PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHS .pdf
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panormaic radiographs of the oral cavity . shows the surrounding structures, teaches how to read them
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Extra-oral Radiology Techniques II
This document discusses various extra-oral radiographic techniques including:
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The document discusses panoramic radiography, including:
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- Panoramic machines rotate an x-ray tube and film cassette around the patient's head to produce a single image of the jaws.
- Positioning errors can produce artifacts that obscure anatomy, such as incorrect lip/tongue placement or improper Frankfort plane alignment. Precise patient positioning is important for diagnostic quality.
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Panoramic radiography produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures including the maxillary and mandibular arches. It uses the principle of reciprocal movement of an X-ray source and image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer. Multiple centers of rotation are used to maintain the dental arches within the focal trough. Panoramic radiography provides a broad anatomical view with less radiation than full-mouth intraoral films but has less resolution and potential for superimposition artifacts. It is useful for trauma evaluation, orthodontic treatment planning, and detection of lesions or developmental anomalies too large for intraoral films.
Errors of dental radiography
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3. Linear tomography creates a tomographic cut where structures above and below are blurred while the focal plane is sharp. Multidirectional tomography is needed for a thin tomographic layer.
Orthopantomography
This document discusses panoramic radiography, including its history, advantages, procedure details, and principles of image formation. Panoramic radiography uses a rotating x-ray beam and receptor to create a single image of the facial structures, including teeth and supporting bones. It provides broad anatomic coverage with a low radiation dose compared to full-mouth intraoral x-rays. Proper patient positioning is needed to place the dental arches within the "focal trough" where structures will be reasonably defined.
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The document discusses panoramic radiography, including:
- The focal trough is a curved zone where structures appear clearly on panoramic films.
- Panoramic machines rotate an x-ray tube and film cassette around the patient's head to produce a single image of the jaws.
- Positioning errors can produce artifacts that obscure anatomy, such as incorrect lip/tongue placement or improper Frankfort plane alignment. Precise patient positioning is important for diagnostic quality.
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This document discusses common artifacts and positioning errors seen on panoramic radiographs. It describes ghost images, which are duplicate images caused when an object is penetrated twice by x-rays. It also discusses errors like open lips obscuring teeth, improper positioning of the chin resulting in overlapping structures, and movement during exposure causing blurring or duplication. Positioning the patient correctly in relation to the focal trough and keeping the spine straight are important to avoid errors.
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Panoramic radiography
Panoramic radiography produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures including the maxillary and mandibular arches. It uses the principle of reciprocal movement of an X-ray source and image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer. Multiple centers of rotation are used to maintain the dental arches within the focal trough. Panoramic radiography provides a broad anatomical view with less radiation than full-mouth intraoral films but has less resolution and potential for superimposition artifacts. It is useful for trauma evaluation, orthodontic treatment planning, and detection of lesions or developmental anomalies too large for intraoral films.
Errors of dental radiography
Technique and projection errors, exposure errors, and processing errors are the main categories of errors that can occur in dental radiographs. Technique errors include issues with patient preparation, film placement, and projection geometry. Exposure errors result in under or over exposure of the film. Processing errors stem from chemical or handling issues during film development and fixing. Addressing the root causes of errors in technique, exposure, and processing can help produce diagnostic quality radiographs and avoid unnecessary radiation exposure or wasted time and materials.
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Panoramic radiography produces a single tomographic image of the facial structures including the maxilla, mandible, and supporting bones. It works by employing tomography with a slit beam x-ray that moves in an arc around the patient. This technique allows for broad anatomical coverage with less radiation than intraoral films, but with less detail and potential for superimposition. The image can be interpreted by examining landmarks of the maxilla, mandible, air spaces, and soft tissues visible on the radiograph.
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This document provides information on the radiographic appearance of structures in dental radiographs. It describes which structures appear radiopaque or radiolucent. Key radiopaque structures include enamel, dentin, cementum, lamina dura, alveolar crest, cancellous bone, genial tubercles, and mental ridge. Radiolucent structures include the pulp, periodontal ligament space, nutrient canals, lingual foramen, symphysis, mental fossa, and mandibular canal. Supporting structures like the lamina dura, alveolar crest, periodontal space, and cancellous bone are also detailed. Common mandibular landmarks are defined, along with how they appear
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NORMAL ANATOMIC LANDMARKS ; PRICHARDS CRITERIA ; NORMAL INTERDENTAL SEPTA
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The document discusses various anatomical landmarks that are visible on dental radiographs. It begins by describing the radiographic appearance of tooth structures like enamel, dentin, cementum and the pulp. It then discusses supporting structures like the periodontal ligament space, lamina dura, alveolar crest and trabecular bone. Finally, it outlines the radiographic features of anatomical landmarks in the maxilla like the intermaxillary suture, anterior nasal spine, maxillary sinus and zygomatic process. It also describes landmarks in the mandible such as the mental foramen, mandibular canal, mylohyoid ridge and coronoid process.
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This document provides information on the radiographic appearance of structures in dental radiographs. It describes which structures appear radiopaque or radiolucent. Key radiopaque structures include enamel, dentin, cementum, lamina dura, alveolar crest, cancellous bone, genial tubercles, and mental ridge. Radiolucent structures include the pulp, periodontal ligament space, nutrient canals, lingual foramen, symphysis, mental fossa, and mandibular canal. Supporting structures like the lamina dura, alveolar crest, periodontal space, and cancellous bone are also detailed. Common mandibular landmarks are defined, along with how they appear
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Panaromic radiography
Panoramic radiography provides a wide view of the dental arches and associated structures using a rotating x-ray beam. It was developed starting in the 1920s to image the entire jaw at once. Modern panoramic machines use tomography to produce a single focused plane, known as the focal trough. This allows for detailed imaging of teeth and jaw structures while minimizing radiation exposure compared to full mouth x-rays. Panoramic images can reveal both normal anatomy as well as abnormalities, though some structures may appear as doubled "ghost images" due to the scanning technique.
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cephalometrics in pediartic dentistry
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- 1. PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHS Group members: Arun Kowlessar Chelsea Maharaj Danielle Noel Mikaeel Mohammed Sanjiv Morgan
- 2. OUTLINE ● Zones of the OPG ● Midfacial region landmarks ● Mandibular bony projections ● Other structures seen & Ghost shadows
- 3. ZONES OF THE OPG The dentition The nose-sinus The mandible The spine-ramus area The hyoid bone The TMJ
- 4. MIDFACIAL REGION LANDMARKS Radiopaque features: ● Mastoid process ● Styloid process ● Glenoid fossa ● Articular eminence ● Lateral pterygoid plate ● Maxillary tuberosity ● Anterior nasal spine ● Conchae ● Floor of maxillary sinus ● Nasal septum ● Hard palate ● Zygomatic process of the maxilla ● Zygoma ● Hamulus ● Dentition
- 12. Anterior aspect of inferior concha and floor of maxillary sinus
- 13. Nasal septum
- 14. Hard palate
- 15. Zygomatic process of the maxilla and zygoma
- 16. Hamulus
- 17. Dentition
- 18. MIDFACIAL REGION LANDMARKS Radiolucent features: ● External auditory meatus ● Pterygomaxillary fissure ● Infraorbital foramen ● Orbit ● Incisive canal ● Incisive foramen ● Nasal cavity ● Maxillary sinus
- 22. Orbit
- 23. Incisive canal and Incisive Foramen
- 24. Nasal Cavity
- 25. Maxillary sinus
- 26. MANDIBULAR BONY PROJECTIONS The mandible is compartmentalized into various and standardized anatomic structures located as part of the normal landmarks. The landmarks are as follows: 1) Condylar process and TMJ 2) Coronoid process 3) Ramus 4) Body and angle of the mandible 5) Anterior sextant 6) Mandibular dentition and the supporting alveolus
- 27. Radiopaque vs Radiolucent Structures of Mandibular Segment Radiopaque ● Mandibular condyle ● Coronoid process ● Ramus ● Lingula & Mandibular Canal ● Hyoid bone ● Mental ridge ● Genial Tubercles ● Mylohyoid ridge ● Internal oblique ridge ● External oblique ridge ● Inferior border of mandible Radiolucent ● Coronoid notch/sigmoid notch ● Mandibular Foramen ● Mental foramen ● Mental fossa ● Lingual foramen
- 28. Labelled Structures : 1) Mandibular Condyle 2) Coronoid Notch 3) Coronoid process 4) Ramus of Mandible 5) Mandibular/Incisive canal
- 30. Hyoid Bone
- 31. Mental Ridge and Fossa
- 32. Inferior border of the mandible
- 33. Lingual Foramen, Genial Tubercles, Internal Oblique Ridge
- 35. OTHER STRUCTURES LANDMARKS WHICH APPEAR AS RADIOPAQUE: · Tongue · Soft palate · Uvula · Ear · Lip Line LANDMARKS WHICH APPEAR AS RADIOLUCENT: · Palatoglossal air space · Nasopharyngeal air space · Glossopharyngeal air space
- 40. POINTS FOR STRUCTURES: 1. Tongue: It appears as a radiopaque area superimposed over the posterior maxillary teeth. 2. Soft palate and uvula: It is represented as radiopacity located diagonally posteriorly and inferiorly from the maxillary tuberosity region. 3. Lipline: It is seen in the anterior teeth region. The areas of the teeth covered by lips appear more radiopaque. 4. Ear: It is marked as a radiopaque shadow that projects anteriorly and inferiorly from the mastoid process. 5. Palatoglossal air space: It appears as a radiolucent band located above the apices of the maxillary teeth. 6. Nasopharyngeal air space: It is a diagonal radiolucent band located superior to the radiopaque shadow of the soft palate and uvula. 7. Glossopharyngeal air space: It is a vertical radiolucent band superimposed over the mandibular ramus. 8. The epiglottis can often be seen as a thin finger-like projection extending from the posterior tongue, below the angles of the mandible
- 41. GHOST IMAGES A ghost image is a commonly observed artifact in an orthopantomogram whereby a dense, often metallic object is located between the source of x-ray and the focal centre, resulting in a duplicate 'ghost' image at the contralateral aspect of the image.