โ€ซืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชโ€ฌ
       โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืกื’ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ€ฌ




      โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
     โ€ซ"ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช"โ€ฌ




โ€ซื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืกื’ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ




               โ€ซืžื•ื’ืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™:โ€ฌ
      โ€ซื—ื ื” ืื“ืŸ, ืฉืœืžื” ืืœื•ืŸ, ืขื ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืจื”,โ€ฌ
     โ€ซืขืœื™ื–ื” ืžื ื“ืœ, ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ืจื—ืžืœ, ืืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉโ€ฌ




            โ€ซื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื“ - ืžืจืฅ 2004โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซืจืงืข ..................................................................................................................... 3โ€ฌ    โ€ซ1.โ€ฌ

โ€ซืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ................................................................................................... 4โ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ....................................................................................................... 6โ€ฌ          โ€ซ2.โ€ฌ

โ€ซืžื˜ืจืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื”: ............................................................................................... 6โ€ฌ             โ€ซ3.โ€ฌ

โ€ซืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ....................................................................................................... 8โ€ฌ          โ€ซ4.โ€ฌ

โ€ซื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ "ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช" ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• .......................................... 9โ€ฌ                                  โ€ซ5.โ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ......................................................................... 9โ€ฌ                       โ€ซ6.โ€ฌ

โ€ซืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช "ื”ืื—ืจืช" ......................................................................... 10โ€ฌ                       โ€ซ7.โ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื .................................................................................... 00โ€ฌ                 โ€ซ8.โ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช .............................................................................. 00โ€ฌ                     โ€ซ9.โ€ฌ

โ€ซื ืกืคื—: ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช................................................................... 40โ€ฌ                         โ€ซ10.โ€ฌ




                                                                  โ€ซ2โ€ฌ
โ€ซ1. ืจืงืขโ€ฌ

โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ื™ื ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ืขืžื“ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืฉืงื‘ืข ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš: ื—ื•ืงืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช (9891) ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช: ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” (7) ื•ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ืโ€ฌ
                                 โ€ซ20 ื™ื—"ืœ, ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ 55 ื•ื›ืŸ 7 ื™ื—"ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช "ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™" ืืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€“ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืงืœืœื• ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื™ื™ื), ืื• ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ (ื›ืžื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ืžืจ) ื•"ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™" ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืžื“ ื•ื‘ื”ืโ€ฌ
                                                           โ€ซื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช (ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช) ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขืœโ€ฌ
                โ€ซื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื: ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืจื“โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืจืฃ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืžืืคืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขืจื›ื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ื›ืœโ€ฌ
       โ€ซื”ื ื™ืชืŸ, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.โ€ฌ
                 โ€ซื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช:โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ, ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš. ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ
                                      โ€ซื•ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื“ืจื›ื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืžืกืชืคืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืืœื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื”ืขืžืงื”, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,โ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืจื—ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” โ€“ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื™ื•ื–ืžื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช,โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชืžื“ื”, ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื—/ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืืœื”โ€ฌ
                          โ€ซืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžืฉืชืง ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื”ื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ื”ื. ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืœื—ืฅ ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืžืฆื™ืโ€ฌ
                                       โ€ซืืช ืžืœื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื.โ€ฌ


โ€ซืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืœื ืข"ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื ืงื™ื™ืโ€ฌ


                                           โ€ซ3โ€ฌ
โ€ซืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช (ื”ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช) ื”ืžืฉืชืงืคืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืžื”ื• ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืงืœื˜ื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช- ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช- ืชืœืžื™ื“โ€ฌ
                                                     โ€ซืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื•.โ€ฌ

โ€ซืขืœ ืจืงืข ืื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืงืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืคืจืกืžื• ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉืงืžื• ื”ื™ื•: ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ (9791), ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ (ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช 2220, 4991). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืžื“ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช (ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ 00 โ€“ ื“"ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซ(2220), ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื›ื (ืฉืœืžื” ืืœื•ืŸ,ืžืฉื” ืื™ืœืŸ, 6991) ื•ืžืกืžืš ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชโ€ฌ
                         โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ("ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช", 2220).โ€ฌ
       โ€ซื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“"ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฉืชื™โ€ฌ
                                                                โ€ซื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช:โ€ฌ
                                                          โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (โ€ช)IBOโ€ฌโ€ฌ
                                                  โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘โ€ฌ
       โ€ซื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœืขื™ืœ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื”: ืœื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                        โ€ซืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื•ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ


                                    โ€ซื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:โ€ฌ
         โ€ซืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื•ื“ ื ื‘ื•, ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื™ื™ื ืื“ืœืจ, ื’ื‘' ื•ืจื“ื” ืฉื™ืคืจ, ื“"ืจ ืขืžื™ ื•ื•ืœื ืกืงื™, ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืœื“,โ€ฌ
                                                                          โ€ซืžืจ ืžืฉื” ื“ืงืœื•.โ€ฌ



                                                                       โ€ซื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืชโ€ฌ
  โ€ซื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ:โ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”, ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€“ ื”ืกืคืจ ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ื™ื“ืข, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืขืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืื–ืจื— ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืืœื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื”, ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืœืื• ืชื•ื›ืŸ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ
                                                                            โ€ซื™ื•ืชืจ.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉืื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื™ืœื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ
   โ€ซืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื”.โ€ฌ




                                             โ€ซ4โ€ฌ
โ€ซืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช, ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ื–ื. ื™ื“ืขโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืืœืฆื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื›ื–ื•: ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืฉืงื•ืœ, ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš, ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืขโ€ฌ
                                                               โ€ซืงื•ื“ื ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช (ืคื™ืื–'ื” ), ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื›ืœื•ืžืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ - ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืชื•ืš ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืคื™ืกื™ ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื” ื—ืœื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืคืจื˜, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื. ื–ืืช ืขืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื™ื“ืข. ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,โ€ฌ
โ€ซืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” (ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื) ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช- ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื™ื“ืข.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ืคืจื˜ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื• ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ื“ืจืš ื–ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชืœื•ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื• ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœืขืฆืžื•.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื›ืืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืคืขื™ืœื”, ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                             โ€ซื•ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื•ืคืขืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื— ืืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžืคื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ืข. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ
                             โ€ซื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื‘ื ื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืง ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืœืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžืฉืคืš (ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช). ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื–ื” ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืืœืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื–ื” ื”ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžื ื—ื”, ื›ืžืกื™ื™ืข, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืœื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœืจืžืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•,โ€ฌ
โ€ซื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื•: ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช, ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื™ืื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ืงืจ, ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข. ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืชื ืกื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                    โ€ซื•ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช.โ€ฌ




                                          โ€ซ5โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช"โ€ฌ
โ€ซ(โ€ช .)alternative assessmentโ€ฌื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื•ืฉื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื” โ€“ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื—ืœืง ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืโ€ฌ
          โ€ซ(ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื) ืœื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื”.โ€ฌ



                                                                     โ€ซ4. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืโ€ฌ
                                 โ€ซืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืขื•ืžืก ื™ืชืจ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื’ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                           โ€ซื•ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
                      โ€ซื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืืคื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ .โ€ฌ

                                                              โ€ซ3. ืžื˜ืจืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื”:โ€ฌ
                 โ€ซืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช".โ€ฌ
                                            โ€ซืœื˜ืคื— ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืชโ€ฌ
                 โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืงืคื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                        โ€ซืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืž"ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”" ืœ"ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื”".โ€ฌ


                                                   โ€ซื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืš, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช:โ€ฌ
                                                  โ€ซื. ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
       โ€ซื‘. ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ (ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™) ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช1 ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืจืื”-โ€ฌ
                                                             โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™โ€ฌ
                          โ€ซื’. ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืื—ื“โ€ฌ
                                                    โ€ซื“. ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
       โ€ซื”. ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกโ€ฌ
                                                           โ€ซืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
             โ€ซื•. ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ
       โ€ซื–. ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืšโ€ฌ
                                                              โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ
                                 โ€ซื—. ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ

                                                                                                 โ€ซ1โ€ฌ
                    โ€ซืจืื• ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื (220)ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ




                                             โ€ซ6โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช:โ€ฌ
                                                        โ€ซื”ืฆืขืช ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ (9791)โ€ฌ    โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
                                           โ€ซื”ืฆืขืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ (ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช 2220, 4991)โ€ฌ   โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
                          โ€ซื”ืฆืขืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื›ื (ืฉืœืžื” ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืช' 6991)โ€ฌ      โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ("ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช",โ€ฌ         โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
                                                                    โ€ซ2220)โ€ฌ
                                                 โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (โ€ช)IBOโ€ฌโ€ฌ     โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
                         โ€ซื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืœืขื™ืœ (ืจ' ื ืกืคื— ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ) .โ€ฌ


โ€ซืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื 01 ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ "ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”" (ื”ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื”) ืœ"ืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื”". ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืงืคื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ
            โ€ซื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช - ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ .โ€ฌ


                                                                  โ€ซื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžื›ืš ื”ืŸ:โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ: ืชื›ื ื•ืŸโ€ฌ
         โ€ซ(ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื), ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” , ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”.โ€ฌ
                 โ€ซืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ ื‘ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ


       โ€ซื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ื“ื‘ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ,ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื• ,ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจโ€ฌ
                                         โ€ซื”ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื—ื“ ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ


       โ€ซื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืฆืื ื• ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ืืคืชโ€ฌ
       โ€ซืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” , ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืœื›ืœืœ , ืœืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                    โ€ซื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช.โ€ฌ
                                     โ€ซืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ:โ€ฌ




                                          โ€ซ7โ€ฌ
โ€ซ2. ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืจโ€ฌ
            โ€ซื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืœื”ืœืŸ) ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™2 ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื›ืœืœื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช: ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ืœื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื•: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ืงืจ, ืชืœืงื™ื˜, ืžื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ืœืโ€ฌ
                                                                  โ€ซืžืขืžื“ ืฉื•ื•ื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื (ืžืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื):โ€ฌ
                                      โ€ซืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ
                                   โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ื (ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื“ืขืช), ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ืขโ€ฌ
 โ€ซ"ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืช" ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข/ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
                                             โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช - ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช.โ€ฌ
   โ€ซื”ื˜ืžืขืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื•ื™ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.โ€ฌ




                                                                                                        โ€ซ2โ€ฌ
โ€ซืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื ื™ื›ืœืœื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื, ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื’ืชืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื™ื™ื‘ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืชืงืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”: ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื›ืžื•:โ€ฌ
                      โ€ซื ื™ืชื•ื—, ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื, ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ( ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื, 7991).โ€ฌ




                                                  โ€ซ8โ€ฌ
โ€ซ5. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ "ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช" ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืจื›ื•โ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืœื”ืœืŸ ("ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช") ื™ืฉื ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืชโ€ฌ
                   โ€ซื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ืืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:โ€ฌ
โ€ซืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืกื™ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ืžื•:โ€ฌ
โ€ซืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืจื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืšโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืจืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ
          โ€ซืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืจืื”- ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ื›ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื‘ืงืจื”โ€ฌ
                                                   โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืขโ€ฌ
โ€ซืชื™ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื (ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ
    โ€ซื”ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช).โ€ฌ
                                               โ€ซืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื–ื›ืื•ืช.โ€ฌ
                                   โ€ซื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื–ื›ืื•ืช.โ€ฌ




                                          โ€ซ6. ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืฆืขื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืงืžืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืื ืฉื™ ืžืœ"ื’, ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืœืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ืœื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื™ื’ื‘ืฉ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ
                                               โ€ซื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
         โ€ซื”ืงืžืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌ
                                  โ€ซื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ืโ€ฌ
                             โ€ซืžืขืจืš ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืกื›ืžื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”โ€ฌ
                                              โ€ซื›ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืชโ€ฌ
 โ€ซื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                    โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช (21 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช) ื‘ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช,โ€ฌ
             โ€ซืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.โ€ฌ




                                            โ€ซ9โ€ฌ
โ€ซ7. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช "ื”ืื—ืจืช"โ€ฌ


                   โ€ซืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช:โ€ฌ
                                                          โ€ซืื ื’ืœื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                                      โ€ซืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”โ€ฌ
                                            โ€ซืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืโ€ฌ
                                                         โ€ซืื–ืจื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ืœืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืšโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืกืจื’ืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืื—ื™ื“, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                                       โ€ซืžืฉื•ืกืขืช.โ€ฌ
  โ€ซืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืชโ€ฌ
   โ€ซื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”: ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื“ืขื™, ืชื "ืš, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืกืคืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ
       โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ โ€“ 2 ืื• 5 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”โ€ฌ
     โ€ซื•ืžืฉืœื™ื ืœ4 ืื• 5 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื.โ€ฌ
          โ€ซื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื”: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ
                                                                โ€ซืื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ืื• 5 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ (ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชโ€ฌ
                                                            โ€ซื—ืงืจ).โ€ฌ
                         โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ืชื•ืจืžืช (ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื—ืช)โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืกื›ื•ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื•ืขืจืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™โ€ฌ
                          โ€ซืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.โ€ฌ
                                                                   โ€ซื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ื“ (ืœืคื—ื•ืช) ืื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชื—ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ
                             โ€ซื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื›ืจื” ื‘"ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื”" (ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                โ€ซื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ):โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ื ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชืืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืšโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžื•ืฆืข, (ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช) ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ืโ€ฌ
   โ€ซืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช "ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ" ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ




                                         โ€ซ10โ€ฌ
โ€ซ8. ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืโ€ฌ

โ€ซื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื”:โ€ฌ
           โ€ซื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจืš ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.โ€ฌ


โ€ซื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื‘- 6โ€ฌ
                   โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•- 4 ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช (ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”) ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜:โ€ฌ


                                                               โ€ซ6 ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช:โ€ฌ
                            โ€ซ2 ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช:โ€ฌ
                                                                           โ€ซืื ื’ืœื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                       โ€ซืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”โ€ฌ
                                                          โ€ซืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืโ€ฌ
                                                                          โ€ซืื–ืจื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซ4 ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•/ืื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืšโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”: ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืชื "ืš, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื“ืขื™ (ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•/ืื•โ€ฌ
                                                      โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”).โ€ฌ

           โ€ซื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘-4 ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืชื•ืš ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช (ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืชื "ืš,โ€ฌ
                                                                   โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื“ืขื™).โ€ฌ



                                              โ€ซ9. ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ

                                                         โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช: ื”ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื— ืขื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ืง ืืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช (ืžืขืžื™ืง ืืชโ€ฌ
                                          โ€ซืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” - ืœืžื™ื“ื”.)โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืžืกืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ โ€“ ืขืจื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ืฉโ€ฌ
      โ€ซื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืขืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ




                                         โ€ซ00โ€ฌ
โ€ซื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช3 ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื’ื™ืฉื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืชืืคืฉืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื•ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ (ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžื˜ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,โ€ฌ
                                    โ€ซื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“').โ€ฌ


                            โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืื—ื“โ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืชื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœืžื™ื“ื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ
        โ€ซืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช (ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”) ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฉืžืขื” ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืœื ืจืงโ€ฌ
โ€ซื›"ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช" ืืœื ื›ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ
    โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื–ื•, ืชืจื•ืžื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ


                                                      โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื–ื›ืื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื™ื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ (ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื”) ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืชืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืชโ€ฌ
         โ€ซืชื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช, ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.โ€ฌ


                     โ€ซื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
       โ€ซื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•โ€ฌ
       โ€ซืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
                                                          โ€ซื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื .โ€ฌ
       โ€ซื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื”ืžื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
       โ€ซืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ
       โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—. ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจโ€ฌ
                   โ€ซืœื”ืขืœืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ


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                   โ€ซืจืื• ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื (220)ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ




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โ€ซืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™โ€ฌ
                                    โ€ซื”ืคืงื•ื— ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ


             โ€ซืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ
    โ€ซื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืคื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืโ€ฌ
    โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืื—ื™ื“ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.โ€ฌ
    โ€ซืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช/ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœโ€ฌ
    โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช- ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”โ€ฌ
    โ€ซืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ื ื”โ€ฌ
           โ€ซื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืกืขืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.โ€ฌ
    โ€ซืฉืืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ืโ€ฌ
             โ€ซื‘ื”ืฆืขื”, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื ืœื™ื‘ื” ืขืจื›ื™ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช.โ€ฌ


    โ€ซืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”-โ€ฌ
                                                             โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ
              โ€ซื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืงืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืชืืคืฉืจ:โ€ฌ
    โ€ซืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ
    โ€ซื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืงโ€ฌ
                      โ€ซื•ืชื•ืจืคื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.โ€ฌ
    โ€ซืœื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื•โ€ฌ
    โ€ซืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืชโ€ฌ
                                            โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื .โ€ฌ
    โ€ซืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ
         โ€ซื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.โ€ฌ


                             โ€ซื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ
    โ€ซ"ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืช", ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™,โ€ฌ
    โ€ซืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ
                  โ€ซืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืจืื•ื™.โ€ฌ



                                                                โ€ซื”ืขืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช:โ€ฌ
    โ€ซื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜: ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืขืžื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชโ€ฌ
                                 โ€ซื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ
                                    โ€ซื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืื™ื ื” ื“ื ื” ื‘ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื (ืืงืกื˜ืจื ื™ื).โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ
            โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ: ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ




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โ€ซ01. ื ืกืคื—: ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ



                                     โ€ซื. ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช โ€“ 0004 ื“ื•"ื— ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅโ€ฌ
                                         โ€ซืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ (ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2991):โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืชืชืงื™ื™ืžื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช (ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช) ื•ืœืฆื“ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืšโ€ฌ
                                         โ€ซืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš).โ€ฌ


                                                       โ€ซื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืขืœ:โ€ฌ
                        โ€ซื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช (ืฆื‘ื™ืจื”), (ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืžืชืžืžืฉืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื™ื•ื).โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช (ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช) ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™. ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืœื™ืชืจ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                      โ€ซื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื”.โ€ฌ
     โ€ซืชื™ืฉืžืจ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.โ€ฌ
                                         โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
                                                โ€ซื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
                                โ€ซื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.โ€ฌ
                                                       โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ืžืจ.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื”. ื”ืžืขืจืš ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืกืคืจื™ืช ื”ืชืงืคื” ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืžื ื” ื•ืœื’ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช. ืชืงื‘ืขื ื”โ€ฌ
                                   โ€ซื“ืจื›ื™ ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ

                                         โ€ซืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                    โ€ซ(ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื–ื•)โ€ฌ


โ€ซื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื™ื ื• ืœ- 2 ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืโ€ฌ
                                โ€ซื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื‘ืฅ.โ€ฌ
โ€ซ(ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ื–ื” ื ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื-ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™โ€ฌ
                                                                 โ€ซื”ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื)โ€ฌ
                                                    โ€ซืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื ื• ื‘ โ€“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื”:โ€ฌ




                                         โ€ซ40โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืงื‘ืฅ ืโ€ฌ
                                                                           โ€ซืชื "ืšโ€ฌ
                                                โ€ซื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ
                                                                          โ€ซืกืคืจื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                         โ€ซืื–ืจื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ

                                                                         โ€ซืžืงื‘ืฅ ื‘โ€ฌ
                                                                          โ€ซืขื‘ืจื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                              โ€ซืฉืคื” ื–ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื• ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช)โ€ฌ
                                                                      โ€ซืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”โ€ฌ

                                                          โ€ซืžืงื‘ืฅ ื’ โ€“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”โ€ฌ
                 โ€ซืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช.โ€ฌ
                              โ€ซืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช (ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืžื ื™ื ืขืโ€ฌ
                       โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื ืื• ื‘) ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช.โ€ฌ

โ€ซืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืคืจืกื ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื” ื’ืโ€ฌ
                        โ€ซืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ


โ€ซืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช (ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช) ื‘ืฉื‘ืขืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”โ€ฌ
                          โ€ซืฉื‘ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื ื• ื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืžืงื‘ืฅ ื’.โ€ฌ


โ€ซืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื›ืื•ืช ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช (ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืกืคืจื™ื•ืช) ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ
                                           โ€ซื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื”.โ€ฌ



                                               โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ


                                       โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ื›ืจื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ
                                                     โ€ซื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ


โ€ซื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ
                                                      โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืงืจ, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื—โ€ฌ
                   โ€ซื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.โ€ฌ




                                        โ€ซ50โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืชื™ืฉืžืจ ืข"ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                       โ€ซื™ืชืจื•ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.โ€ฌ


                                        โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืขื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื”โ€ฌ
                                         โ€ซืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช.โ€ฌ


           โ€ซื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœโ€ฌ
                                                     โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.โ€ฌ


      โ€ซืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื›ื–ื” (ืข"ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช 7 ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”), ืชื•ืš ืžืชืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ
                                             โ€ซื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ


       โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”"ืกืจื’ืœ" ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืงื‘ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช. ืžืขื ื”โ€ฌ
               โ€ซื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
           โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ
      โ€ซืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ
                            โ€ซื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.โ€ฌ
              โ€ซื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ


                                                                      โ€ซืœืกื™ื›ื•ื,โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืžืขื ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงืฆืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซ"ื”ืกืจื’ืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื“", ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจโ€ฌ
                                                   โ€ซื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื ืฉืžืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ




                                        โ€ซ60โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘. ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื“ื•"ื— ืฉื™ืœื“ (ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 9791)โ€ฌ

 โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื” ืขืกืงื” ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื,โ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                โ€ซืฉืœ ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ืชื™.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื‘-ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™โ€ฌ
                                                                    โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
  โ€ซื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืืžื•ืจ ืœืกืคืง ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ
                                              โ€ซื•ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืžืื–ื ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืงืจืืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขื“ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืฉื›ืœืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืขื•โ€ฌ
                                      โ€ซืข"ื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืืœื ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื•.โ€ฌ


                                                       โ€ซืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“โ€ฌ
      โ€ซืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช (ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช) ื›ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ
                  โ€ซืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ .โ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื–ื•ืœืช (ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช) ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืชื”ื™ื”โ€ฌ
                                           โ€ซื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ืžื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื” ืชื ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื™ื“ืšโ€ฌ
                                                                                    โ€ซื’ื™ืกื.โ€ฌ
                                                      โ€ซื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช - ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื”:โ€ฌ
                  โ€ซืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืžืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ. (ื›ื™ื•ื "ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื”" ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 21 )โ€ฌ
โ€ซื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“-ืขืฆืžื™. (ื‘ืชื "ืš ื•ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉื ื”โ€ฌ
                      โ€ซื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืž"ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช).โ€ฌ
                                    โ€ซื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 50 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืงืจื”. (ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืจื”)โ€ฌ
                               โ€ซื”ืžืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™' ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”. (ืœื ืžื•ืžืฉโ€ฌ

                                                                       โ€ซืฉืืœื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช:โ€ฌ
                                   โ€ซื™ื•ืงื ืžืจื›ื– ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื–ื” ื™ื™ื•ืฆื’ื•: ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืžืคืž"ืจ, ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืชืฉืœื‘ ื’ื ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ
                                               โ€ซื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื›ื "ืœ.โ€ฌ
                     โ€ซืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืžืฆื, ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ



                                             โ€ซ70โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื™ื•ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืขืจืš ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.โ€ฌ
                        โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื ืงืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืืช ืžืฉืงืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. (ื”ืขื ืงืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                         โ€ซืกืคืจื™ืช)โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื: ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื ืคืจื“ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœโ€ฌ
                                                         โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืŸ.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื ืชื•ืžืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘: ืชื "ืš, ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.โ€ฌ
                                                                      โ€ซ(ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืงืจื ื—ื•ื‘ื”)โ€ฌ
                    โ€ซื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื”ืžืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชื•ืงื ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ
โ€ซื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ, ืœื”ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื ืงืช ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. (ื‘ืชื ืื™ืโ€ฌ
                                                                          โ€ซืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื)โ€ฌ


                                               โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ


                                     โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ื”"ืก ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืžืฉืงืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื• , ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ ืžื”ืฆื”ืจื”. ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืšโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืชโ€ฌ
                                    โ€ซื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ


                                                   โ€ซืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื• ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืืคืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ
                                  โ€ซืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืžืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—).โ€ฌ


                                                โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื ื•ืฃ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ืคื•ืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื•โ€ฌ
                                               โ€ซืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.โ€ฌ
        โ€ซืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื›ื–ื” (ืข"ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช 7 ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื–ื•ืœืชโ€ฌ
                โ€ซื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœืžืชืŸ ืชืขื•ื“ื” .โ€ฌ


        โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ
        โ€ซื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื’ืœ ื–ื”.โ€ฌ



                                          โ€ซ80โ€ฌ
โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ
โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืื ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ: ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจืชโ€ฌ
                             โ€ซื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื "ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืžื”".โ€ฌ


                                                 โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                        โ€ซืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืขื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื•.โ€ฌ


           โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ
                                                   โ€ซืœื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื•.โ€ฌ


      โ€ซืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืงืžืช ืžืจื›ื– ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื˜ืกื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™' . ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืชื•ืงื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ
               โ€ซื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกืงืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ


                           โ€ซื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืชืขื•ื“ืชโ€ฌ
                        โ€ซื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช "ื—ื•ื–ืง" ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.โ€ฌ


                                                                     โ€ซืœืกื™ื›ื•ื,โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซื•ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื: ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื–ื•ืœืช (ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืื™ืฉื™ืช) ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืžื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื” ืชื ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซ(ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉื•ืœื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื”). ื”ืžืœืฆื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื•ื• ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™โ€ฌ
                                    โ€ซืืฉืจ ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื.โ€ฌ




              โ€ซื’. ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช โ€ชI B Oโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                                                                   โ€ซืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช : ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” . ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ 61 โ€“ 91 . ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืโ€ฌ



                                         โ€ซ90โ€ฌ
โ€ซืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืš ืื™ื ืโ€ฌ
                                                                          โ€ซื—ืœืง ืžื”ื.โ€ฌ
                                                 โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช 6 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช :โ€ฌ
                                   โ€ซืฉืคืช ืื. ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื›ื•'โ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉืคื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื™ืฉ 28 ืฉืคื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช.ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืฉืคื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                          โ€ซื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืคื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.โ€ฌ
       โ€ซื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” : ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื, ื’"ื’, ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ,ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•'.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช . ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ
                                                    โ€ซืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืชื™ืงื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ.โ€ฌ
       โ€ซืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื™ืฉ 4 ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืจืžื•ืช. ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื”.โ€ฌ
                            โ€ซืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช, ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืงื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.โ€ฌ


                                                  โ€ซื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช:โ€ฌ


โ€ซืงื•ืจืก ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข. ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ืจืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช, ืžืคืชื—โ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจืกโ€ฌ
                                                  โ€ซโ€“ 221 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“โ€ฌ
                                                                  โ€ซืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”โ€ฌ
                                                               โ€ซืžืืžืจ ื‘ืŸ 2224 ืžืœื™ืโ€ฌ


                                                              โ€ซืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืชโ€ฌ
                 โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืฉืฉืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืœืขื™ืœโ€ฌ


                                                                      โ€ซื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌ
                                     โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸโ€ฌ
                                                                  โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                   โ€ซืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
                                      โ€ซื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” %28 ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ


                                         โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ


                                    โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ . ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ื”โ€ฌ
      โ€ซื ืขืฉื™ืช ืข"ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ


                                             โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื—ืงืจ, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซ,ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื”, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื“ืขืชโ€ฌ
                                                  โ€ซื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ


                                          โ€ซ12โ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™โ€ฌ
               โ€ซื”ืกืคืจ.ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ืŸโ€ฌ


                                                 โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                           โ€ซื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื˜ืคื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ


                                โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืชืงืคื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ืโ€ฌ
                                 โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื–ืžื ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช . ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืš. ื’ ื ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™โ€ฌ
                                                         โ€ซื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”.โ€ฌ


                                                                  โ€ซื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื:โ€ฌ
                                                          โ€ซื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                         โ€ซื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืโ€ฌ
                                     โ€ซื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืชื™ืงื” ื•ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                          โ€ซื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”โ€ฌ
                                             โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืขื“ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื”โ€ฌ
                                                                   โ€ซื›- %28 ื”ืฆืœื—ื”โ€ฌ



                                                      โ€ซื“. ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืชโ€ฌ
                                   โ€ซื”ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                           โ€ซื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™"ื 2220โ€ฌ


                                                                       โ€ซืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื”โ€ฌ
    โ€ซื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืจื›ื™ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                            โ€ซืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ
                                               โ€ซื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื•ืกืคืชื™.โ€ฌ
   โ€ซืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช: ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ืงืจ, ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ืงืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช. ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื›ืšโ€ฌ
                                                   โ€ซืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ
 โ€ซืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืจืฉืžื™ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืฉื•ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                       โ€ซืขืจืš ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื.โ€ฌ
        โ€ซืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงืžืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื™ืงื‘ืขโ€ฌ
      โ€ซืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                    โ€ซืคื•ืจื˜ืคื•ืœื™ื•.โ€ฌ



                                         โ€ซ02โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช :โ€ฌ
                                                     โ€ซื—ืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                    โ€ซืื ื’ืœื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                                                โ€ซืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”โ€ฌ
                                                              โ€ซืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื‘ืขื”โ€ฌ
                                                                   โ€ซืื–ืจื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ
 โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื (ื‘ื• ืœื ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื›ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ืงืจ ืื• ื›ืชื—ื•ืโ€ฌ
                                                                  โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช)โ€ฌ


                                                                       โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจโ€ฌ
                        โ€ซ(ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช "ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื”" ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช)โ€ฌ
                                        โ€ซื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“:โ€ฌ
                                                            โ€ซื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”/ืกืคืจื•ืช/ืชื "ืšโ€ฌ


                                                               โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ืงืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืชโ€ฌ
                                        โ€ซื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“:โ€ฌ
                                                             โ€ซื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”/ืกืคืจื•ืช/ืชื "ืšโ€ฌ
                                        โ€ซืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืขื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.โ€ฌ


                                                                     โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจโ€ฌ
                                                           โ€ซืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื ื™ +ืžื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขโ€ฌ
                                 โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช :ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื—ื•ื.โ€ฌ
                    โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ืจ ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื.โ€ฌ

                                                        โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ืชื•ืจืžืชโ€ฌ
    โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืโ€ฌ
                                                                     โ€ซืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•.โ€ฌ


                                     โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ


                                            โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
 โ€ซื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืชื•ืจืช ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ื”"ืก ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืชืชืจื•ื ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœโ€ฌ
    โ€ซื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ,โ€ฌ


                      โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ
  โ€ซืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ


                                      โ€ซ22โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” โ€“ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื”โ€ฌ
                     โ€ซื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.โ€ฌ
  โ€ซืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื”:โ€ฌ
          โ€ซื”ืคืขืœืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื–ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™โ€ฌ
 โ€ซืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ืโ€ฌ
                      โ€ซื•ื™ื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.โ€ฌ


                                                  โ€ซืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ
 โ€ซืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจโ€ฌ
 โ€ซืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ
      โ€ซืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืขืœืืช ืžืกืคืจโ€ฌ
                                 โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ


                                                 โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืชโ€ฌ
   โ€ซื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื• ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ
 โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื’ืžืจ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ
                                                   โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.โ€ฌ


      โ€ซืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช.โ€ฌ
  โ€ซื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™โ€ฌ
                                      โ€ซืืœื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ


                                              โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“โ€ฌ
   โ€ซื”ืกืจื’ืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื“ ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”.โ€ฌ
     โ€ซืžืขื ื” ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ืโ€ฌ
 โ€ซื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื”ืโ€ฌ
                                               โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื• ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“.โ€ฌ


                                                โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                         โ€ซืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื‘ืžืกืžืšโ€ฌ


                                              โ€ซืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“โ€ฌ
                                    โ€ซืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ


                             โ€ซื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ

 โ€ซื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื”โ€ฌ
                                               โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื”.โ€ฌ


                                         โ€ซ32โ€ฌ
24
โ€ซื”. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช (ื—ืœื•ืคืช ืืœื›"ื )โ€ฌ

       โ€ซื—ืœื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื›"ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื” ื“ืขืช ื™ื—ื™ื“.โ€ฌ


โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืืคื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื ืชื— ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช.โ€ฌ
                โ€ซื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›"ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื" ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.โ€ฌ
               โ€ซืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฉืงื™ืข ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืชื”.โ€ฌ
                                      โ€ซืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื” 21 ืžื˜ืจื•ืช :โ€ฌ
                                              โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ     โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
                                           โ€ซืฆืžืฆื•ื ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช.โ€ฌ        โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
                                      โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ         โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
         โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช.โ€ฌ        โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
            โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.โ€ฌ       โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื ืขื” (ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”) ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.โ€ฌ       โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
                                                           โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ    โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
                   โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.โ€ฌ      โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข (ืžืฉื•ื‘) ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจืื”โ€ฌ           โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ
                                                            โ€ซื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ
                            โ€ซื”ืกืคืงืช "ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื”" ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.โ€ฌ         โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ


                                                                             โ€ซื”ื‘ืขื™ื” :โ€ฌ
                   โ€ซืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจื•ืช :โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื•ืจืจืช ืื™-ื ื—ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื โ€“โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืื™ื ื ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืื™ื ื ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸโ€ฌ
                                     โ€ซืื™ื ื ืžืžืžืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืขื“ ืชื•ื.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืื™-ื ื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™โ€ฌ
                                                                  โ€ซื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื“"ื› ืื™ื ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ ื ื—ืช ืžื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ืชืกื›ื•ืœื ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ
                                                                         โ€ซืœืชื•ืฆืจื™ื.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืงื™ื™ื ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจื™ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”โ€ฌ
                            โ€ซื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื, ืืš ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื“.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื•, ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”,โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“, ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ
                                                   โ€ซื”ืื—ื™ื“ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืชื”.โ€ฌ




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โ€ซื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื ื™โ€ฌ
          โ€ซื‘ืขืฆืžื. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืกืชืขืคื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื : ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸโ€ฌ
                                               โ€ซืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ื ืคืจื“.โ€ฌ
โ€ซ"ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”" : ื–ื”ื• ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืจืคื•ืจืžื”". ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” "ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ื ื•ืขื–ืช".โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื™ื ื•ื— ื–ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ืœ"ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™" ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉ"ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซื ื•ื”ื’". ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืกืžืš ืื• "ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื”" ืื• ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืข"ืค ื”ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืฉื™ื™ื”. "ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”" ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•"ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืžื“ื”" ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื”,โ€ฌ
โ€ซืืฉืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื, ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช, ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉ. ืจืื•ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื ื™ืืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ (ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”), ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”" (0991)โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-220 ืฉื ื” " ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืชโ€ฆ. ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ืื™ื ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื™ื“ืขโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื”ืขืœื. ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ
                     โ€ซื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆืื".โ€ฌ


                                                               โ€ซืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช:โ€ฌ
โ€ซืขืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช: . ื“ืžื•ืช "ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืืฉืจ ืžืžื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืชื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืกืคืจ, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ (ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™' ื•ืžืขืœื”) ืœืชืžื•ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                                    โ€ซื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”"ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช" ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘"ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ื—ืœื•ืช" (ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืคืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” โ€“ ืžืกืžืš ืจืงืข ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™, ืืคืจื™ืœ 59). ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” (ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื, ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจืฉื•ืช) ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืขื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘"ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื”" ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช-ื”ืขืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื•ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืžืžื ื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”"ื—ื•ื‘ื”", ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™โ€ฌ
           โ€ซื”"ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”" ื•ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”"ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช" ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืชืืžืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื ืชืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื" ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.โ€ฌ          โ€ซื”ื•ืขื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ           โ€ซื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชโ€ฌ           โ€ซื”ืžืฉืจื“โ€ฌ          โ€ซื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžืงื”, ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื”โ€ฌ
โ€ซื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืžืœื™ื ืจื™ืงื•ืช", ื‘ืœื ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ
                                                                         โ€ซื”ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื.โ€ฌ


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โ€ซืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”: ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœืช ื•ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”,โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืกื’ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ืžืœืฆืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช 2 ื“ื’ืžื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”" ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชโ€ฌ
                                โ€ซืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ: ื”ืžืœืฆืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื‘-ื’ื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื—ื–ืงโ€ฌ
โ€ซืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืชืช-ื”ืื ื•ืืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ "ืžื—ื ืš" ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ืื ื•โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื›ืžื” ืžืŸโ€ฌ
                 โ€ซื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”"ืžื—ื ืš", ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืžื˜ื• ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื• ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”: ื”ืžืœืฆืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืชื โ€“โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸโ€ฌ
โ€ซืขืœ ื”"ื”ืงื‘ืฆื•ืช" ื•"ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”" ืœื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ             โ€ซื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื” โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื•ืœื ื‘"ืจืžืช" ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ"ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช" ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ (ื‘ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซืื•ืชื” ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”). ื‘"ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช" ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ืžื—ืงื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉื•ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืชืขืฆื ื•ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช. ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื•ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ืฉืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซืงื•ืจื™ืงื•ืœื•ื. ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ ื“ืขืช ืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ ืœืงื•ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™โ€ฌ
                                                                         โ€ซืจืฉืžื™.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื”: ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื ืขืฆืžื• "ืืกืงื•ืคื” ื ื“ืจืกืช" ื‘ืจื’ืœื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ "ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ". "ื”ืžืกืžืŸ" (ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช)โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ "ื”ืžืกื•ืžืŸ" (ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื). ื”ืžืคื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื” (ื—ืฉื•ื‘/ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘,โ€ฌ
โ€ซื—ื•ื‘ื”/ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช/ืื™-ื”ื›ืจืชืŸ, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช/ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื/ืœืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืกื•ื’ ื'/ืกื•ื’ ื‘') ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช. ื“ื•ื•ืงืโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ (ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืคืจืฅ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”"ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”" ืขืฆืžื”)โ€ฌ
โ€ซืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื ืชืง ืžืŸ "ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช" ืฉืœโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช (ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ืช-ืื—ืช",โ€ฌ
                                                               โ€ซ"ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื").โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืคื•ืจื˜ืคื•ืœื™ื• โ€“ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช" ื ืฉื—ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืืฃ ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ
โ€ซืœืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”. ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช-โ€ฌ
โ€ซืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช (ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช) ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช-โ€ฌ
                                                                          โ€ซืขืจื›ื™ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื–ื™ื”ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื”ื ื ื•โ€ฌ
                                                                โ€ซืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื™ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืชืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขืกืง ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ
                            โ€ซื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.โ€ฌ




                                          โ€ซ72โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื™ืขืฆื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืืช ืกื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื’ืจื”โ€ฌ
             โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืข"ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื”โ€ฌ
          โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ื•ืกืชื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™โ€ฌ
โ€ซื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืืฃ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“: ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื”โ€ฌ
       โ€ซืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืืฉืจื•ืจ ืžื”ืžื ื•ืช ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ
โ€ซื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืืชโ€ฌ
โ€ซืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ื‘ื”ืฆืขืชื ื• ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ
                                                                  โ€ซื•ืœื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.โ€ฌ




                                          โ€ซ82โ€ฌ
โ€ซื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”โ€ฌ


     โ€ซืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”: ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื, (ืชืฉืก"ื“), ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื›"ืœ ื•ื”ืื’ืฃโ€ฌ            โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                                               โ€ซืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.โ€ฌ

     โ€ซืืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”, ืื™ืœืŸ ืžืฉื”, ื’ื•ื ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ, ื˜ื•ืงืจ ื“ื•ื“ื™ืง, ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ (ืชืฉื "ื–/6991), ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”โ€ฌ       โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ืขื™"ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื›"ื โ€“ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ

                                                                   โ€ซื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.โ€ฌ

     โ€ซื‘ื’ืจื•ืช โ€“ 0004 (ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืžืจ), (ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจโ€ฌ          โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                                     โ€ซ4991), ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืœืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืคืจื•ืค' ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.โ€ฌ

   โ€ซื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืžื ื•ื—ื” (2220), ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ          โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                                       โ€ซ(ื“ื•"ื— ืžืกื›ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืช"ื ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš).โ€ฌ

       โ€ซื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืžื ื•ื—ื” (7991), ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืช"ื, ืจืžื•ืช, ืช"ื.โ€ฌ         โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                                                       โ€ซื‘ืŸ-ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืฉืœืžื”, ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”-44,โ€ฌ     โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

   โ€ซื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ื“ ( ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื "ื”/ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 5991), ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื•ื“ โ€“ ืงื•ื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ        โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                                                     โ€ซืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš "ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.โ€ฌ

  โ€ซื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ื“,(ืืคืจื™ืœ 2991), ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™,โ€ฌ       โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                                                                โ€ซื”ืฆืขื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.โ€ฌ

                 โ€ซื’ืจื“ื ืจ, ื”,( 6991), ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืงื• ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื›"ืœ.โ€ฌ    โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื”ืฆืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชโ€ฌ            โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                   โ€ซืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื”/ืืคืจื™ืœ 5991 (ืœื™ืžื™ื: ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›').โ€ฌ

โ€ซืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืชืžืจ,( 8991), ืžืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืžื“ื•ืข ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉ. ืฉืจืŸ, ื—. ืฉื—ืจ,โ€ฌ    โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                     โ€ซืช. ืœื•ื™ืŸ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื),ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืจืื”, ืจืžื•ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.โ€ฌ

   โ€ซื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืž"ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” (2991), ื”ืžื–ื”"ืค โ€“โ€ฌ            โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                                                                    โ€ซืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืคืž"ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ

                            โ€ซืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” (ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื˜' โ€“ ืชืฉืœ"ื–).โ€ฌ       โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                              โ€ซืคื•ืจ, ื“ื•ื“ (ืชืฉืž"ื˜/9891), ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.โ€ฌ     โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ




                                          โ€ซ92โ€ฌ
โ€ซืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื‘ืŸ-ื’ืœื™ื ื ืื•ื” (6991), ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืกืืœื“,โ€ฌ      โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                                                                          โ€ซื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.โ€ฌ

  โ€ซืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืค ืขื ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื™ื™ื ืื“ืœืจ, ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืœื“, ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื•ื“ ื ื‘ื•, ืžืจ ืžืฉื” ื“ืงืœื•, ื’ื‘'โ€ฌ   โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                                โ€ซื•ืจื“ื” ืฉื™ืคืจ, ื’ื‘' ืชืžืจ ืื•ื’ื“ (ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช).โ€ฌ

   โ€ซืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื“ื‘ ,ืคื•ื’ืœ ืืจื™ื” (ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2991), ืžืขืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขื™"ืก, ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ      โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ

                                              โ€ซื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื”"ืก ื”ืขื™"ืก.โ€ฌ

      โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช โ€“ โ€ช - IBOโ€ฌืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืืชืจ โ€ช.www.ibo.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ           โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ




                                         โ€ซ13โ€ฌ

Paper mandel 2004

  • 1.
    โ€ซืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืกื’ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซ"ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช"โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืกื’ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื’ืฉ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™:โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื ื” ืื“ืŸ, ืฉืœืžื” ืืœื•ืŸ, ืขื ืช ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืจื”,โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœื™ื–ื” ืžื ื“ืœ, ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช ืจื—ืžืœ, ืืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื“ - ืžืจืฅ 2004โ€ฌ
  • 2.
    โ€ซืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืงืข .....................................................................................................................3โ€ฌ โ€ซ1.โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ................................................................................................... 4โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ....................................................................................................... 6โ€ฌ โ€ซ2.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื˜ืจืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื”: ............................................................................................... 6โ€ฌ โ€ซ3.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ....................................................................................................... 8โ€ฌ โ€ซ4.โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ "ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช" ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• .......................................... 9โ€ฌ โ€ซ5.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ......................................................................... 9โ€ฌ โ€ซ6.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช "ื”ืื—ืจืช" ......................................................................... 10โ€ฌ โ€ซ7.โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื .................................................................................... 00โ€ฌ โ€ซ8.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช .............................................................................. 00โ€ฌ โ€ซ9.โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืกืคื—: ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช................................................................... 40โ€ฌ โ€ซ10.โ€ฌ โ€ซ2โ€ฌ
  • 3.
    โ€ซ1. ืจืงืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ื™ื ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื ืงืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ืขืžื“ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืฉืงื‘ืข ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš: ื—ื•ืงืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช (9891) ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช: ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” (7) ื•ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซ20 ื™ื—"ืœ, ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ 55 ื•ื›ืŸ 7 ื™ื—"ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช "ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™" ืืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€“ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืงืœืœื• ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื™ื™ื), ืื• ืฉืื•ืฉืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ (ื›ืžื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ืžืจ) ื•"ืžืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™" ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืžื“ ื•ื‘ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช (ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช) ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื: ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืจื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืจืฃ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืžืืคืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขืจื›ื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื™ืชืŸ, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช:โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ, ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš. ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื“ืจื›ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืžืกืชืคืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืืœื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื”ืขืžืงื”, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื—ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” โ€“ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื™ื•ื–ืžื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช,โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืžื“ื”, ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื—/ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“.โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžืฉืชืง ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ื”ื. ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืœื—ืฅ ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืžืฆื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ืžืœื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ืœื ืข"ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื ืงื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซ3โ€ฌ
  • 4.
    โ€ซืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช (ื”ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช) ื”ืžืฉืชืงืคืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืžื”ื• ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืงืœื˜ื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช- ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช- ืชืœืžื™ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื•.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ืจืงืข ืื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืงืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืคืจืกืžื• ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืงืžื• ื”ื™ื•: ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ (9791), ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ (ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช 2220, 4991). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืžื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช (ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ 00 โ€“ ื“"ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซ(2220), ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื›ื (ืฉืœืžื” ืืœื•ืŸ,ืžืฉื” ืื™ืœืŸ, 6991) ื•ืžืกืžืš ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ("ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช", 2220).โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“"ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฉืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช:โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (โ€ช)IBOโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœืขื™ืœ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื”: ืœื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื•ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:โ€ฌ โ€ซืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื•ื“ ื ื‘ื•, ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื™ื™ื ืื“ืœืจ, ื’ื‘' ื•ืจื“ื” ืฉื™ืคืจ, ื“"ืจ ืขืžื™ ื•ื•ืœื ืกืงื™, ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืœื“,โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจ ืžืฉื” ื“ืงืœื•.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ:โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”, ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€“ ื”ืกืคืจ ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ื™ื“ืข, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืื–ืจื— ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ืืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื”, ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืœืื• ืชื•ื›ืŸ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืชืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉืื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืื™ืœื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซ4โ€ฌ
  • 5.
    โ€ซืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช, ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ื–ื. ื™ื“ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืืœืฆื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื›ื–ื•: ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉืงื•ืœ, ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš, ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื•ื“ื ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช (ืคื™ืื–'ื” ), ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื›ืœื•ืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ - ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืชื•ืš ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืคื™ืกื™ ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื” ื—ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืคืจื˜, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื. ื–ืืช ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื“ืข. ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” (ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื) ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช- ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื™ื“ืข.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ืคืจื˜ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื• ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ื“ืจืš ื–ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืœื•ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื• ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœืขืฆืžื•.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื›ืืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืคืขื™ืœื”, ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื•ืคืขืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื— ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืคื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ืข. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื‘ื ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืง ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืœืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืคืš (ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช). ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื–ื” ื”ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื” ื”ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžื ื—ื”, ื›ืžืกื™ื™ืข, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืœื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœืจืžืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•,โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื•: ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช, ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื™ืื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืงืจ, ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข. ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืชื ืกื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซ5โ€ฌ
  • 6.
    โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช"โ€ฌ โ€ซ(โ€ช .)alternative assessmentโ€ฌื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื•ืฉื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื” ื•ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื” โ€“ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืœื•ืงื— ื—ืœืง ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื) ืœื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซ4. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืžืก ื™ืชืจ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื’ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืืคื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ .โ€ฌ โ€ซ3. ืžื˜ืจืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื”:โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช".โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื˜ืคื— ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืงืคื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืž"ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”" ืœ"ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื”".โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืš, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช:โ€ฌ โ€ซื. ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘. ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ (ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™) ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช1 ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืจืื”-โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื’. ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืื—ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื“. ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”. ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•. ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื–. ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื—. ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ1โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืื• ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื (220)ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซ6โ€ฌ
  • 7.
    โ€ซื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื•ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช:โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆืขืช ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ (9791)โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆืขืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ (ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช 2220, 4991)โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆืขืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื›ื (ืฉืœืžื” ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืช' 6991)โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ("ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช",โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ2220)โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (โ€ช)IBOโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืœืขื™ืœ (ืจ' ื ืกืคื— ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ) .โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื 01 ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ "ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”" (ื”ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื”) ืœ"ืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื”". ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืงืคื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช - ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ .โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžื›ืš ื”ืŸ:โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ: ืชื›ื ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื), ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” , ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ ื‘ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื ื“ื‘ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ,ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื• ,ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื—ื“ ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืฆืื ื• ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ืืคืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” , ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืœื›ืœืœ , ืœืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ:โ€ฌ โ€ซ7โ€ฌ
  • 8.
    โ€ซ2. ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฆืขื”ืื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืœื”ืœืŸ) ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™2 ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื›ืœืœื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช: ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื•: ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ืงืจ, ืชืœืงื™ื˜, ืžื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืžื“ ืฉื•ื•ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื (ืžืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื):โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ื (ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื“ืขืช), ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซ"ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืช" ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข/ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช - ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ืžืขืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื•ื™ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.โ€ฌ โ€ซ2โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื ื™ื›ืœืœื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื, ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื ื•ืกื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื’ืชืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื™ื™ื‘ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืชืงืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”: ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื›ืžื•:โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชื•ื—, ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื, ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ( ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื, 7991).โ€ฌ โ€ซ8โ€ฌ
  • 9.
    โ€ซ5. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ"ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช" ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืจื›ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืœื”ืœืŸ ("ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช") ื™ืฉื ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ืืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:โ€ฌ โ€ซืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืกื™ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ืงื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ืžื•:โ€ฌ โ€ซืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืจื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืจืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืจืื”- ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ื›ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื‘ืงืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื™ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื (ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช).โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื–ื›ืื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื–ื›ืื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซ6. ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื”ืฆืขื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืžืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืื ืฉื™ ืžืœ"ื’, ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืœืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื™ื’ื‘ืฉ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืžืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืจืš ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื›ืžื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช (21 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช) ื‘ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื•ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช,โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซ9โ€ฌ
  • 10.
    โ€ซ7. ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืชืขื•ื“ืชื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช "ื”ืื—ืจืช"โ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช:โ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื’ืœื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื–ืจื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ืœืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืกืจื’ืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืื—ื™ื“, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ืกืขืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”: ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื“ืขื™, ืชื "ืš, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืกืคืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ โ€“ 2 ืื• 5 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืฉืœื™ื ืœ4 ืื• 5 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื”: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ืื• 5 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ (ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืงืจ).โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ืชื•ืจืžืช (ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื—ืช)โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืกื›ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื•ืขืจืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ื“ (ืœืคื—ื•ืช) ืื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื—ื•ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืจื” ื‘"ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื”" (ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ):โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืฆืข, (ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช) ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช "ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ" ืฉืœ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซ10โ€ฌ
  • 11.
    โ€ซ8. ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืืœืงืจืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื”:โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจืš ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื‘- 6โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•- 4 ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช (ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”) ื›ืžืคื•ืจื˜:โ€ฌ โ€ซ6 ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช:โ€ฌ โ€ซ2 ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช:โ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื’ืœื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืโ€ฌ โ€ซืื–ืจื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซ4 ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•/ืื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”: ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืชื "ืš, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื“ืขื™ (ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•/ืื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”).โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘-4 ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 4 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื•ืš ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช (ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืชื "ืš,โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื“ืขื™).โ€ฌ โ€ซ9. ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช: ื”ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื— ืขื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ืง ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช (ืžืขืžื™ืง ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” - ืœืžื™ื“ื”.)โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืžืกืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ โ€“ ืขืจื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืขืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซ00โ€ฌ
  • 12.
    โ€ซื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืขืœื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช3 ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื’ื™ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืชืืคืฉืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื•ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ (ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืžื˜ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“').โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืื—ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœืžื™ื“ื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช (ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”) ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฉืžืขื” ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืœื ืจืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื›"ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช" ืืœื ื›ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื–ื•, ืชืจื•ืžื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื–ื›ืื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื™ื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ (ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื”) ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืชืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช, ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื .โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื”ืžื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—. ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืขืœืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซ3โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืื• ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื (220)ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซ20โ€ฌ
  • 13.
    โ€ซืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืกืจื’ืœืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืงื•ื— ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืคื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืื—ื™ื“ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช/ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช- ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืกืขืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฆืขื”, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื ืœื™ื‘ื” ืขืจื›ื™ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”-โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืงืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืชืืคืฉืจ:โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืชื•ืจืคื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื .โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ"ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืช", ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™,โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืจืื•ื™.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช:โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜: ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืขืžื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืื™ื ื” ื“ื ื” ื‘ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื (ืืงืกื˜ืจื ื™ื).โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ: ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซ30โ€ฌ
  • 14.
    โ€ซ01. ื ืกืคื—: ื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื. ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช โ€“ 0004 ื“ื•"ื— ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืฆืขืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ (ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2991):โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืฆืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืชืชืงื™ื™ืžื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช (ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช) ื•ืœืฆื“ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš).โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืขืœ:โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช (ืฆื‘ื™ืจื”), (ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืžืชืžืžืฉืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื™ื•ื).โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช (ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช) ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™. ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืœื™ืชืจ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื™ืฉืžืจ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ืžืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจื”. ื”ืžืขืจืš ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืคืจื™ืช ื”ืชืงืคื” ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืžื ื” ื•ืœื’ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช. ืชืงื‘ืขื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืจื›ื™ ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื–ื•)โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื™ื ื• ืœ- 2 ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื. ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื‘ืฅ.โ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ื–ื” ื ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื-ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื)โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื ื• ื‘ โ€“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื”:โ€ฌ โ€ซ40โ€ฌ
  • 15.
    โ€ซืžืงื‘ืฅ ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื "ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืคืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื–ืจื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื‘ืฅ ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ืจื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืคื” ื–ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” (ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืื• ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช)โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงื‘ืฅ ื’ โ€“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช (ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืžื ื™ื ืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื ืื• ื‘) ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืคืจืกื ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื” ื’ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช (ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช) ื‘ืฉื‘ืขืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื ื• ื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืžืงื‘ืฅ ื’.โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื›ืื•ืช ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช (ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืคืจื™ื•ืช) ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ื›ืจื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืจืื”-ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืงืจ, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซ50โ€ฌ
  • 16.
    โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื”ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืชื™ืฉืžืจ ืข"ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืชืจื•ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืขื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืžื“ื“ืช ื‘ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื›ื–ื” (ืข"ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช 7 ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”), ืชื•ืš ืžืชืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”"ืกืจื’ืœ" ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืงื‘ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช. ืžืขื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืกื™ื›ื•ื,โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืžืขื ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืงืฆืชโ€ฌ โ€ซ"ื”ืกืจื’ืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื“", ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื ืฉืžืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซ60โ€ฌ
  • 17.
    โ€ซื‘. ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื“ื•"ื—ืฉื™ืœื“ (ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 9791)โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื” ืขืกืงื” ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื,โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ืชื™.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจื‘-ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืืžื•ืจ ืœืกืคืง ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืื–ื ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืงืจืืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขื“ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื›ืœืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืขื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืข"ื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืืœื ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื•.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช (ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช) ื›ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ .โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื–ื•ืœืช (ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช) ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืชื”ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ืžื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื” ืชื ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื™ื“ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื™ืกื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช - ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื”:โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืžืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ. (ื›ื™ื•ื "ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื”" ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 21 )โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“-ืขืฆืžื™. (ื‘ืชื "ืš ื•ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืž"ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช).โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 50 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืงืจื”. (ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืชืงืจื”)โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™' ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”. (ืœื ืžื•ืžืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืืœื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช:โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืงื ืžืจื›ื– ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื–ื” ื™ื™ื•ืฆื’ื•: ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืžืคืž"ืจ, ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืชืฉืœื‘ ื’ื ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื›ื "ืœ.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืžืฆื, ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซ70โ€ฌ
  • 18.
    โ€ซืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื”ื™ื•ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืขืจืš ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื ืงืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืืช ืžืฉืงืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. (ื”ืขื ืงืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืกืคืจื™ืช)โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื: ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื ืคืจื“ ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืŸ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื ืชื•ืžืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘: ืชื "ืš, ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.โ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืงืจื ื—ื•ื‘ื”)โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื”ืžืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ืงื ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ, ืœื”ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื ืงืช ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. (ื‘ืชื ืื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื)โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ื”"ืก ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืžืฉืงืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื• , ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ ืžื”ืฆื”ืจื”. ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ืœื• ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืคืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืžืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื—).โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื ื•ืฃ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ืคื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื›ื–ื” (ืข"ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช 7 ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื•ื‘ื”). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื–ื•ืœืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœืžืชืŸ ืชืขื•ื“ื” .โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื’ืœ ื–ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซ80โ€ฌ
  • 19.
    โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื”ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ: ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื "ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืžื”".โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืขื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื•.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื•.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืžืช ืžืจื›ื– ืœื”ื›ื ืช ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื˜ืกื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™' . ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืชื•ืงื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกืงืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืชืขื•ื“ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช "ื—ื•ื–ืง" ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืกื™ื›ื•ื,โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื: ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื–ื•ืœืช (ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืฉื™ืช) ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืžื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื” ืชื ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซ(ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉื•ืœื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื”). ื”ืžืœืฆื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื•ื• ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉืจ ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื’. ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช โ€ชI B Oโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช : ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” . ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ 61 โ€“ 91 . ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืขื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซ90โ€ฌ
  • 20.
    โ€ซืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ,ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืš ืื™ื ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœืง ืžื”ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช 6 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช :โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืคืช ืื. ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื›ื•'โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืคื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื™ืฉ 28 ืฉืคื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช.ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืฉืคื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืคื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” : ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื, ื’"ื’, ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ,ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•'.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช . ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืชื™ืงื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘. ื™ืฉ 4 ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืจืžื•ืช. ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ื—ื•ื‘ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช, ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืงื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช:โ€ฌ โ€ซืงื•ืจืก ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข. ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ืจืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช, ืžืคืชื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'. ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจืกโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€“ 221 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืืžืจ ื‘ืŸ 2224 ืžืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืฉืฉืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืœืขื™ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” %28 ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ . ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืขืฉื™ืช ืข"ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื—ืงืจ, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซ,ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื”, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื“ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ12โ€ฌ
  • 21.
    โ€ซืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืคืจ.ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื˜ืคื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืชืงืคื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื–ืžื ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช . ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืš. ื’ ื ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื:โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืชื™ืงื” ื•ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืขื“ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื›- %28 ื”ืฆืœื—ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื“. ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” โ€“ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™"ื 2220โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืขื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืจื›ื™ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชื•ืกืคืชื™.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช: ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ืงืจ, ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ืงืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช. ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื›ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืจืฉืžื™ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืฉื•ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืจืš ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงืžืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื™ืงื‘ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื•ืจื˜ืคื•ืœื™ื•.โ€ฌ โ€ซ02โ€ฌ
  • 22.
    โ€ซืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืชืขื•ื“ืชื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช :โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื’ืœื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื‘ืขื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื–ืจื—ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื (ื‘ื• ืœื ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื›ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ืงืจ ืื• ื›ืชื—ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช)โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช "ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื”" ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช)โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“:โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”/ืกืคืจื•ืช/ืชื "ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ืงืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“:โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”/ืกืคืจื•ืช/ืชื "ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืขื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื ื™ +ืžื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช :ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื—ื•ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื—ืจ ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ืชื•ืจืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืชื•ืจืช ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™ื”"ืก ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืชืชืจื•ื ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ,โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซ22โ€ฌ
  • 23.
    โ€ซืชื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื”ื•ืจืื” โ€“ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื”:โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืขืœืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื–ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื™ื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืขืœืืช ืžืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื• ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื’ืžืจ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืจื’ืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื“ ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื ื” ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื”ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื• ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื‘ืžืกืžืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื›ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซ32โ€ฌ
  • 24.
  • 25.
    โ€ซื”. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืชื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช (ื—ืœื•ืคืช ืืœื›"ื )โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื›"ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžื”ื•ื” ื“ืขืช ื™ื—ื™ื“.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืืคื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื ืชื— ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›"ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื" ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฉืงื™ืข ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืงืชื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื” 21 ืžื˜ืจื•ืช :โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืฆืžืช ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืžืฆื•ื ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืจื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืกืจื’ืœ ืื—ื™ื“" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื ืขื” (ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”) ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข (ืžืฉื•ื‘) ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืจืื”โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืคืงืช "ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื›ื ื™ืกื”" ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ืขื™ื” :โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจื•ืช :โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื•ืจืจืช ืื™-ื ื—ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื โ€“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืื™ื ื ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืื™ื ื ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื ื ืžืžืžืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืขื“ ืชื•ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืื™-ื ื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื“"ื› ืื™ื ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ ื ื—ืช ืžื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ืชืกื›ื•ืœื ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชื•ืฆืจื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืงื™ื™ื ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจื™ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื, ืืš ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื“.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื•, ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”,โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืงื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“, ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื—ื™ื“ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืชื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซ52โ€ฌ
  • 26.
    โ€ซื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขืฆืžื. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืกืชืขืคื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื : ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ื ืคืจื“.โ€ฌ โ€ซ"ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”" : ื–ื”ื• ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืจืคื•ืจืžื”". ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” "ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ื ื•ืขื–ืช".โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื ื•ื— ื–ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ืœ"ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™" ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉ"ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื•ื”ื’". ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืกืžืš ืื• "ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื”" ืื• ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืข"ืค ื”ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืื• ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืฉื™ื™ื”. "ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”" ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•"ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืžื“ื”" ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื”,โ€ฌ โ€ซืืฉืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื, ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช, ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉ. ืจืื•ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื ื™ืืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ (ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”), ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ "ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”" (0991)โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-220 ืฉื ื” " ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืชโ€ฆ. ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ืื™ื ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื™ื“ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื”ืขืœื. ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆืื".โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช:โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช: . ื“ืžื•ืช "ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™" ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืืฉืจ ืžืžื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืคืจ, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ (ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื™' ื•ืžืขืœื”) ืœืชืžื•ืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”"ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคื™ืื•ื“ืœื™ืช" ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘"ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื ื—ืœื•ืช" (ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืคืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” โ€“ ืžืกืžืš ืจืงืข ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™, ืืคืจื™ืœ 59). ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” (ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื, ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจืฉื•ืช) ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืขื‘ื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘"ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื”" ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช-ื”ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื•ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืžืžื ื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”"ื—ื•ื‘ื”", ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”"ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”" ื•ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”"ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช" ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื: ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืชืืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื ืชืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื" ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืขื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืจื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžืงื”, ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืžืœื™ื ืจื™ืงื•ืช", ื‘ืœื ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซ62โ€ฌ
  • 27.
    โ€ซืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”: ืžืขืจื›ืชื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœืช ื•ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”,โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืกื’ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ืžืœืฆืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช 2 ื“ื’ืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”" ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ: ื”ืžืœืฆืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื‘-ื’ื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื—ื–ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืชืช-ื”ืื ื•ืืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ "ืžื—ื ืš" ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”. ืื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื›ืžื” ืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”"ืžื—ื ืš", ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืžื˜ื• ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื• ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”: ื”ืžืœืฆืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืชื โ€“โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ื”"ื”ืงื‘ืฆื•ืช" ื•"ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”" ืœื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื”ื•ืจืื” โ€“ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ืžืื’ืจื™ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื•ืœื ื‘"ืจืžืช" ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ"ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช" ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ (ื‘ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืชื” ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”). ื‘"ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช" ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ืžื—ืงื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืชืขืฆื ื•ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช. ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื•ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื•ืจื™ืงื•ืœื•ื. ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ ื“ืขืช ืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ ืœืงื•ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืฉืžื™.โ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื”: ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื ืขืฆืžื• "ืืกืงื•ืคื” ื ื“ืจืกืช" ื‘ืจื’ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ "ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ". "ื”ืžืกืžืŸ" (ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช)โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ "ื”ืžืกื•ืžืŸ" (ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื). ื”ืžืคื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื” (ื—ืฉื•ื‘/ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘,โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ื‘ื”/ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช/ืื™-ื”ื›ืจืชืŸ, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช/ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื/ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืกื•ื’ ื'/ืกื•ื’ ื‘') ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช. ื“ื•ื•ืงืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ (ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•"ื— ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืคืจืฅ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”"ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”" ืขืฆืžื”)โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื ืชืง ืžืŸ "ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช" ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช (ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ืช-ืื—ืช",โ€ฌ โ€ซ"ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื").โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืคื•ืจื˜ืคื•ืœื™ื• โ€“ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช" ื ืฉื—ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืืฃ ื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”. ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช-โ€ฌ โ€ซืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช (ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช) ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช-โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืจื›ื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื–ื™ื”ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ื”ื ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ:โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื™ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซืชืขื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืชืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขืกืง ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซ72โ€ฌ
  • 28.
    โ€ซื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื™ืขืฆื™ืืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืืช ืกื’ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื’ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืข"ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“. ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ื•ืกืชื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืืฃ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“: ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืืฉืจื•ืจ ืžื”ืžื ื•ืช ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ื‘ื”ืฆืขืชื ื• ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.โ€ฌ โ€ซ82โ€ฌ
  • 29.
    โ€ซื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”: ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื, (ืชืฉืก"ื“), ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื›"ืœ ื•ื”ืื’ืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”, ืื™ืœืŸ ืžืฉื”, ื’ื•ื ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ, ื˜ื•ืงืจ ื“ื•ื“ื™ืง, ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ (ืชืฉื "ื–/6991), ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ืขื™"ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืœื›"ื โ€“ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื’ืจื•ืช โ€“ 0004 (ื“ื•"ื— ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืžืจ), (ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ4991), ืžื•ื’ืฉ ืœืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืคืจื•ืค' ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืžื ื•ื—ื” (2220), ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ(ื“ื•"ื— ืžืกื›ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืช"ื ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš).โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืžื ื•ื—ื” (7991), ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืช"ื, ืจืžื•ืช, ืช"ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืŸ-ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืฉืœืžื”, ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”-44,โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ื“ ( ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื "ื”/ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 5991), ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื•ื“ โ€“ ืงื•ื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš "ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืฆืขื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ื“,(ืืคืจื™ืœ 2991), ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™,โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆืขื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ืจื“ื ืจ, ื”,( 6991), ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืงื• ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืชื›"ืœ.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืฆืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื”/ืืคืจื™ืœ 5991 (ืœื™ืžื™ื: ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›').โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืชืžืจ,( 8991), ืžืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืžื“ื•ืข ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉ. ืฉืจืŸ, ื—. ืฉื—ืจ,โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืช. ืœื•ื™ืŸ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื),ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืจืื”, ืจืžื•ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.โ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืž"ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” (2991), ื”ืžื–ื”"ืค โ€“โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืคืž"ืจื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” (ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื˜' โ€“ ืชืฉืœ"ื–).โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื•ืจ, ื“ื•ื“ (ืชืฉืž"ื˜/9891), ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ92โ€ฌ
  • 30.
    โ€ซืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื‘ืŸ-ื’ืœื™ืื ืื•ื” (6991), ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืกืืœื“,โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.โ€ฌ โ€ซืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืค ืขื ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื™ื™ื ืื“ืœืจ, ืคืจื•ืค' ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืœื“, ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื•ื“ ื ื‘ื•, ืžืจ ืžืฉื” ื“ืงืœื•, ื’ื‘'โ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืจื“ื” ืฉื™ืคืจ, ื’ื‘' ืชืžืจ ืื•ื’ื“ (ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช).โ€ฌ โ€ซืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื“ื‘ ,ืคื•ื’ืœ ืืจื™ื” (ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2991), ืžืขืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขื™"ืก, ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื”"ืก ื”ืขื™"ืก.โ€ฌ โ€ซืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช โ€“ โ€ช - IBOโ€ฌืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืืชืจ โ€ช.www.ibo.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช๏‚ทโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ13โ€ฌ