The document discusses paraphrasing, which is restating an idea or information from another source in one's own words while keeping the original meaning intact. Paraphrasing is used to clarify meaning, shorten longer statements while keeping main ideas, and to avoid plagiarism. Effective paraphrasing requires carefully reading the original text, understanding the main ideas, and rewriting those ideas using synonyms and one's own sentence structure and word order.

1. Paraphra
sing

2. What is Paraphrasing?
o To restate an idea/information by using
OTHER words.
o A rewriting of text in your own words
o Used to clarify meaning
o Used to shorten a longer statement but keeps
the main ideas

3. • The meaning of the idea/information =
NOT CHANGED AT ALL.
Reason?
we wish to use ideas and information that
come from other people.
 avoid plagiarism.
To understand and answer multiple choice
questions
Helping in writing summaries.

4. • Develops and reinforces understanding of the
text
• Allows comprehension of grammatically or
conceptually complex sentences
• Forces engagement with the text
• Builds and reinforces vocabulary
• A necessary building block for summarising

5. So, How Do We Do It?
o Read the passage
carefully
o Decide the main ideas
of the passage
PARAPHRASE
o Highlight important ME!
words or phrases
o Put the main points in
your own words

6. 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
1. Reread the original passage until you
understand its full meaning.
2. Set the original aside, and write your
paraphrase on a note card.
3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase
to remind you later how you envision using
this material. At the top of the note card,
write a key word or phrase to indicate the
subject of your paraphrase.
4. Check your version with the original to make
sure that your version accurately expresses all
the essential information in a new form.

7. Remember…
 Read the selection several times until you understand it
fully. Take notes of important words such as scientific
terms, names of places, people, events, etc.
 Look up any words you do not understand and find
synonyms for them. Also find other ways to express
potentially unfamiliar information such as “since the time
of Descartes” in the 2nd example.
 Rewrite each sentence, one after the other. Simplify the
sentence structure of each sentence and use synonyms.
 Review your sentence!

8. • When we paraphrase, we use OUR OWN
words, maintaining the original meaning of
the idea/information.
Susan found Muthu lying on the floor.
A kitchen knife could be sticking out
of his chest. He was dead. The
television set was still on and the
kettle on the stove was whistling.

9. Susan found Muthu lying on the floor. A
kitchen knife could be sticking out of
his chest. He was dead. The television
set was still on and the kettle on the
stove was whistling.
 Susan found Muthu on the floor.
Someone had stabbed him in the chest
with a kitchen knife. The TV set was on
and the kettle was boiling on the stove.

10. How to Paraphrase?
• Using synonyms of words in the original
statement.
Among this garbage were floating gobs of oil.
Among this rubbish were floating gobs of oil.
Included in the wastes were floating blobs of
oil.

11. 2. Change Word Order
Because air is lighter than water, air bubbles
float to the surface
Air bubbles float to the surface because they
are lighter than water

12. 3. Change sentences in the active voice to the passive
voice and vice versa.
The problem is aggravated by the presence
of many other toxic materials in the seas.
The presence of many other toxic materials
in the seas aggravates the problem.
The existence of other toxic substances in the
sea worsens the problem.

13. 4. Using different signal word to indicate the
relationship of ideas in the sentence or
paragraph.
Although some of these materials have provided
sheltering reefs for fish, other entangle or poison
birds and mammals.
Some of these materials are a home to fish while
others entangle or poison birds and mammals.

14. 5. Combine sentences that were originally separated.
Oil is a collection of hundreds of substances such as
hydrogen and carbon that react with the environment.
When released in water, it spreads in a film over the
surface.
Oil, a collection of hundreds of substances such as
hydrogen and carbon that react with the environment,
spreads in a film over the surface when released in
water.
Oil which is made up of numerous substances such as
hydrogen and carbon that react with the environment,
forms a thin layer on he surface when released in water.

15. Try to paraphrase the passages:
• “People wish for virtue and the absence of
vice, no less than pleasure and the absence of
pain.”
 People want morality just as much as they
want happiness.

16. • In general, male birds’ feathers are more
colorful than its female counterpart.
Male birds are more colourful than female
birds.
• A smile does not mean the same thing around
the world.
Internationally, a smile may convey a
different message, based on cultural factors.

17. • Our life is defined by the quality of our
choices.
Our decisions influence the nature of our
life.
• Climbing mountains is a dangerous activity.
 Mountain-climbing can be a perilous sport.

18. • His position was not very interesting and fun,
but it enables him to earn a handsome
income.
Although it is quite boring, his job earned
him a lot.

19. Try to paraphrase…
1. Many people fear snakes because they think all
snakes are harmful. When they see a snake
most people would try to kill or run away from
it.
3. More food-producing plants will have to be
grown to feed the growing population of the
world. In tropical countries, especially, people
need plants that can supply protein. This protein
is necessary for good nutrition.

20. 1. A library should provide information on various
subjects, from ornamental gardens and shrubbery
to women’s suffrage. It must also be well-supplied
with reference books such as dictionaries and
encyclopedias. The job of a librarian is to ensure
that the library fulfils these functions effectively.
3. Even though we did not managed to achieve the
expected profits, it is enough to keep our heads
above water.

21. Match the Paraphrased Sentence
Original sentence: Paraphrased sentence:
Like many animals, the You find the arrow bamboo
giant panda needs a special in country that is below 3500
1 A
environment to survive. metres high or that has
farms.
Its natural habitat is It lives best naturally in
2 bamboo forest found in B bamboo forests in China.
China.
Whilst there are many The giant panda has to have
3 varieties of bamboo, the C certain natural conditions to
panda will eat only 4 types. live.
Their basic diet is arrow The one they like to eat the
4 D
bamboo. most is arrow bamboo.
The arrow bamboo will not It eats only 4 of the several
grow in areas that are above types of bamboo.
5 3500 metres or in the river E
valleys or plains that have
been farmed.

22. Summarising
To restate MAIN POINTS of an
idea/information (in any reading
text) by using OUR OWN
words.

23. • Why?
o To simplify the text(easier to remember)
o To answer exam questions
o To report information
• HOW?
7.Read & make sure you understand the text.
8.Find the topic sentence/main idea
9.Leave out unnecessary details (e.g., numbers)
10.Use your OWN words.

24. Main Idea
Supporting Supporting Supporting
Detail Detail Detail

25. Examples…
A tornado is a powerful, twisting windstorm.
It begins high in the air, among the winds of a
giant storm cloud. People who have watched
a tornado’s howling winds reach down from
the sky have said it’s the most frightening
thing they have ever seen. In some parts of
the United States, these windstorms are called
twisters or cyclones.

26. Main idea and supporting details
Tornado is
powerful, twisting
windstorm
Also called
Part of giant
Frightening twister
storm cloud
or cyclone

27. Sentence Summary…
Tornadoes are frightening, powerful, twisting
windstorms sometimes called twisters or
cyclones that start in giant storm clouds.

28. Try another one
Tornadoes are not the only whirling
windstorms that move through the earth’s air.
Dust devils, hurricanes and typhoons all have
twisting winds. But these windstorms differ
from tornadoes in important ways.

29. Main idea and supporting details
Dust devils, hurricanes,
and typhoons have
twisting winds
Whirling windstorms Differ from tornadoes

30. Dust devils, hurricanes and typhoons also
have twisting winds, but they are different
from tornadoes.

31. Try again…
Dust devils are the weakest of the swirling
windstorms. Their winds usually spin between
12 and 30 miles per hour. Most dust devils
are less than five feet across, and few last
more than a minute or two. They are often
seen in the desert under clear skies. Dust
devils form near ground when certain kinds of
winds make hot, rising air start to spin.

32. Dust devils are
weakest of
swirling windstorms
Less than 30 mph Five ft. across Last minute or two

33. Compared to other wind storms, dust devils
are the weakest and least severe.

34. Try…
Hurricanes and typhoons are the largest of the
swirling windstorms. The winds of these storms
blow about 75 to 150 miles per hour. They form
over warm, tropical oceans and cause heavy rains as
well as strong winds. When a tropical storm like this
begins over the Atlantic Ocean or the eastern Pacific
Ocean, it is called a hurricane. The same kind of
storm in the western Pacific Ocean or Indian Ocean is
called a typhoon. Hurricanes and typhoons may be
several hundred miles wide, travel thousands of
miles and last for days.

35. Hurricanes and
typhoons are largest
Several hundred Travel thousands of
Winds of 75-150 mph
miles wide miles, last for days

36. In contrast, hurricanes and typhoons are the
largest windstorms since they may be
hundreds of miles wide, travel very fast for
thousands of miles and can last for days.

37. Another one…
Tornadoes are not as large as hurricanes and
typhoons and they don’t travel as far. In fact,
many tornadoes last only a few minutes. But
the spinning winds of a tornado can rip
through the air at up to 300 miles per hour.
The winds of a large tornado are the fastest,
most dangerous winds on earth.

38. Winds of large
tornado are
fastest, most dangerous
winds on earth
Last few minutes 300 mph

39. The bottom line is, although they are not as
large as hurricanes and typhoons, tornadoes
are the fastest, most dangerous windstorms.

40. Read the paragraph and underline the main idea:
People involved in developing space tourism believe that
it can benefit society in several ways. First, space tourism
may create thousands of new jobs. Space tourism
companies will need pilots, mechanics and many other
employees. That is good for the economy. Second, outer
space is still a mystery. Space tourism can help us
understand our world and universe better. Private space
tourism companies have a lot of money, and they can
spend it on research. And finally, some people believe
that we might have to live in outer space someday. But
we don’t know what will happen to our bodies after long
periods of time in space. Space tourism can show us the
effects that space has on or bodies.

41. Read the paragraph and underline the main
idea:
People involved in developing space tourism believe that it
can benefit society in several ways. First, space tourism
may create thousands of new jobs. Space tourism
companies will need pilots, mechanics and many other
employees. That is good for the economy. Second, outer
space is still a mystery. Space tourism can help us
understand our world and universe better. Private space
tourism companies have a lot of money, and they can
spend it on research. And finally, some people believe that
we might have to live in outer space someday. But we
don’t know what will happen to our bodies after long
periods of time in space. Space tourism can show us the
effects that space has on or bodies.

42. Try…
1. While on his way home, Afiq heard a loud
screeching sound. He turned. He saw a car
trying to avoid a dog that was crossing the
road. The driver lost control of his car and hit
another car coming from the opposite side of
the road.

43. 2. One of the best methods of gathering
information quickly is through face-to-face or
telephone interviews. These methods provide
greater flexibility than mail questionnaires.
Through interviews, interviewers will be able to
clarify complicated questions or questions
which need more explanations. Also,
interviewers can ignore irrelevant questions. In
interviews we are able to obtain feedback
immediately and this saves time. The data that
is collected is more accurate and concise.
Moreover, people respond better to interviews
than mail questionnaires.

44. 3. Technological advancement has given us
wonders like the Internet, notebook
computers, knowledge of plastic surgery,
satellites, space shuttles and antibiotics.
Conveniences such as credit cards,
handphones, television and automobiles are
also the result of technological advancement.
On the other hand, it has also produced
horrors such as chemical weapons, nuclear
missiles and hi-tech fighter planes.

45. Paraphrasing…
Paraphrase when:
• You plan to use information on your note
cards and wish to avoid plagiarizing
• You want to avoid overusing quotations
• You want to use your own voice to present
information

46. Summarizing
Summarize when:
• You want to establish background or offer an
overview of a topic
• You want to describe common knowledge
(from several sources) about a topic
• You want to determine the main ideas of a
single source

47. TRY!
Brushing your teeth twice a day should keep the
dentist away. But if a group of scientific
researches have their wish, it will make the rest
of your body healthy too. A toothbrush that
checks blood sugar and bacteria while you
brush is currently in development in the USA. It
is one of the many gadgets proposed by
engineers and doctors at the Center for Future
Health in New York-others include a pair of
spectacles that help to jog your memory, and a
home camera designed to check for cancer.

48. Another one
Children who are dyslexic have problems
processing specific visual information,
resulting in trouble reading and writing. Until
recently, it was thought to be language-
related areas of the brain which were
deficient, but new research suggests that
dyslexic have difficulty with the control of eye
movement, or ‘eye wobble’.