my education channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl1xjEFQkDTJCHn3UFcyEFg
paint course part 1 painting
Binders : Hold the coating together – act like “glue.”
Pigments: Provide color, UV protection and hiding to coatings.
Additives: Give coatings their unique properties.
Resins: Synthetic or vegetable materials that are used as a base for coatings.
Solvents: (water or mineral spirits) allow for the material to be suspended, and once it evaporates from the coating, it allows for the film formation.
Surface coating industry is one of the most popular industries. Paints, varnishes and lacquers industry is gaining ground at a rapid pace in modern time accompanied with closed advance in surface coating technology. They are formulated for specific purposes: outside house paints and exterior varnishes are intended to give good service when exposed to weathering; interior wall paints are formulated to give excellent coverage and good wash ability; and lacquers are formulated for rapid drying. Varnish is one of the important parts of surface coating industry. Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials.
See more at
http://goo.gl/enBjnk
https://goo.gl/V26h8x
https://goo.gl/tzTyws
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
How Paint is Made, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry, How to Manufacture Paints, Varnishes and Lacquers, How to Manufacture Commercial Paint?, Paint Manufacture, Paint Manufacturing Process, Paint Formulation and Process, How to Manufacture Paint, Paint Manufacturing Unit, Paint Manufacturing, Low Cost Business Ideas, Simple Low Cost Business Ideas, Top Small Business Ideas Low Invest Big Profit in India Smart Business Ideas, Very Low Budget Best Business Ideas, Low Investment High Profit Business, Small Business Ideas to Make Money, Top Profitable Small Business Ideas in India, Best Business Ideas for Rural Areas in India & World Top Best Small Business Idea, Invest Low, Top Best Small Business Ideas for Beginners 2017, Small Business But Big Profit in India, Profitable Small Business Ideas with Small Investment, Best Home Based Business Ideas, Best Part Time Business Ideas to Start New Business, Best Ideas for Low Budget Business and More Profits, Top Best Small Business Ideas for Women in 2017, Low-Cost Business Ideas for Introverts, Top Small Business Ideas in India for Starting Your Own Business, Secret to Making Money by Starting Small Business, Small Business Ideas with Small, Top Easy Small Business Ideas in India, Small Investment Big Returns, Top Best Small Business Ideas in India, Business Ideas With Low Investment, How to Get Rich?, Low Cost Small Business Ideas for India, Best Small Business Ideas in India to Start Business, 100% Risk Free Business, Low Budget Best Small Business Idea for Self Employment, Low Cost Business Ideas with High Profit, Most Profitable Business Ideas with Low Investment, Easy Simple Best Unique Low Cost Small Investment, Start up Business Ideas, What is Low Cost Business to Start?, Start Small Business, Low Investment Manufacturing Business in India, Low Cost Small Business Ideas
my education channel https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl1xjEFQkDTJCHn3UFcyEFg
paint course part 1 painting
Binders : Hold the coating together – act like “glue.”
Pigments: Provide color, UV protection and hiding to coatings.
Additives: Give coatings their unique properties.
Resins: Synthetic or vegetable materials that are used as a base for coatings.
Solvents: (water or mineral spirits) allow for the material to be suspended, and once it evaporates from the coating, it allows for the film formation.
Surface coating industry is one of the most popular industries. Paints, varnishes and lacquers industry is gaining ground at a rapid pace in modern time accompanied with closed advance in surface coating technology. They are formulated for specific purposes: outside house paints and exterior varnishes are intended to give good service when exposed to weathering; interior wall paints are formulated to give excellent coverage and good wash ability; and lacquers are formulated for rapid drying. Varnish is one of the important parts of surface coating industry. Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials.
See more at
http://goo.gl/enBjnk
https://goo.gl/V26h8x
https://goo.gl/tzTyws
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
How Paint is Made, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry, How to Manufacture Paints, Varnishes and Lacquers, How to Manufacture Commercial Paint?, Paint Manufacture, Paint Manufacturing Process, Paint Formulation and Process, How to Manufacture Paint, Paint Manufacturing Unit, Paint Manufacturing, Low Cost Business Ideas, Simple Low Cost Business Ideas, Top Small Business Ideas Low Invest Big Profit in India Smart Business Ideas, Very Low Budget Best Business Ideas, Low Investment High Profit Business, Small Business Ideas to Make Money, Top Profitable Small Business Ideas in India, Best Business Ideas for Rural Areas in India & World Top Best Small Business Idea, Invest Low, Top Best Small Business Ideas for Beginners 2017, Small Business But Big Profit in India, Profitable Small Business Ideas with Small Investment, Best Home Based Business Ideas, Best Part Time Business Ideas to Start New Business, Best Ideas for Low Budget Business and More Profits, Top Best Small Business Ideas for Women in 2017, Low-Cost Business Ideas for Introverts, Top Small Business Ideas in India for Starting Your Own Business, Secret to Making Money by Starting Small Business, Small Business Ideas with Small, Top Easy Small Business Ideas in India, Small Investment Big Returns, Top Best Small Business Ideas in India, Business Ideas With Low Investment, How to Get Rich?, Low Cost Small Business Ideas for India, Best Small Business Ideas in India to Start Business, 100% Risk Free Business, Low Budget Best Small Business Idea for Self Employment, Low Cost Business Ideas with High Profit, Most Profitable Business Ideas with Low Investment, Easy Simple Best Unique Low Cost Small Investment, Start up Business Ideas, What is Low Cost Business to Start?, Start Small Business, Low Investment Manufacturing Business in India, Low Cost Small Business Ideas
the presentation is about types of paints and their properties and their uses in our daily life.it also contains some about how to design your ppt presentation.and how to save it from becoming vague or boring.
paints, types of paint, classification of paints, uses of paints, composition of paints, manufacturing procedure of paints, advantages and disadvantages of different types of paint
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Paints, Pigments, Varnishes and Enam...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Paints, Pigments, Varnishes and Enamels (Paint Testing, Wood Coatings, Oxygenated Solvents, Plasticizers, Pigment Dispersion, Colored Pigments, Varnishes, Lacquers and Floor Finishes, Exterior White Enamels, Floor Paints and Enamels, Enamel Paints, Marine Paints)
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and in many different types, such as watercolor, synthetic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.
See more
https://goo.gl/2fleHr
https://goo.gl/4nJkSw
https://goo.gl/Mz3xNa
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Starting Paint Production Business, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry, Business Plan for Paint Industry, How to Start Successful Manufacturing Business, Paint Manufacturing Business Plan, Paint Production Process, Paint Business Plan, Paint Production, Paint Production Business Plan, How to Start Paint Production Business, Paint Manufacturing, Planning in Paint Manufacturing Industry, Process Plants for Paint Industry, Paint Making Process, Paint Manufacturing Process, Process of Paint Production, How to Manufacture Paint, Paint Manufacturing Machines, Resin Manufacture, Resin Manufacturing, Resin Manufacturing Plant, Manufacturing Process of Resins, How to Start Resin Manufacturing Business, Resin Manufacturing Process, Process of Making Resin, Powder Coatings Manufacturing, Powder Coatings Manufacture, Manufacturing Process for Powder Coatings, Powder Coating Manufacturing Process, Powder Coating Production Equipment, Powder Coating Plant, Manufacture of Natural Copal Varnishes, Method of Heating, Manufacture of Black Varnishes, Black Varnish Manufacture, Manufacture of Spirit Varnishes, Floor Paints and Enamels, Interior Concrete Paints and Enamels, Exterior White Enamels, Exterior or Interior Enamels, Varnishes, Lacquers and Floor Finishes, Furniture Rubbing Varnish, Epoxy-Amine Clear Coating, White Pigment Evaluation Methods, Colored Pigments, Mill Base Formulation, Plasticizers, Oxygenated Solvents, Wood Coatings, Paint and Varnish Removers, Solvent Paint and Varnish Removers, Formulation of Varnish Removers, Chemical Removers, Non Chlorinated Solvent Paint Removers, Removal of Epoxies, Mechanism of Paint Removal, Methods of Paint Removal, Manufacturing Process of Paint Remover Paint, Paint Removers Production, How to Remove Paint With Chemical, Powder Coating & Paint Remover, Paint Remover Industry
paints, composition of paints, properties of paints and classification of paints : On the basis of application area,On the basis of the paint surface,On the basis of paint solvent,On the basis of finish,On the basis of function.What to Consider When Choosing a Paint Finish. Defects in paints. Building finishes
the presentation is about types of paints and their properties and their uses in our daily life.it also contains some about how to design your ppt presentation.and how to save it from becoming vague or boring.
paints, types of paint, classification of paints, uses of paints, composition of paints, manufacturing procedure of paints, advantages and disadvantages of different types of paint
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Paints, Pigments, Varnishes and Enam...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Paints, Pigments, Varnishes and Enamels (Paint Testing, Wood Coatings, Oxygenated Solvents, Plasticizers, Pigment Dispersion, Colored Pigments, Varnishes, Lacquers and Floor Finishes, Exterior White Enamels, Floor Paints and Enamels, Enamel Paints, Marine Paints)
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and in many different types, such as watercolor, synthetic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.
See more
https://goo.gl/2fleHr
https://goo.gl/4nJkSw
https://goo.gl/Mz3xNa
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Starting Paint Production Business, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry, Business Plan for Paint Industry, How to Start Successful Manufacturing Business, Paint Manufacturing Business Plan, Paint Production Process, Paint Business Plan, Paint Production, Paint Production Business Plan, How to Start Paint Production Business, Paint Manufacturing, Planning in Paint Manufacturing Industry, Process Plants for Paint Industry, Paint Making Process, Paint Manufacturing Process, Process of Paint Production, How to Manufacture Paint, Paint Manufacturing Machines, Resin Manufacture, Resin Manufacturing, Resin Manufacturing Plant, Manufacturing Process of Resins, How to Start Resin Manufacturing Business, Resin Manufacturing Process, Process of Making Resin, Powder Coatings Manufacturing, Powder Coatings Manufacture, Manufacturing Process for Powder Coatings, Powder Coating Manufacturing Process, Powder Coating Production Equipment, Powder Coating Plant, Manufacture of Natural Copal Varnishes, Method of Heating, Manufacture of Black Varnishes, Black Varnish Manufacture, Manufacture of Spirit Varnishes, Floor Paints and Enamels, Interior Concrete Paints and Enamels, Exterior White Enamels, Exterior or Interior Enamels, Varnishes, Lacquers and Floor Finishes, Furniture Rubbing Varnish, Epoxy-Amine Clear Coating, White Pigment Evaluation Methods, Colored Pigments, Mill Base Formulation, Plasticizers, Oxygenated Solvents, Wood Coatings, Paint and Varnish Removers, Solvent Paint and Varnish Removers, Formulation of Varnish Removers, Chemical Removers, Non Chlorinated Solvent Paint Removers, Removal of Epoxies, Mechanism of Paint Removal, Methods of Paint Removal, Manufacturing Process of Paint Remover Paint, Paint Removers Production, How to Remove Paint With Chemical, Powder Coating & Paint Remover, Paint Remover Industry
paints, composition of paints, properties of paints and classification of paints : On the basis of application area,On the basis of the paint surface,On the basis of paint solvent,On the basis of finish,On the basis of function.What to Consider When Choosing a Paint Finish. Defects in paints. Building finishes
Paint is any pigmented liquid, liquifiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. it is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
3. Introduction
• Paint is a liquid surface coating.
• On drying it forms a thin film (60–150 µm) on the painted
surface.
• Paints are classified as oil paints, water paints, cement paints,
bituminous paints and special paints.
• The functions of the paints are to protect the coated surface:
• against possible stresses
• mechanical or chemical; deterioration
• physical or environmental; decorate the structure by giving
smooth and colorful finish;
4. Characteristics of an Ideal Paints
• A good paint has:
• uniform spread as a thin film,
• high coverage,
• good workability and durability,
• sufficient elasticity to remain unaffected by expansion or
contraction of the surface to be painted or by weathering
action of atmosphere.
• The paints should also be: impervious to air and water, cheap
and economical to form a hard surface.
5. Composition of Oil Paints
• Major constituents of paint are:
Base
Vehicle/oil
Pigments
Solvents
Driers/plasticizers
Adultrants
6. Contd’
BASE
• Is the principal constituent of the paint.
• It makes the paint film opaque and possesses binding
properties which reduces the shrinkage cracks in the film on
drying.
ex. white lead, red lead, zinc white, aluminum powder, iron
oxide, etc.
Lead based paints are in general affected by atmosphere
and are not recommended for final coats.
Aluminum powder is used as base for all aluminum paints.
7. VEHICLE
• Also known as binder. It is an oil to which the base is mixed.
• It holds the constituents of paint in suspension and helps spread it
over the surface to be painted.
• Imparts durability, toughness and water proofness to the paint
film and resistance to weathering and gloss to the painted surface
Ex. natural drying oils ( linseed oil, nut oil, poppy oil and tung
oil,…)
• The natural drying oils (glycerides of the unsaturated fatty acids)
harden on layers to form strong and elastic surface coats. These
are available in oxidized and polymerized varieties.
8. PIGMENTS
• Pigments are finely ground mineral,organic substances or metal
powders; their size in organic coatings ranges from 0.1 to 5.0 µm
in diameter
• Their general properties are covering power, colouring capacity,
fineness, fire resistance, chemical stability and weather
resistance.
• The fine particles of the pigments have a reinforcing effect on the
paint film.
• Used to impart the desired color, improve the impermeability and
to hide the surface imperfections.
• They protect the paint film by reflecting the destructive ultra
violet light, which acts as a catalytic agent for the destructive
oxidation of the film.
9. SOLVENTS:
• The oils used to thin the paints, increase the spread, and are also
known as thinners.
• They give the paint workable consistency and evaporate during
drying of the film. Ex. petroleum, spirit, naptha and turpentine
• Turpentine is used extensively because of its high solvent power,
excellent flattening properties and ideal rate of evaporation.
DRIERS:
• Also known as plasticizers, are chemicals added to paint for
specific purposes, e.g., as catalyst (accelerate the drying of the
vehicle) for the oxidation, Polymerization and condensation of the
vehicle in paint.
• Its quantity is limited to 8 %. In excess amount it affects the
elasticity of paint leading to flaking failure. Ex. letharge (oxidized
lead, PbO), lead acetate, red lead (Pb3O4), manganese dioxide and
cobalt, zinc and lead chromate.
10. ADULTRANTS:
• Reduce the weight and increase the durability. At the same time
bring down the overall cost.
• Adultrants also help to reduce cracking of dry paint and sometimes
help to keep the pigment in suspension. Ex. Barium sulphate,
calcium carbonate, magnesium silicate and silica. The best adultrant
is barium sulphate.
• Silica is used only in the undercoats so as to take the advantage of
its roughness in development of bond with the next coat.
11. Preparation of Paints
• The base is ground to the consistency of paste in a stone pestle known
as Muller. Vehicle is intermittently added to the paste in small
quantities and the mixture is stirred with a wooden puddle.
• In case of colored paints, the pigment is mixed with vehicle separately
and the paste is formed similarly. Driers are also ground separately in
vehicle.
• The three pastes so prepared are mixed and a little vehicle is added
further to soften the paste.
• The mixture is continuously stirred till a consistency of cream is
obtained. The mixture is thereafter strained through fine canvas or a
sieve. The paint is now ready for use.
• The paint so prepared can be used by adding oil or a thinner to make it
of workable consistency before application.
12. Contd’
• For commercial manufacturing of paints a four-storey building is
used to have gravitational flow of materials.
• Constituents are stored on the fourth floor and are fed by means of
chutes in proper proportions, to the grinding mill placed on the third
floor to be ground.
• The thoroughly ground materials are then sent to storage tanks on
the second floor. The charge in the tanks is kept in motion by
agitation mechanism so that settling of materials does not take
place.
• The paint material is then strained and sent to first floor, where it is
packed in containers. Finally the packed material in containers is
sent to the ground floor.
14. Covering Power of Paints
• Is the capacity of a given quantity of paint of suitable consistency for
application, to cover the extent of area.
• The covering power, also known as spreading capacity of paints and
varnish depends upon the type of paint and its constituents, type of
surface to be painted, and number of coats to be applied.
15. Pigment Volume Concentration (PVC)
• PVC is the concentration by volume of the pigments expressed as a
percentage of the total volume of non-volatile constituents of the
paint.
• The PVC value is essential in determining the amount of a particular
pigment that can be added to the polymer of the coating.
• The pigment has to have sufficient wetting to create a protective
coating. Wetting means there must be sufficient polymer or binder, to
completely wet or surround all the pigment particles.
16. Contd’
• Also, there must be enough polymer to completely fill the voids
between the pigment particles.
• The point at which there is just sufficient polymer to wet the
pigment particles is known as critical pigment volume
concentration (CPVC).
• At CPVC many physical and optical properties of paint change
abruptly.
17. Contd’
Importance:
• The PVC largely controls such factors as gloss, washability, adhesion,
undertone, hiding power, permeability and durability.
With increase of PVC the gloss reduces until paint
becomes flat; blistering also reduces.
Above CPVC, permeability increases since above CPVC
there are voids in the coating filled by air and the coating
becomes discontinuous.
If there is not enough polymer to wet the pigment then
the pigment becomes a defect and the properties of paint
decrease.
With a decrease in the relative quantity of binder, the film
formed looses cohesion and durability and the
washability of paint film decreases.
18. Painting Plastered Surfaces
New surface: The operations are as follows:
Surface preparations: Removal of dust, dirt, loose matter,
grease…then rubbed with an emery paper to help adhesion between
surface and paint .
Sequencing of painting: The primer is applied with brush or spray on
the prepared surface. It should be thinned in the recommended manner
before application.
After drying it is rubbed with emery paper. Dents and cracks, if
any, are filled with putty using a knife applicator. Putty should not
be applied thick.
If the required thickness is large, it should be applied in two coats.
After the putty has dried, the whole surface is rubbed down well in
order to smoothen the putty and provide a mechanical key to the
finished coats. Two or three finish coats are applied.
19. Contd’
Painting old surfaces:
• The procedure depends on the state of the existing coating. If any of
the defects discussed below is very much pronounced it is completely
removed and the surface is painted as a new surface.
Chalking: Clean the surface, rub with an emery paper so that the
chalk is removed. Apply one or two finish coats.
Scrap off the old paint from affected areas: Touch up with primer
and apply one or two finish coats on affected areas. Rub the entire
surface and apply the finish coats.
Efflorescence, blistering, cracking, flaking: remove all gloss by
rubbing with emery paper and then apply the finish coats.
Glossy surface: Remove the fungus. Apply fungicidal solution
liberally and observe for further growth. If no further growth of
fungus is observed apply the desired paint.
20. Painting Wood Surfaces
• Painting of wood work should be done with great care. Normally 3–4
coats are sufficient for wood work.
New wood work
Surface preparations: The wood should be well seasoned, dried,
cleaned and the surface made smooth with an emery paper.
Knotting: Knots excrete resin which causes defects of cracking,
peeling and brown discoloration. This is also known as size knotting.
The knot is treated with a coat of hot red lead ground with a strong
glue size in water. Then a coat of red lead ground in boiled linseed oil
is applied. The knot is covered with hot lime for 24 hours after which
it is scrapped off.
• Priming coat/primer: Forms the base for subsequent coatings. After
It is applied over the entire surface to fill all the pores. A second
priming coat is applied after first has dried.
21. Contd’
• Stopping: After the priming coat putty is applied to fill the pores
of the surface. Then it is rubbed smooth. Coloring pigment is also
added to it to match the shade of the finished coat. On drying, the
selected paint is applied with brushes to bring smoothness and
uniformity in colou.
Old wood work:
• The old paint is removed with a sharp glass piece, sand paper, or
paint remover. Any smoky or greasy substance should be washed
with lime and subsequently rubbed with pumice stone. The
surface is then washed with soap and water and dried completely.
• Then two coats of paints are applied in a way similar to that
described in painting new surfaces.
22. Painting Metal Surfaces
New Iron Work
• The surface scales and rust are removed from surface by hard wire
brush and grease are cleaned using petroleum or by hot alkaline
solution of Na2CO3 or NaOH, benzene, and lime water.
• A priming coat of red lead with barytes and raw linseed oil is then
applied. Then one or more undercoats with desired paint are applied.
• The second coat is given only after the first coat has dried. The
finishing coat is applied carefully to produce a smooth fine surface.
23. Old Iron Work
• The surface is prepared by scraping properly all the scales and rust
with emery paper. The greasy substances are removed with lime
water.
• The old paint may be burned with a blow lamp or by suitable
solvents. After this the surface is brushed with hot linseed oil and
painted as for new iron work.
24. Paints for Structural Steel Work
• The major problem to overcome in painting iron and steel is
corrosion.
• Red lead is considered to be the best priming coat; it produces a tough
elastic film, impervious to air and moisture. Pure linseed oil priming
coat is detrimental in that it stimulates corrosion. The linseed oil film
is rendered more impervious by the use of spar varnish.
• Graphite paint used for black colour, is very durable and is not
affected by sulphur films, ammonia or chlorine gases.
• Aluminium paint is also gaining popularity because of its shining and
contrast properties and heat and chemical resistance.
• Bituminous paints may be very well adopted to paint inside of pipes,
iron under waters, piles, ships and boats; they are unsatisfactory when
exposed to sunlight.
• Lead or zinc paint should never be applied directly over the iron
surface as it encourages galvanic action destroying the paint.