The document discusses the anatomy and structures visualized in panoramic radiographs, focusing on various landmarks in the midfacial region and mandible, including both radiopaque and radiolucent features. It details specific structures such as the mastoid process, glenoid fossa, and various projections of the mandible. Additionally, it explains ghost images as artifacts that occur due to certain objects in the x-ray path.

1. PANORAMIC
RADIOGRAPHS
Group members:
Arun Kowlessar
Chelsea Maharaj
Danielle Noel
Mikaeel Mohammed
Sanjiv Morgan

2. OUTLINE
● Zones of the OPG
● Midfacial region landmarks
● Mandibular bony projections
● Other structures seen & Ghost shadows

3. ZONES OF THE OPG
The dentition
The nose-sinus
The mandible
The
spine-ramus
area
The hyoid
bone
The TMJ

4. MIDFACIAL REGION LANDMARKS
Radiopaque features:
● Mastoid process
● Styloid process
● Glenoid fossa
● Articular eminence
● Lateral pterygoid plate
● Maxillary tuberosity
● Anterior nasal spine
● Conchae
● Floor of maxillary sinus
● Nasal septum
● Hard palate
● Zygomatic process of the
maxilla
● Zygoma
● Hamulus
● Dentition

5. Mastoid process

6. Styloid process

7. Glenoid fossa

8. Articular eminence

9. Lateral pterygoid plate

10. Maxillary tuberosity

11. Anterior nasal spine

12. Anterior aspect of inferior concha and floor of maxillary sinus

13. Nasal septum

14. Hard palate

15. Zygomatic process of the maxilla and zygoma

16. Hamulus

17. Dentition

18. MIDFACIAL REGION LANDMARKS
Radiolucent features:
● External auditory meatus
● Pterygomaxillary fissure
● Infraorbital foramen
● Orbit
● Incisive canal
● Incisive foramen
● Nasal cavity
● Maxillary sinus

19. External Auditory Meatus

20. Pterygomaxillary fissure

21. Infraorbital foramen

22. Orbit

23. Incisive canal and Incisive Foramen

24. Nasal Cavity

25. Maxillary sinus

26. MANDIBULAR BONY PROJECTIONS
The mandible is compartmentalized into various and standardized anatomic
structures located as part of the normal landmarks. The landmarks are as
follows:
1) Condylar process and TMJ
2) Coronoid process
3) Ramus
4) Body and angle of the mandible
5) Anterior sextant
6) Mandibular dentition and the supporting alveolus

27. Radiopaque vs Radiolucent Structures of Mandibular
Segment
Radiopaque
● Mandibular condyle
● Coronoid process
● Ramus
● Lingula & Mandibular Canal
● Hyoid bone
● Mental ridge
● Genial Tubercles
● Mylohyoid ridge
● Internal oblique ridge
● External oblique ridge
● Inferior border of mandible
Radiolucent
● Coronoid notch/sigmoid notch
● Mandibular Foramen
● Mental foramen
● Mental fossa
● Lingual foramen

28. Labelled Structures :
1) Mandibular Condyle
2) Coronoid Notch
3) Coronoid process
4) Ramus of Mandible
5) Mandibular/Incisive canal

29. Foramen and Canals

30. Hyoid Bone

31. Mental Ridge and Fossa

32. Inferior border of the mandible

33. Lingual Foramen, Genial Tubercles, Internal Oblique Ridge

34. External Oblique Ridge

35. OTHER STRUCTURES
LANDMARKS WHICH APPEAR AS RADIOPAQUE:
· Tongue
· Soft palate
· Uvula
· Ear
· Lip Line
LANDMARKS WHICH APPEAR AS RADIOLUCENT:
· Palatoglossal air space
· Nasopharyngeal air space
· Glossopharyngeal air space

40. POINTS FOR STRUCTURES:
1. Tongue: It appears as a radiopaque area superimposed over the posterior maxillary teeth.
2. Soft palate and uvula: It is represented as radiopacity located diagonally posteriorly and
inferiorly from the maxillary tuberosity region.
3. Lipline: It is seen in the anterior teeth region. The areas of the teeth covered by lips appear
more radiopaque.
4. Ear: It is marked as a radiopaque shadow that projects anteriorly and inferiorly from the
mastoid process.
5. Palatoglossal air space: It appears as a radiolucent band located above the apices of the
maxillary teeth.
6. Nasopharyngeal air space: It is a diagonal radiolucent band located superior to the radiopaque
shadow of the soft palate and uvula.
7. Glossopharyngeal air space: It is a vertical radiolucent band superimposed over the
mandibular ramus.
8. The epiglottis can often be seen as a thin finger-like projection extending from the posterior
tongue, below the angles of the mandible

41. GHOST IMAGES
A ghost image is a commonly observed artifact in an orthopantomogram
whereby a dense, often metallic object is located between the source of
x-ray and the focal centre, resulting in a duplicate 'ghost' image at the
contralateral aspect of the image.