematics in design. To
date, much of the Parthenon has been restored. It is currently a protected historical monument, and a
major tourist attraction (Parthenon, nd).
The Pantheon is located in Rome, Italy, and was completed in 126 AD. Like the Parthenon, it was
built for a religious purpose. However, where the Parthenon was designed to honor one goddess, the
Pantheon was designed to honor multiple gods. It was originally championed by Marcus Agrippa,
and was his private sanctuary. This original structure was severely damaged in a fire in 80AD. The
temple in its present form was rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian (Pantheon,

Ancient Greek Culture: The Parthenon In Athens
Ancient Greek and Roman culture left numerous magnificent monuments that attest to the
architectural skill of these two civilizations. These monuments remain standing until today which is
a good evidence on their knowledge of how to choose building materials, make building formulas,
how to design, and other secrets of how to build strong buildings that last for centuries.
One of the greatest Greek monuments is the Parthenon in Athens, built for Goddess Athena. The
prominent Athenian politician, Perikles supported its construction. The work on this building began
when the Athenian Empire was at the peak of its power in 447 BC and continued until 432. The
Parthenon, then, represented the blossoming of Athenian imperial power (web.archive.org, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Basically, it is built in the Doric order; it has a rectangular floor plan and a single row of pillars on
all sides. The elements from Ionic order are a continuous sculpted frieze and four Ionic columns to
support the roof of the opisthodomos. There are an additional six columns in front of each entrance.
The naos is the larger of the two interior rooms contains the cult statue. The opisthodomos is the
smaller room and was functioned as a treasury (web.archive.org, n.d.). The Parthenon's frieze and
metope have rich decoration which agrees with the function of the temple as a treasury (Wikipedia,
n.d.).
Now let's explore the most influential building of ancient Rome; the Pantheon. The Pantheon is a
Roman temple built by the emperor Hadrian and dedicated to all the gods of Rome (Rome.info,
n.d.). It has a circular shape in addition to a porch that leads to the entrance. It is known as the
portico and has large Corinthian columns made of granite. A concrete dome tops the circular part
which called the rotunda. There is an opening in the center of the dome that reveals the ski to the
eye. The Pantheon has been turned into a church dedicated to St. Mary and the Martyrs since the 7th
century (Wikipedia,

The Longworth House Office Building, Thomas Jefferson...
What I would like to point out especially is its capital. The building has capitals with two volutes,
which was very common in the Ionic order. Each column consists of the capital, shaft, and base,
which is analogous to the basic form of the Ionic order. "The most important feature of the Ionic
order is the frieze, which is usually carved with relief sculpture arranged in a continuous pattern
around the building"(Hemingway, 2003). However, the feature was not applied to this building.
Both in the Doric and the Ionic, the column are fluted but these columns have smooth surfaces.
During my research, I found that many architectures identified as the Ionic order style, actually have
smooth surface columns as well (ex. the Longworth House Office Building, Thomas Jefferson
Memorial). Various architectural designs that the Western society has adopted demonstrates how
heavily they are influenced by the Ancient Greek culture and the Roman culture. During those eras,
the buildings were intended to communicate its function to the viewer automatically. Known as
architecture parlante (which literally meant "speaking architecture"), its purpose was to explain its
identity to the viewer. The term used for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
shows homage to the Greek style of architecture. Brown's passion for the stately style is well
evidenced in many San Francisco landmarks such as the Opera House, the Veterans Building, Coit
Tower, and others (Zelenko, 2012). During the time those buildings were built, the Neoclassical
movement became widely spread and popular especially among those U.S. landmarks referred to as
the nation's "Crown Jewel". It makes sense that Brown chose the neoclassical style, as an expression
of loyalty and respect for his own alma mater because the style is comprised of precision and
superiority of workmanship of the Ancient Greek

Analysis Of The Temple Of Hera
The Early Classical Greek Temple of Hera II from Paestum, Italy, built circa 460 BCE, has
influenced many works, such as the Carolingian Palatine Chapel built by Odo of Metz in Aachen,
Germany from 792–805 BCE under command of the patron, Charlemagne. The Second Temple of
Hera is one of the most studied Greek temples since it is in such good condition and has so much to
offer historians. The Palatine Chapel, highly inspired by ancient Greek architectural design, was
closely supervised by Charlemagne as his personal project, and built by Odo of Metz. The Temple of
Hera II and the Palatine Chapel are similar due to the influence ancient Greek works had on later
European art, such as the Carolingian period. Art from these periods influenced the important
aspects of art seen today. Religion was a huge motivator for both of these periods, and held deep
emotional connections for many artists. I find this to be somewhat relatable, since I also need
emotional attachment as a motivator to complete my artwork sometimes. These designs resemble
those of today in the amount of effort and forethought put into planning and building them, however,
the complexity of these older religious structures lies in the artistic and visual nature of the building,
rather than the efficiency–related accomodations one would observe today. This demonstrates the
metamorphosis of human priorities over the centuries. Both of the images to be discussed (Temple
of Hera II and Palatine Chapel) speak to the

The Acropolis: The City Of Athens
The word Acropolis comes from two Greek words meaning "edge" (acro) and "city" (–opolis). An
acropolis is a complex built in a high area, usually on a hill. It is generally found in an extremely
rocky region, just above Athens. The Acropolis is set 490 feet in the sky above the city of Athens
and is approximately 7 acres. It's most important buildings were constructed during the years of 495
BCE and 429 BCE. This was during the reign of Pericles. The Acropolis was originally meant to
protect Athens from attacks. It served as a fortress. There are other acropolis', however, the one in
Athens is the most famous. In an effort to construct these buildings, Pericles hired skilled architects
to build the acropolis. He had hundreds of people

Greek Culture And The Pantheon
Greek culture for centuries has been characterized by its great potential and emphasis on art, mostly
with the work of marble in different appearances and aspects. Among Greek culture, the sculptures
of characters emphasizing the past Greek generations are very common when talking about their
culture. In fact, these sculptures are recognized as transgenerational cultural heritages that give us an
outlook of what their lives, customs, and cultures were in the first centuries. However, there is
another aspect highly recognized in Greek culture and it is the Pantheon, a majestic architecture that
conveyed Greek culture in one of the highest classical cultures throughout history. In addition to
being seen as a majestic work of art by its imprecise

The Construction Of The Parthenon In Athens, Greece
The Parthenon is located in Athens,Greece. It was constructed approximately in 447 BC and
completed around 432 BC as a temple dedicated to the Goddess Athena., which the original one was
destroyed in Persian Invasion of 480 BC. The Parthenon was used primarily as a treasury. In the
sixth century AD, it was converted into a Christian church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. During the
Ottoman conquest it became a Mosque which was around 1460's. The Parthenon was partially
destroyed in 1687.
The architects were Iktinos and Kallikrates with a mention of Vitruv and dedicated to the Goddess
Athena Pallas or Parthenos (virgin). It's main function was to house the statues of Athena which
were made of gold and ivory by Phedias. The inner chamber was unusually large so it could house
the oversized statue of Athena. The greater width and length of the Parthenon features double
decked columns instead of walls. The back room sheltered Athena's treasure. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
the temples of Greece were designed to be seen from the outside. When one moves toward the east
and then looking at the exterior of the temple visitors would be mesmerized by the beauty of the
Parthenon. It was a scene that Athenians could relate to, thus making the transition between the earth
and the divine one. It is certain that the master architech's came up with the design of the Parthenon
to be thought of as a theatrical event. They wanted man to be in awe. Reading about all the purposes
of each decision that was made in the building made realize the creativity of the Greek
culture.Knowing that every column was placed with purpose to draw your eye in a certain line, the
direction it set was intentional so as to allow the sun to shine through the temple to make one
believe they were beholding the awesome power of their

Analysis Of Oath Of The Horatii
Oath of the Horatii is life size oil on canvas painting that is about thirteen feet wide by ten feet tall.
The painting was done by Jacques–Louis David, who was the leading Neoclassical painter in France
during the eighteenth century. David rejected the Rococo style that was popular of that time, which
was characterized by fantasy and playfulness. David was interested in painting images with
antiquity. The Oath of the Horatii has elements of classical Greek and Roman art and architecture.
Oath of the Horatii was a political painting that David had comprised to stimulate the publics
attention (Fred S. Kleiner 680).
Oath of the Horatii captures a heroic and patriotic moment. Something big is happening in this
composition. There are three Horatii brothers taking an oath, which is being administered by their
father. The oath they are taking is to live or die for their country, which happens to be Rome. While
taking this oath, the Horatii brothers are facing their father. They stand in unison with one another.
They each have one leg and arm extending out. The father holds three swords up and out towards
the Horatii brothers in the same pose. The Horatii brothers extended arms are saluting towards the
swords. The postures of all four men appear upright and strong. There is no emotion of fear on their
faces. The brothers appear athletic and fit. This can be seen in the muscular details of their legs and
arms. They appear bold and ready to sacrifice their lives. The father does not

Roman Pantheon Research Paper
Ancient Architectural Prodigies of the Greeks and Romans Initial observations of the Roman
Pantheon from the front appear to be similar to the ruins of the Greek Parthenon, but really both
structures are somewhat unique in their composition, purpose, design, and fate. Constructed over
half of a millennium after the Parthenon was built, the Pantheon, built in 27 B.C., exhibits some of
the architectural styles and characteristics of its predecessor. However, the Romans refined Greek
building techniques, thereby developing a unique and more advanced architectural style. Although
their names resemble each other, the Pantheon and the Parthenon possess contrasting translations of
their names. The Parthenon was built as a temple for worshipping a single deity, Athena, the Greek
goddess of wisdom. Parthenos is a Greek word that means virgin and the Greeks considered Athena
to be a "virgin goddess" (Beard 44). On the contrary, the Pantheon was initially used as a temple for
worshipping multiple Roman deities. Pantheon is translated from the Greek word pan, meaning all,
and theon, which means building of the gods (Tuck 219). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Forty–six columns encompassed the outer edge of the building, with fifteen on each side and eight
on each end, counting the corners with the ends. Internally, thirty–four additional columns were
utilized for ornamentation and support. In contrast, the Pantheon's most distinguishing feature is its
colossal rotunda, 141 feet in diameter, resting on a gigantic concrete drum, which together could
contain a sphere of the same diameter (Tuck 219,221). Adjoined to the rotunda, at the entrance, an
intermediate block and a porch with a high pediment serves to hide prospective glimpses of it from
the front (Tuck

The Parthenon: Most Beautiful Architectural Structures In...
After reviewing the lectures and smart history materials, I found that the Parthenon was very
interesting. I believe that the Parthenon is one of the most beautiful architectural structures in Greek
history. It was built around 447–432 BCE, and is located on the hill of Acropolis. Individuals
named, Iktinos and Kallikrates were the architects of this temple. This structure was actually so
important and popular that replicas of this temple were built in other locations such as Nashville,
Tennessee. The Parthenon is made completely out of marble and was built in devotion to a Greek
goddess named Athena. This temple shows the authority, prosperity and culture of the Athenian
society (Ancient–Greece).
The Parthenon was attacked and burned by

Characteristics Of Greek Revival Architecture
Greek Revival (1825–1860) Greek Revival architecture was a building style that emerged in Europe
and the United States in the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries. It took elements of classical
Greek architecture and used them in a wide variety of buildings. The style became especially
popular in the United States around 1820.It is an outstanding example of a style that gained esteem
by exploring parallels between an earlier culture and the present day. This style is an international
that first seemed in the 1820s and really grew in America throughout the 1830s and '40s. At the
time, the ancient Greece was the source of inspiration for America. (Kennedy, R. 1989). From 1820
until the Civil War, architectural adaptations of the Greek ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This was a genuine removal of the previously popular styles that drew motivation from the classical
forms of ancient Greece and Rome. Both the Gothic Revival style and the Greek Revival style
looked to be same to each other in the past, and both remained popular throughout the mid–19th
century while there are specifically differences .In addition, the Gothic Revival style in America was
advanced by architects Alexander Jackson Davis and Andrew Jackson Downing, authors of
important house plan books, Rural Residences (1837), Cottage Residences (1842), and The
Architecture of Country Houses (1850). (Mathews,

Doric Temple Research Paper
Using suitable examples, briefly describe the form and origins of the Doric Temple, and discuss the
level of refinement achieved by the Parthenon
At the start of the Archaic period Greek civilisations began to outgrow the capabilities of the lands
they owned. This led to them setting out in search for new land and territories to inhabit. These new
territories expanded around Sicily, Southern Italy, North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean and
were set out in a grid like plan that the Greeks were known for developing. These new colonies were
usually laid out in a rectangular form with a defensive wall surrounding the perimeter. There would
be a centralised point in which everything was built around. This point tended to be a temple or
market ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These optical refinements are seen as just another major architectural innovation achieved by the
Parthenon. The columns have an inward tilt to create the illusion of perspective in the elevations.
Every vertical member of the temple is inclined. The impression of horizontal perspective on the
facades is created by the contraction of the columns at the corners, this is repeated in the metopes
next to the corner triglyphs. The column shafts are given the illusion of being straight with barely
visible swelling. The horizontal members of the Parthenon all display the same level of convexity,
this includes the architrave, the frieze and the cornice, as well as the stylobate. All of these precise
adjustments made to the structure make the Parthenon appear sharper and emphasise right angles.
As said by John Julius Norwhich;
"The Parthenon...enjoys the reputation of being the most perfect Doric temple ever built. Even in
antiquity, its architectural refinements were legendary."
With a Doric/Ionic hybrid the Parthenon manages surpass all other Doric temples. Doric temples are
renowned for being simplistic and rather basic. The Parthenon is anything but simple. The level of
technical detailing is huge. The high level of craft and sculptor taken from Ionic temples and
implemented into a Doric design reflects the wisdom and power in which Athena stands for, yet
incorporates

Greek Architecture Dbq
Just before you go to sleep, you image yourself taking a ride to the White House. You then notice it's
beautiful columns. As you look through columns, this type of architecture is ancient Greek. There
are other place to find these Greek columns. Besides architecture, other developments from ancient
civilizations have an impact on our world today, such as roads and Gregorian calendar. An example
of how the ancient Roman civilization that has an effect in our world today is architecture. The
Greek builders made three stone columns that were used in the Lincoln memorial, Jefferson
Memorial, and the Supreme Court (Doc. 1). The three type of stone columns that were used on these
buildings are doric, ionic, and corinthian (Doc.1). These Greek columns

Parthenon And Pantheon Analysis

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