The document summarizes a presentation on licensing for access to medicines and compulsory/humanitarian licenses. It discusses the global HIV/AIDS scenario, challenges in access to antiretroviral (ARV) treatment, and Brazil's success in universal access through price reductions from compulsory licenses. However, sustainability issues remain as expenditures on patented third-line ARVs are increasing exponentially. Alternative incentives to innovation and more flexible intellectual property regimes are needed to promote access to medicines globally.
The Medicines Patent Pool Presentation during the session "Market Interventions for Innovation and Access", UN High Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS
New York, 9 June 2011
Richard Korn, Senior Manager of Localization and Packaging Development at St. Jude Medical, and Clio Schils, Account Director of Life Sciences for Lionbridge, explain the requirements of the life sciences industry in the different Latin American countries and prove that the region has a great potential for both medical device manufacturers and, consequently, translation and localization providers.
The Medicines Patent Pool Presentation during the session "Market Interventions for Innovation and Access", UN High Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS
New York, 9 June 2011
Richard Korn, Senior Manager of Localization and Packaging Development at St. Jude Medical, and Clio Schils, Account Director of Life Sciences for Lionbridge, explain the requirements of the life sciences industry in the different Latin American countries and prove that the region has a great potential for both medical device manufacturers and, consequently, translation and localization providers.
Increasingly we find content in electronic form and with data costs decreasing due to increased competition and regulatory intervention more and more people have access to information thereby empowering them to make more informed decisions. This paper will explore the ecosystem that will be required to enable organizations to move to the digital world; including the platform that the organizations will need irrespective of industry to drive new sources of revenue and the convergence between the various industries.
Access to Medicines: A Role for Our Universities
MedicinesAugust 17, 2010Universities Allied for Essential MedicinesPresentation for Universidade de SÃO PAULO -USP
A project to increase access to HIV treatment in middle income countries. The project funded by UNITAID is led by International Treatment Preparedness Coaliton (ITPC). The presentation is prepared by Solange Baptiste from ITPC.
The presentation explains why the project focuses on middle-income countries, explains the intervention, describing objectives and outcomes.
Presentation on the Access and Delivery Partnership by Tenu Avafia, 3 April 2014.
The presentation covered:
-Impact of NTDs, TB and Malaria on development outcomes;
-Dual challenges of Innovation and Access;
-Government of Japan and UNDP Partnership: Addressing innovation & Access
-Access and Delivery Partnership: strengthening capacity across the health system
Merck: Global Health and Access to MedicinesTony Sebastian
This is a HBR case study analysis of Merck, the pharmaceutical company. Detailed analysis of the issues are given in the case like CAGR framework, PESTAL, SWOT etc
Patent Pooling and the Experience of the MPP – A model for sharing the value of innovation to ensure access
MPP's ED Greg Perry's presentation at IFPMA event on January 29, 2014.
Opioid Epidemic - Causes, Impact and FutureCitiusTech
In 2017, everyday, more than 130 people died in the US after overdosing on opioids. This document talks about America's worst drug crisis ever and shares how technology can play a role to cope up with this epidemic.
"Black Swans" are unknown unknowns- but the majority of things that affect your study are known risks. Let's look at some cases over my career and some current situations around the world to see what was predictable and what you can predict could affect your study and your career in the future.
In this presentation, OHE's Mestre-Ferrandiz summarizes what is known about innovation, both challenges and incentives, and applies this to efforts to encourage the development of new antibiotics.
Increasingly we find content in electronic form and with data costs decreasing due to increased competition and regulatory intervention more and more people have access to information thereby empowering them to make more informed decisions. This paper will explore the ecosystem that will be required to enable organizations to move to the digital world; including the platform that the organizations will need irrespective of industry to drive new sources of revenue and the convergence between the various industries.
Access to Medicines: A Role for Our Universities
MedicinesAugust 17, 2010Universities Allied for Essential MedicinesPresentation for Universidade de SÃO PAULO -USP
A project to increase access to HIV treatment in middle income countries. The project funded by UNITAID is led by International Treatment Preparedness Coaliton (ITPC). The presentation is prepared by Solange Baptiste from ITPC.
The presentation explains why the project focuses on middle-income countries, explains the intervention, describing objectives and outcomes.
Presentation on the Access and Delivery Partnership by Tenu Avafia, 3 April 2014.
The presentation covered:
-Impact of NTDs, TB and Malaria on development outcomes;
-Dual challenges of Innovation and Access;
-Government of Japan and UNDP Partnership: Addressing innovation & Access
-Access and Delivery Partnership: strengthening capacity across the health system
Merck: Global Health and Access to MedicinesTony Sebastian
This is a HBR case study analysis of Merck, the pharmaceutical company. Detailed analysis of the issues are given in the case like CAGR framework, PESTAL, SWOT etc
Patent Pooling and the Experience of the MPP – A model for sharing the value of innovation to ensure access
MPP's ED Greg Perry's presentation at IFPMA event on January 29, 2014.
Opioid Epidemic - Causes, Impact and FutureCitiusTech
In 2017, everyday, more than 130 people died in the US after overdosing on opioids. This document talks about America's worst drug crisis ever and shares how technology can play a role to cope up with this epidemic.
"Black Swans" are unknown unknowns- but the majority of things that affect your study are known risks. Let's look at some cases over my career and some current situations around the world to see what was predictable and what you can predict could affect your study and your career in the future.
In this presentation, OHE's Mestre-Ferrandiz summarizes what is known about innovation, both challenges and incentives, and applies this to efforts to encourage the development of new antibiotics.
A Civil Rights Based Internet: From Brazil to the World
In a bold move, Brazil has given to the world a example - it passed into law the civil framework for the internet called Marco Civil. What are the lessons learned? Can we extract core values and languages from the Marco Civil that should be present in every legislation coming up in the next decade? Is Marco Civil a model to be followed? What is the importance of this mark to the region? What are the "ifs"? Join Brazilian and Latin Americans in this discussion.
Organizers: Carolina Rossini (Public Knowledge), Laura Tresca (Article 19) and Paz Peña (Derechos Digitales)
Sif14 How Trade Agreements Mess Up with Internet Freedoms Carolina Rossini
How Trade Agreements Mess Up with Internet Freedom
Time and time again, abusive copyright provisions have been successfully reproduced to multiple trade agreements. These binding instruments are expanding to cover core topics that traditionally were part of the broader internet governance sphere. The impact of these provisions on human rights and Internet are disastrous, but so few are paying attention. Forum shopping and policy laundering are happening at alarming rates as unpopular policies that would likely fail in national public forums are being cycled through non-transparent international negotiations that do not have the same standards of democratic oversight. Clear examples are the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement, Korea-US trade agreement, the Canadian-EU Trade Agreement (CETA) and the Transatlantic Partnership. But the list goes on.
In a world of policy laundry and forum shopping, this panel aims to identify the challenges ahead for public interest organizations and build a strategy, created through dialogue, on how we should deal with the issues that will arise from these agreements.
Speakers will provide perspectives from different countries, but will foster debate on what could be core coordination and strategy efforts
O X Workshop NPT, esse ano, traz para discussão e aprofundamento o seguinte tema:.”Recursos Educacionais Abertos educam?” Este é um evento realizado anualmente, promovido pelo NPT – Research Group. Este evento já está na sua décima edição.
O X Workshop ocorrerá no dia 8 de Novembro, na Sala da Congregação da FEA-USP (em São Paulo) e está programado para 150 participantes, entre alunos de graduação, pós-graduação e profissionais da área.
O objetivo do evento é enriquecer a formação dos profissionais da área, através de palestras e discussões. Para tanto, contaremos com a presença de renomados profissionais, convidados de diversos institutos e universidades do estado de São Paulo e do Brasil. Este evento é destinado a estudantes e profissionais da área que buscam atualização e excelência na área e demais interessados.
A realização do X Workshop tem como objetivo a participação e incentivo a eventos científicos na área tecnológica e educacional.
Detalhes em http://workshop.npt.com.br.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Panel 3 cristina possas
1. Conference FDUSP UAEM
The Right to Health: the Role of Universities
in the access to medicines
São Paulo, August 17, 2010
Licensing for Access: Compulsory and
Humanitarian Licenses
Cristina de A. Possas
Research and Technological Development Unit
National STD, AIDS and VH Program
MOH - Brazil
Ministério
da Saúde
2. I. The dramatic global scenario
• Data (WHO/UNAIDS, 2007) indicate there are 33
million HIV infected people in the world (70% are
in Africa). Every year 2.5 million people get
infected and 2 million die of AIDS.
• Prospects for the future – The situation tends to
aggravate with the economic crisis. It is estimated
that with the aggravation of this scenario, by 2025
around 67 million people will have died with
AIDS in Africa since the beginning of the
epidemics (UNAIDS AIDS Africa Project, 2004)
Ministério
da Saúde
3. • Challenge:
access to
ARV therapy
A human rights
issue
Ministério
da Saúde
4. III. Access: progress in drug development but
reduced impact on public health
• Contrasting with rapid innovation in ARV
development, 75% of HIV/AIDS patients in the
world still without access to continued treatment.
• Despite several international initiatives to
improve access, this situation tends to aggravate
with the recent economic crisis.
Ministério
da Saúde
5. IV. Price Trends
• TRIPS post-2005 scenario – compliance to
TRIPS with increased patent protection,
higher prices of ARV drugs and obstacles to
access
• Bilateral FTA agreements reducing TRIPS
flexibities
• Spiraling prices of second and third
generations of new patented ARV drugs
Ministério
da Saúde
6. Compulsory and humanitarian
licenses
• Increased patent protection limits the export
of active principles and production of
generics by India and China, the main
exporters to Brazil.
• Developing countries are becoming
increasingly dependant on humanitarian and
compulsory licenseseto reduce the prices of
ARV drugs.
Ministério
da Saúde
7. Another global constraint impacting
on prices: scarcity of API
• API producers remain basically the same,
but international demand is increasing very
fast
• Developing countries: Urgent need for a
strategic supply and for building national
production capacity for API
Ministério
da Saúde
8. Brazil: success of universal access
• 70% decline in mortality and 80% in
hospitalizations from 1996 to 2002
• Prevalence of 0,6% (2006)
• Low levels of resistance to ARV drugs when
compared to other countries (Brindeiro et al.)
• 80% of patients in treatment with undetectable
viral load (SISCEL 2009).
• The role of ARV in prevention
Ministério
da Saúde
9. Brazilian expenditure with ARV
• The annual expenditure by the government with
ARV is US$ 400 million for 195.000 patients in
treatment– 62% of total government expenditure
with the epidemics (2009).
• Increased expenditure with 3rd line drugs – from
2005 to 2008 increased 352% - from US$ 20,4
million to US$ 71,6 million. Participation in total
expenditure increased from 4,1% to 15,7%.
Protected by patents and no generic competition.
Ministério
da Saúde
10. Brazil 2005: attempt for compulsory licenses
4 of the 17 ARV drugs distributed by the Ministry of Health:70% of
expenditure
• Efavirenz (Merck, Sharp & Dome) –US$ 1,575/capsule – average cost
of treatament/patient/year: US$ 574.80
• Nelfinavir (Roche) –US$ 0.468/capsule – average cost of
treatament/patient/year : :US$ 1,537.00
• Lopinavir/ritonavir (Abbott) –US$ 1.30/ capsule – average cost of
treatament/patient/year: US$ 2,847.00
• Tenofovir (Gilead Sci.) -US$ 7.68/ capsule – average cost of
treatament/patient/year: US$ 2,803.00
Ministério
da Saúde
11. Economy of public ressources
• Economy of US$ 154,8 mi after
compulsory license of Efavirenz in 2007
(drastic reduction of the price of the capsule
from US$ 1,59 to US$ 0,45).
• After the oppostion to Tenofovir´s patent in
2009 the economy was US$ 23,7 mi
• Price negotiations from 2003 to 2010:
economy was 154,8 mi
Ministério
da Saúde
12. Political impasse: compulsory
licensing is complex
• It is a flexility of TRIPS, but an exception
instrument (public interest, emergency), cannot be
a routine for all ARV drugs.
• In many developing countries, local governments
are often paralised by economic and political
pressures, legal uncertainties , in the compulsory
licensing process
• Brazil: several attempts of compulsory licensing
of ARV drugs before Efavirenz
Ministério
da Saúde
13. The issue of sustainability of
universal access to ARV in Brazil
• Concern: in spite of significant economy of public ressources
with compulsory license of Efavirenz in 2007 and more recently
the refusal of Tenefovir´s patent, the issue of sustainability
remains.
• Government expenditure with third line ARV drugs protected by
patents, consummed by only 3% of patients, is increasing
exponentially and is now equivalent to expenditure with first line
drugs consummed by 50% of patients.
Ministério
da Saúde
14. 1.The need to conceive and implement
alternative incentives to innovation
• The main argument of multinational pharmaceutical enterprises is that more
flexible IPR and compulsory licenses will undermine their long term
investments in R & D and innovation
• R & D Funds: divided between direct payment to patent owner and
investiment in R & D Fund (Love, 2005). From a royalty of 3.5 per cent
– 2 per cent for patent owner
– 1.5 per cent for R & D Fund
– Patent owner would have participation in the Fund
• Patent pools for licensing – collaborative strategy for collective assessment of
property rights – needs the involvement of industry
• A new system to pay for innovation – market for products separated from
market for innovations: health products would be available to the consumer at
generic prices, while innovators would benefit from a separated system
(Medical Innovation Prize Fund)
Ministério
da Saúde
15. 4. R & D Networks: South to
South Cooperations
• Friends of Development - WIPO
• Network for Technological Cooperation set by Brazil with several
developing countries in XV AIDS Conference in Bangkok 2004
• Network for IPR Research - Portuguese Speaking Countries
• IBSA – India, Brazil and South Africa – HIV Vaccine and other
areas of health research
Ministério
da Saúde
16. International trends
• On one hand, pressures from developing countries
for a more flexible IPR regime
• On the other hand, international movements led
by developed nations towards more strict IPR
regimes: bilateral commercial agreements signed
by U.S. with developing countries (TRIPS Plus)
such as Singapore, Morocco, Jordan
• Question: Which of these trends will prevail?
Ministério
da Saúde
17. The main issues
• How to conceive national legal systems tailored to
local needs: IPR and evolving industrial structure
• Maximum use of permitted flexibilities such as
compulsory and humanitarian licenses, freedom to
operate and research exemptions
• Innovation and enhanced technical capacity within
research institutions and universities.
Ministério
da Saúde
18. The impact of IP regimes
• The detrimental impact of dysfunctional IP
regimes is both economic and social, as
they ultimately affect both the pace of
innovation and the public benefits of
research.
• Free circulation of knowledge is crucial to
confront pandemics such as HIV/AIDS.
Ministério
da Saúde
19. The role of the university: topics for a
research agenda
• Alternative incentives to innovation: new
regulatory strategies and new business models
• Clinical Trials: constraints from data exclusivity
related to IP
• HIV Vaccines and IP – how to prevent future
problems of prices and access (HPV and other)
• Harmonization and national specificities
• R & D Networks linking developing countries
• IP, Ethics and Human Rights: the role of civil
society organizations
Ministério
da Saúde
20. Final considerations
• Urgent need to review international IP legislation
and policies and to conceive more flexible IPR
regime and alternative incentives to innovation.
• Need for stronger political pressures and new
networking initiatives connecting developing
countries
• Research Agenda in Universities and Institutes is
key to support local decision making
Ministério
da Saúde