This document provides information about the major ethnic groups in the Philippines. It discusses 7 main ethnic groups: Ilocano, Pangasinense, Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bicolano, Visayan, and Moro/Muslim. It then provides more details about specific ethnic groups located in Luzon, including the Aeta, Mangyan, Ifugao, Kalinga, Ivatans, Ilongot peoples. For each group, it discusses their location, culture, traditions, and way of life. It aims to inform the reader about the diversity of indigenous peoples across the Philippines.

1. MGA
PANGKAT
ETNIKO SA
PILIPINAS

2. ANG 7 PANGUNAHING PANGKAT ETNIKO SA
PILIPINAS
 1.ILOKANO
 2.PANGASINENSE
 3.KAPAMPANGAN
 4.TAGALOG
 5.BIKOLANO
 6.BISAYA
 7.MORO/MUSLIM

3. MGA
PANGKAT
ETNIKO SA
LUZON

4. AETA
 The Aeta (Ayta, pronounced EYE-tə), or Agta, are
an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated
mountainous parts of Luzon, Philippines. They are
considered to be Negritos, who are dark to very
dark brown-skinned and tend to have features such
as a small stature, small frame, curly to kinky afro-
like textured hair with a higher frequency of
naturally lighter hair color (blondism) relative to the
general population, small nose, and dark brown
eyes. They are thought to be among the earliest
inhabitants of the Philippines, preceding the
Austronesian migrations.

5.  The Aeta were included in the group of
people termed "Negrito" during Spanish
colonial rules as Negritos. Various Aeta
groups in northern Luzon are known as
"Pugut" or "Pugot," a name designated by
their Ilocano-speaking neighbors, and
which is the colloquial term for those with
darker complexions. In Ilocano, the word
also means "goblin" or "forest spirit."
Most Negritos of northern Luzon consider
these terms offensive.

7. MANGYAN
 Mangyan is the generic name for the eight indigenous groups
found in the Philippine island of Mindoro, each with its own
tribal name, language, and customs. The total population may
be around 100,000, but no official statistics are available
because of the difficulties of counting remote and reclusive
tribal groups, many of which have no contact with the outside
world.
 The ethnic groups from north to south of the island are: Iraya,
Alangan, Tadyawan, Tawbuid (called Batangan by lowlanders
on the west of the island), Buhid, Hanunoo. An additional
group on the south coast is labelled Ratagnon. They appear
to be intermarried with lowlanders. The group known on the
east of Mindoro as Bangon may be a subgroup of Tawbuid, as
they speak the 'western' dialect of that language. They also
have an alphabet which is called the Ambahan.

8.  Mangyan are mainly subsistence agriculturalists, planting a
variety of sweet potato, upland (dry cultivation) rice, and taro.
They also trap small animals and wild pig. Many who live in
close contact with lowland Filipinos sell cash crops such as
bananas and ginger.
 Their languages are mutually unintelligible, though they share
some vocabulary. Tawbuid and Buhid are closely related, and
are unusual among Philippine languages in having an /f/
phoneme. Tawbuid is divided into eastern and western
dialects. Western Tawbuid may be the only Philippine
language to have no glottal phonemes, having neither /h/ or
/ʔ/. They use Hanunó'o script to write.
 Their traditional religious world view is animistic. Around 10%
have embraced Christianity, both Roman Catholicism and
Evangelical Protestantism. New Testaments have been
published in six of the languages.

10. IFUGAO
 Ifugao is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the
Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Covering a total
land area of 262,820 hectares, the province of Ifugao is
located in a mountainous region characterized by rugged
terrain, river valleys, and massive forests. Its capital is Lagawe
and borders Benguet to the west, Mountain Province to the
north, Isabela to the east, and Nueva Vizcaya to the south.
 It is named after the term "i-pugo" which means "i"
(from/people) and "pugo" (hill), thus it means people of the hill.
 The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras and Banaue
Rice Terraces are the main tourist attractions in the province.
These 2000-year-old terraces were carved into the mountains,
without the aid of machinery, they used their "bare" hands to
provide level steps where the natives can plant rice. In 1995,
they were declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

12. KALINGA
 The Province of Kalinga (Ilokano: Probinsya ti
Kalinga), (Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Kalinga, Tagalog
ɐ]),
pronunciation: [kɐˈliŋ is a landlocked province
of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative
Region in Luzon. Its capital is Tabuk and borders
Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west,
Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and
Apayao to the north. Prior to 1995, Kalinga and
Apayao used to be a single province named Kalinga-
Apayao, until they were split into two to better
service the needs of individual native tribes in the
provinces.

14. IVATAN
 The Ivatans are a Filipino ethnolinguistic group
predominant in the Batanes Islands of the Philippines.
The origins of the Ivatans remained untraced among
scholars, although evidences suggest that they are
Christians who lived in the islands between northern
Luzon and Taiwan. Ivatans were free before they were
colonized by the Spaniards.
 The culture of the Ivatans is partly influenced by the
environmental condition of Batanes. Unlike the old-
type nipa huts common in the Philippines, Ivatans
have adopted their now-famous stone houses made of
limestone, designed to protect against the hostile
climate.

16. ILONGOT
 The Ilongots (or Ibilao) are a tribe who inhabit the
southern Sierra Madre (Philippines) and Caraballo
Mountains, on the east side of Luzon Island in the
Philippines, primarily in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya
and Nueva Ecija and along the mountain border between
the provinces of Quirino and Aurora. An alternative name
of this tribe and its language is "Bugkalot". Presently,
there are about 2,500 Ilongots. The Ilongots tend to
inhabit areas close to rivers, as they provide a
foodsource and a means for transportation. Their
language is the Ilongot language, currently spoken by
about 50,000 people.

17.  InMichelle Rosaldo’s study in 1980 of the Ilongots ,
she described “gender differences related to the
positive cultural value placed on adventure, travel,
and knowledge of the external world.” Ilongot men,
more often than women, visited distant places. They
acquired knowledge of the outside world, amassed
experiences there, and returned in order to share
their knowledge, adventures, and feelings in a public
oratory in order to pass on their knowledge to others.
The Ilongot men received acclaim as a result of their
experiences. Because they lacked external
experience on which to base knowledge and
expression, Ilongot women had inferior prestige.

18.  On the basis of Michelle Rosaldo’s study and
findings of other stateless societies,
anthropologists must distinguish between
prestige systems and actual power within a
society. Just because a male has a high level of
prestige, he may not own much economic or
political power compared to others that are less
prestigious within the society.
 Renato Rosaldo went on to study headhunting
among the Ilongots in his book Ilongot
Headhunting, 1883-1974: A Study in Society
and History.

19.  Because of the early experiences of boys living in a close
relationship with both parents, who each participate in
"motherly" roles, they are relatively unconcerned about the
need for achievement or even defaming women. Men
involved in household chores do not claim submission to
their wives. In social life, the Ilongots show little
stratification and sexual inequality but it is certainly present.
It is minimized by the fact that women have the right, as well
as feel confident enough, to speak their minds. Finally, we
find the home gender relations based on equality, focusing on
cooperation instead of competition and there is a real
intimacy between husband and wife. Rosaldo's conclusion is
that perhaps the most egalitarian societies are those where no
sex order authority exists, and where the focus of social life
itself is the home.

21.  THAT’S ALL FOR TODAY!!!
 I HOPE YOU LIKE IT <3
 BY: ALEXANDRA R. HERNANDEZ <3 <3