Nitration: Anisole reacts with a mixture of concentrated sulphuric and nitric acids to yield a mixture of ortho and para nitroanisole.

1. Dent 221
Normal Anatomical
Landmarks
Student Name: Budur Aloqab
Student ID: 401204494
Supervisor: Dr. Radhika

2. Introduction
01.
Anterior Maxillary
02.
Posterior Maxillary
03.
Anterior Mandible
04.
Posterior Mandible
05.
Conclusion
06.
OBJECTIVES
07.
References

3. Normal Anatomical Landmarks, is a
radiographic technique for producing a single
image of the facial structures that includes
both maxillary and mandibular dental arches
and their supporting structures.
INTRODUCTION
01.

4. Anterior Maxillary
02.

5. Definition: a bony projection of the
maxilla where the nasal cavity and
the nasal septum intersect.
Location: at the anterior and
inferior portion of the nasal cavity.
Radiograph: V-shaped radiopaque
area.
1. Anterior Nasal Spine

6. 2. Intermaxillary Suture (Median Suture)
Definition: it’s the joint between
the two palatine processes of the
maxilla
Location: in the midline between
the two central incisors.
Radiograph: a thin radiolucent
line with uniform width.

7. 3. Incisive Foramen (nasopalatine or anterior
palatine foramen)
Definition: an opening which
transmits the nasopalatine vessels
and nerves.
Location: in the midline of the
palate, behind the central incisors.
Radiograph: radiolucent, oval in
shape and variable in size.

8. Posterior Maxillary
03.

9. 1. Maxillary Sinus
Definition: Paired air-filled cavities
within the maxilla.
Location: above the premolar and
molar.
Radiograph: radiolucent area
surrounded by radiopaque line.

10. Definition: a round prominence of
bone.
Location: distal to 3ʳᵈ molar
region.
Radiograph: radiopaque bulge.
2. Maxillary Tuberosity

11. Definition: a small hook-like
projection of bone.
Location: posterior to maxillary
tuberosity region.
Radiograph: radiopaque, varies in
length, shape and density.
3. Hamulus (Hamular process)

12. Anterior Mandible
04.

13. 1. Genial Tubercle (Mental Spine)
Definition: Bony protuberances, that
are often divided into (right and left)
and (superior and inferior)
Location: on the lingual surface
slightly above the inferior border and in
the midline.
Radiograph: radiopaque mass, in the
midline below the roots of the incisors.

14. Definition: tiny opening or hole in
the bone.
Location: on the lingual surface,
midline of the mandible in the
region on the genial tubercles.
Radiograph: a single round
radiolucent canal with a well-
defined opaque border.
2. Lingual Foramen

15. 3. Mental Ridge
Definition: A linear prominence
of cortical bone
Location: on the external
surface of the anterior portion.
Radiograph: two radiopaque
lines sweeping bilaterally
forward and upward toward
midline.

16. Posterior Mandible
05.

17. 1. Mental Foramen
Definition: tiny opening or hole in
the bone.
Location: external surface of the
mandible in the region of the apex
of the 2ⁿᵈ premolar.
Radiograph: small round or void
radiolucency in the apical area of
premolar.

18. 2. Mandibular Canal
Definition: tube-like
passageway through bone.
Location: below or
superimposed over the apices of
the molar teeth.
Radiograph: radiolucent band
outlined by two thin radiopaque
lines.

19. 3. Mylohyoid Ridge
Definition: a slightly irregular crest of
bone on the lingual surface.
Location: extends from the molar region
downward and forward toward the lower
border of the mandibular symphysis.
Radiograph: dense radiopaque band,
superimposed over root of the
mandibular teeth.

20. The knowledge of “normal anatomical
landmarks” is extremely important, because
it would be impossible to accurately interpret
pathological conditions and how they differ
from normal structures.
Conclusion
06.

21. REFERENCES
Stuart C. White, Micheal J.Pharoh; Textbook of Oral
Radiology. Principles and interpretation, 6ᵗʰ edition.
Elsevier.
07.