During the High and Late Middle Ages: 1) Feudal monarchs increased their power over local lords, helping form European nations. In England, William the Conqueror established a strong central government and common law. 2) Conflicts between monarchs and nobles led to the Magna Carta, which guaranteed noble rights and required the monarch to obey the law. 3) The power of the papacy grew, as popes could crown emperors and excommunicate disobedient monarchs. The Crusades further increased papal and royal authority in Europe.

1. The High & Late Middle Ages
Part III, Section 2
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2. Review
 Early Middle Age feudal lords ruled territories
 Loyal to king or overlord, but had little power
 During High Middle Ages, feudal monarchs
increased their power.

These lead to European nations.

3. Growth of Royal Power --
England

4. William the Conqueror takes
Throne in 1066.
 Creates strong gov’t (conflict w/ ?)
 Collected taxes
 Developed common law
 Law that is same for all people
 Created jury system
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5. Conflicts with nobles led to
Magna Carta
 Guaranteed noble’s
rights (then
everyone’s)
 Made monarch obey
the law
 Agreed not to raise
taxes without
consulting Great
Council (Parliament)

6. Holy Roman Empire & the Church
 Holy Roman Empire from Germanic states
that formed after Charlemagne died.
 Pope crowned leader “Emperor”
 Church became more influential in High Middle
Ages (conflicted w/ Monarch)
 Popes said they could remove Kings from
throne.
 Excommunication if they refused to obey
• Couldn’t receive sacraments (sacred rituals)

7. Europe Looks Outward
 Muslims had empire from Spain to N.
Africa and Middle East to India so…
 Crusades begin

Byzantine (Christian rivaled Muslim Turks)
 1050 Turks invade and attack Christians in
Palestine (Holy Land)
 Byzantine emperor asked pope for help
 Knights and armies go fight in Crusades
(holy war)

8. Effects of Crusades
(+200 Years)
 Failed in Holy Land, created religious
hatred.
 Increased the Pope’s and monarch’s
power
 Increased European trade
 Heightened papal power
 Introduced Christians to areas not before
known

9. Learning, Literature, the Arts &
Plague
 Learning Revived
 Schools (Studied ancient Greece)
 Cathedrals

Universities
 Vernacular produced (everyday language, not
just Latin)

10. Black Death (Bubonic Plague)
 Killed 1/3 of Europe-spread by rodents
 Crushed economy
 Famine
 War
 Much church opposition-couldn’t comfort
the people