R-value is a measurement of thermal resistance used to evaluate insulation materials and building assemblies. It is measured through standardized laboratory tests that determine a material's ability to resist heat flow. Installed system R-value testing measures a wall assembly's total thermal performance accounting for factors like framing and air infiltration, providing a more accurate assessment than material sample testing alone. P2000 insulation has a high R-value per unit thickness and addresses multiple heat transfer methods, outperforming fiberglass insulation in wall assemblies.