The document discusses paints and surface finishes. It defines paint as a mixture of binder, pigment, solvents and additives that forms a solid film after drying. Paint provides protection, aesthetics and other surface properties. The document then discusses the composition of paints including the base, fillers, binders, solvents and additives. It also discusses the different types of paints based on application area, surface, solvent, finish and function. Common paint types for building like oil, enamel, emulsion and cement paints are explained. Factors to consider when choosing a paint finish like traffic, sheen, and surface imperfections are summarized. Common paint defects like efflorescence, bleeding, blistering

1. PAINTS AND SURFACE FINISHES
- Ar. Satya Sravani Karuturi

2. • “Paint is defined as a unique homogeneous mixture of three major ingredients namely
Binder, Pigment, VOC & additives, which when applied on the surface as a thin layer that
forms a solid dry adherent film after oxidation/evaporation/ polymerisation”.
• In the broadest terms, a paint consists of a particular pigment, dispersed in a particular
binder, dissolved in a particular solvent. Paint is a coating applied to the surface in form
of a liquid dispersion, which is then hardens forming a solid film.
• One of the earliest arts of humanity is painting. As long as 40,000 years ago, cave
excavations revealed the use of red or yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide, and
charcoal made by early Homo sapiens.
• The functions of paints:
Protection of the part surface from the environmental factors (Oxygen and other
chemically active gases, moisture, dissolved salts and other chemicals, temperature, bacteria,
fungi). Corrosion protection is the most important function of paints.
Aesthetic appearance provided by the paint color and sheen (eggshell, satin or gloss).
Providing a desired ability of reflection-absorption of heat and light.
Changing the surface properties: ant-friction, hardness, electrical conductivity.
Identification of products according to the color of the paint.
Simple maintenance – surfaces and areas that are well-painted are much easier to clean
Waterproofing
PAINTS

3. COMPOSITION OF PAINTS
01. Base
• Base is the main constituent that forms a bulk of the paint.
• The main function of all this material is to make a film of the paint- opaque, harder, and elastic &
prevent the formation of shrinkage cracks.
• The base usually consists of white lead, red lead, zinc oxide (zinc white), iron oxide, titanium white,
aluminium powder, lithophone, etc.
02. Inert Filler or Extender
• It is cheap pigment added in a paint to make it more economical and to save the cost of base. The main
function of filler is to modify the weight of paint & makes it more durable. So basically it forms part
of base.
• Fillers are used to impart various physical properties other than colour i.e. opacity or texture or
simply to make handling of paint better.
• The commonly used inert fillers or extenders are barites (barium sulphate), lithophone, silica, silicate of
magnesia or alumina, whiting, gypsum, charcoal, etc.
• The weight of the inert filler in a paint should not exceed ¼th the weight of base.
03. Vehicle or Binder
• A vehicle is also referred to as the binder or resin that holds the paint together. It is oil with the base
is mixed. It also binds the paint to the surface to which it is applied.
• It simply means it provides the durability, toughness, & waterproofness to the paint. Further, this
ingredient allows the paint to spread uniformly.
• The commonly available binder or vehicle is linseed oil, tung oil, poppy oil, nut oil.

4. 04. Solvent or Thinner
• Solvent or thinner increases the fluidity of the paint. It makes the paint workable by increasing the spreading capacity of paint.
• Thinner helps to penetrate into the porous surfaces, thereby making the paint smooth and easy to work with. It evaporates during drying of the
paint film.
• The solvent is a usually a volatile substance which provides properties such as smoothness, easy flow, and brushability.
05. Additives or Driers
• Additives are usually added in small quantities in different types of paints used in building and construction. It changes the properties of paint.
These are also added to improve the paint properties, such as colour opacity, pigment dispersion, and stability. Few additives are mentioned:
• UV stabilizers provide stability of the paints under ultra-violet light.
• Anti-skinning agents prevent formation of a skin in the can.
• Adhesion promoters improve the adhesion of the coating to the substrate.
• Corrosion inhibitors reduce the corrosion rate of the substrate.
• Texturizers impart textures to the coatings.
• Anti freezers helps to withstand exposure
• Pigment stabilizers improve pigment stability
• Plasticisers improves the paints flexibility, durability, compatibility & minimise film cracking
• Fungicides, Biocides and Insecticides prevent growth and attack of fungi, bacteria and insects. (protect the paint in storage from spoilage due to
bacterial growth)
• Defoamers prevent formation of air bubbles entrapped in the coatings.
• Emulsifiers are wetting agents increasing the colloidal stability of the paints in liquid state.
• Driers accelerate the paints drying (hardening) by catalyzing the oxidation of the binder. The function of drier is to accelerate the process of drying.
A drier absorbs oxygen from the air and transfer it to the vehicle (linseed oil) in the paint film, which in turns get hardened. It may be either in the form
of soluble or paste state.
06. Colouring Pigment
• When it is desired to have a different colour than the base of paint, a colouring pigment is to be added.
• Pigments are insoluble powders of very fine particle size. They impart colour and opacity to the paint.
• Colouring pigments are also used to hide the surface imperfections. They protect the paint film by reflecting the ultraviolet light.

5. PROPERTIES OF PAINTS
• It has been a common knowledge that painting contributes to the overall look of
buildings. In fact, painting is one of the basic elements for renovation projects.
• Paints have additional uses and applications beyond enhancing the entire
appearance. That is why it is crucial for us to know more about every type of
paint’s performance features. Through that way, it’s easy to determine the best
paint product for every application.
• Before choosing the type of paint to use, it’s essential to consider the physical
properties of it. An excellent type of paint will efficiently offer the following
benefits:
· Forming a durable and hard coating
· Ease of application
· Formation of thin-film w/o cracking
· Reasonable or excellent drying period
· Not very harmful for users
· Its main performance must not get affected by weather conditions
The films produced should be washable
It should resist corrosion
• All the requirements can be obtained in a
paint by properly choosing the proper
pigments, extenders, binders and their
quantities. There is no set methods for doing
so.
• The major difference between low-quality
paint and excellent-quality paint is definitely
the number of components that are being
comprised to it.
• An excellent-quality paint mix consists of:
· Pigment: 20%
· Solvent: 15%
· Binder: 40%
· Extender: 20%
· Additive: 5%
• An excellent-quality paint is believed to be not porous and that only means that water doesn’t absorb into the paint. Paints that are lower
in quality let the water absorb so quickly, towards the porous paint resulting in peeling and bubbling in no time. An increasing
percentage of binders and pigments in the paint can cause the price to accelerate. However, the paint’s long-lasting effect ultimately
outweighs the cost of getting more repainting. Higher- quality paint definitely is worth investing because repainting will not be done every
single time but only when it is very necessary.

6. • Paints are available in different types and offer distinct performances to improve the appearance of the place.
• After knowing the features of each type, it would become easier to select the best product for your application.
• Paints are applied in multiple coats and each coat has a specific function :
Primer – It is the first coat of paint that is applied to the surface. Its purpose is to wet the surface and provide good
adhesion to subsequently applied coats.
Intermediate Coat – They are applied to build the desired thickness of the surface. These may be 2,3 or any number
of coats required. Generally the thicker the coating, the longer the life.
Finished coat – The finish coat provides the required appearance and surface resistance of the system. Depending
on the conditions of exposure, it must also provide the first line of defence against weather and sunlight.
• Each paint has its unique set of uses or applications. Here is a quick summary of the different types of paint and their
different purposes & applications:
Oil paints: A resilient choice
Emulsions: A long-lasting beauty
Enamel paint: A Selective choice
Bituminous Paint: Water-proof choice
Aluminium Paint: Recommended for industrial uses
Cement paint: The chosen whitewash
Speciality paint: Lasts long, protects longer

7. Classification of Paints
• On the basis of application area
• On the basis of the paint surface
• On the basis of paint solvent
• On the basis of finish
• On the basis of function
TYPES OF PAINTS USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

8. On the basis of application area :
• Interior
• Exterior
• Industrial
On the basis of the paint surface
• Walls
• Metals
• Wood
On the basis of paint solvent
• Water-based
• Oil-based
On the basis of function
• Distemper
• Enamel
• Emulsion
• Cement paint
• Bituminous paint
• Aluminium paint
• Anti- corrosive paint
• Synthetic rubber paint
• Cellulose paint
• Plastic Paint
On the basis of finish
• Matte
• Satin
• Egg shell
• Semi gloss
• High gloss
• Flat finish

9. OIL PAINT:
• The base of this paint is white lead and is usually applied in three coats i.e. primer, undercoat, and finish.
• This kind of paint is available in two finishes such as matt and glossy.
• Advantages - Being durable and affordable, oil paint is one of the most popular choices and is easy to apply
and clean. You can commonly use this paint on walls, doors, windows, and metal objects as well.
• Disadvantage - Oil paint is not suitable for humid conditions and takes more time to dry completely.
ENAMEL PAINT:
• This kind of paint has lead or zinc to varnish. You can get them in various colors with added pigmentations.
• This is a form of hard and glossy coating and easy to clean.
• Enamel paints are very long-lasting, waterproof, and chemically resistant, to offer good coverage and color
retention.
• Enamel paints are used for various applications such as Interior and exterior of walls; Wood, doors, and
flooring; Windows; Stairs; Concrete, plaster, glass, metals.
• However, these are slow drying paints and require a titanium coating before application.
EMULSION PAINT:
• This type of paint uses binding materials such as polyvinyl acetate and polystyrene and also contains driers like
cobalt and manganese.
• These are available on different bases such as water or oil and their pigments are used to make different shades
of emulsion paints.
• Emulsion paints dry fast and are hardened in nature and you can easily clean the surfaces with water.
• These paints are durable, offer good color retention, and alkali resistance.
• You can use this kind of paint for walls, ceilings, and masonry work.

10. CEMENT PAINT:
• This kind of paint is found in powder form.
• It is easy to mix with water to achieve nice paint consistency.
• Cement paint has white or colored cement as the base and also contains pigments, accelerators, and other
additives.
• This is a durable and waterproof kind of paint type and commonly used in rough applications.
ACRYLIC PAINT:
• Acrylic paints are easy to work with and provide vibrant colors that you can manipulate to form different
textures and consistencies.
• Acrylic paints are water-based and consist of pigments that are distributed in an acrylic polymer
suspension.
• So, you have three main components that make up acrylic paints, pigment, acrylic binder, and water.
• Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion and
plasticizers, silicone oils, defoamers, stabilizers, or metal soaps.
• Most acrylic paints are water-based, but become water-resistant when dry.
• Depending on how much the paint is diluted with water, or modified with acrylic gels, mediums, or
pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor, a gouache, or an oil painting, or have its
own unique characteristics not attainable with other media.

11. What to Consider When Choosing a Paint Finish
There are a few things you should keep in mind to help you find the right paint:
Traffic:
• Perhaps the most important thing to consider when choosing a paint finish is the amount of traffic that your room will
endure.
• Busy rooms like kitchens and playrooms will benefit from more durable finishes like satin and semi-gloss, while
calmer rooms like dining rooms can get away with eggshell or even flat paints.
Paint sheen:
• Paint finishes are categorized in terms of their luster, from no-shine flat finishes to very shiny high-gloss finishes.
• The shininess of each finish will affect the amount of light that they reflect back into the room, so if you want to try to help
brighten a dim place, a slightly higher-gloss finish will do better than a matte finish.
Surface imperfections:
• The more reflective a finish, the more it will show surface imperfections in the thing you’re painting.
• If you want to paint a wall that has lots of nail holes or patches, you may want to consider a less glossy paint—it will help
mask those blemishes and keep the wall looking smooth.

12. There are five types of paint finishes, categorized by their reflectiveness:
Flat/Matte:
• Flat paints (also called matte paints) have the least amount of shine. They provide the most coverage of any other paint and
require fewer coats to cover imperfections like nail holes.
• They’re the least durable type of paint and will be damaged if treated with cleaner, so they’re best used in low-traffic areas,
like dining rooms, and surfaces that won’t be touched much, like ceilings.
Eggshell:
• Eggshell finishes are a very popular paint finish. They’re slightly more lustrous than flat paints (with the delicate low sheen
of an eggshell), they still cover imperfections, and they’re more durable than flat finishes (though still not quite as durable
as satin or gloss finishes).
• Eggshell paints are great for places with low or medium traffic, like living rooms, hallways, and entryways.
Satin:
• Satin finishes are the most common interior paint finish. They have a velvety sheen and are easier to clean than flat and
eggshell paints, which makes them a great choice for high-traffic areas like kitchens, playrooms, family rooms, bathrooms,
and laundry rooms.
Semi-gloss:
• Semi-gloss paints are shiny and reflective. They’re extremely durable and mildew-resistant, so they’re best used in rooms
that get a lot of wear and tear or moisture, like kids’ rooms, kitchens, and bathrooms. They’re also great for trim. As a
glossier finish, they will show imperfections more than less shiny paints.
High-gloss:
• High-gloss paints are the shiniest paint finish of the bunch. They’re also the most durable and washable, so they can handle
daily scrubbing.
• Consider this family of paint for doors, trim, and cabinetry.
• In addition to being an interior paint, high-gloss can also be used as an outdoor detail as well, on things like shutters.
However, prep work is important when using this finish—it can show many imperfections when applied incorrectly.

13. Efflorescence
Efflorescence is associated with the painting of bricks. Mostly, it takes one of the following forms:-
•Fluffy white deposits caused by sodium, magnesium, or calcium sulphates.
•Formation of white films due to calcium carbonate or hydroxide.
•Hard glossy patches caused by potassium salts.
•Yellowish green stains produced by the presence of chromium salts
Bleeding
Bleeding refers to the
diffusion or mixing of a
dye from the substrate into
the topcoat. Generally,
bleeding results in a spot-
like discoloration of the
topcoat.
Blistering/Peeling
It occurs due to improper surface treatment
and the presence of moisture or dampness in
the substrate.
Thus, blistering defect refers to the lifting of
the paint film from the underlying surface. In
addition, it appears to be a bubble or a blister,
usually caused by heat, moisture, or both.
Eventually, this leads to another defect called
peeling of the paint, if not taken care of.
Blooming refers to the formation of dull
patches on the surface due to improper
ventilation, weathering, defective
products, etc. In this case, the topcoat of
a surface dries out and develops
haziness.
Blooming
This defect is the formation of a white, chalky
powder on the painted surface. This occurs due
to the absence of sufficient oil in the primer.
Moreover, all the paints will have this defect if
subjected to outdoor exposure over an
extended period of time.
Chalking

14. When a thin layer of paint is coating on
a glossy and smooth surface the paint
may run back and sometimes leaves
small areas of surface uncovered. This
defect is called running.
When a surface is to be painted with a
thick layer of paint, the thick paint film
may run downwards and forms sagging
of paint. It is similar to running but
here the sag of paint is very thick.
Flaking
The detachment of paint film from the
surface is called flaking. It occurs
when the bond between surface and
paint film is poor. To prevent this, the
surface should be cleaned and rubbed
with abrasive paper before applying
paint.
Running
Sagging
Mildew
Mildew is a form of fungus which grows well in
warm, moist and dark places. It grows rapidly
and develops the grey colored patches on the
painted surface. It also affects the bond between
paint coats. It can be prevented by keeping the
surface dry and clean before applying paint. If
there is any trace of mildew growth, then wash
the surface with the solution of bleach.

15. BUILDING FINISHES
• Building finishes such as plastering, varnishing, dis-tempering, white-washing, coloring, etc basically
perform two functions as pointed below:
• They give a protective coating to the surfaces which protects them from weather effects such as rain
water, frost, heat etc, and
• They provide decorative effects which add to the appearance of the surfaces and building as a whole.
TYPES OF BUILDING FINISHES
1. PLASTERING
• This is the process of covering various surfaces of the structure with a plastic material such as
cement mortar, lime mortar or composite mortar, etc to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean and
durable surface.
• Plastering conceals inferior quality materials and defective workmanship and also provides a
protective coating against atmospheric effects.
• It further provides a base for receiving other decorative finishes such as painting, white washing, etc.
2. POINTING
• This is the process of finishing of mortar joints in exposed brick or stone masonry, which is achieved
through two operations.
• Firstly, masonry joints in brick or stone are raked out to a depth of about 15 mm and then these
spaces are filled up by a suitable mortar of richer mix.
• Pointing gives a good appearance to the masonry work and also prevents the entry of water into the
wall.

16. 3. PAINTING
• This is the process of coating with paint as a final finish to all surfaces such as walls, ceilings, wood
work, metal work, etc in order to protect them from weathering effects to prevent decay of wood and
corrosion in metal, and over and above to obtain a clean, colorful and pleasing surface.
4. VARNISHING
• This is the process of applying varnish to the wooden surfaces and also to the painted surfaces, in order
to improve their appearance and protect them from atmospheric actions.
5. DIS-TEMPERING
• This is the process of applying distemper over the plastered surfaces more easily and with lesser cost
than paints and varnishes, to safeguard them against weather effects and improve their appearance.
• A distemper as water paint, consist of whiting (i.e. powered chalk), glue or casein which act as a
binder, and suitable proportions of fast colour pigments.
• Distempers are readily available in a variety of different shades in the form of a stiff paste or dry
powder in sealed tins.
6. WHITE WASHING
• In this process, a mixture of pure fat slaked lime in sufficient quantity of water is first prepared.
• It is then screened through coarse cloth and a mixture of boiled gum with rice in certain proportions is
added to it.
• The solution so formed, called white-wash, is then applied by brushes to a specified number of coats,
usually three.
7. COLOUR WASHING
• It is similar to white washing except a coloring pigment of desired shade and nature, unaffected by
lime, is added to white wash.
• Colour washing is applied in one or two coats only.

17. METHOD & APPLICATION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAINTS :
• OIL
• SYNTHETIC ENAMELS
• ACRYLIC
• PLASTIC EMULSIONS & FORMULATIONS
• INTERIOR & EXTERIOR GRADE PAINTS
• CEMENT BASED PAINTS

18. ASSIGNMENT
Q1) Elaborate on interior and exterior grade paints
Q2) Write short notes on the following :
1) Plastic emulsions
2) Synthetic enamels
3) Cement paint
(mention the following about each paint)
- Uses
- Ingredients
- Advantages and disadvantages
- Precautions to be taken to avoid defects or complaints
with that particular paint
- Any important guidelines for the use of that paint
Q3) Differentiate between:
1) base and vehicle
2) Blistering and bloom
3) Sagging and wrinkling
4) Varnish and distemper
5) Priming coat and finishing coat
6) Emulsion paint and enamel paint
7) Driers and inert fillers
Q4) Give reasons for the following :
1) It is desirable to provide cement paint on rough surface.
2) The driers should not be used unnecessarily nor in
excess, especially in the finishing coat.
3) The oil paint should not be applied during humid and
damp weather.
4) The application of cement paint over a surface exposed
directly to hot sunlight should be avoided.
5) It is observed that the plastic emulsion paints are widely
used for interior jobs in our country.