The document discusses the origin and evolution of mammals. It describes two main theories for the ancestry of mammals - through amphibians or reptiles. While amphibian ancestry was proposed, reptilian ancestry is now widely accepted based on fossil evidence. Many characteristics of early mammal-like reptiles called therapsids were mammalian. True mammals first appeared in the Jurassic period but remained small until after the extinction of dinosaurs. When ecological niches opened up in the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent adaptive radiations into various forms through modifications of limbs, teeth and other features for different habitats like trees, ground, burrows, water and air. Convergent evolution also led to similarities between unrelated mammals adapting to the same nic
The document discusses the key topics in paleontology and human evolution. It describes several important early human ancestors discovered in Africa such as Proconsul, Ramapithecus, and Australopithecus that showed increasingly human-like traits. It also outlines the evolution of Homo species including Pithecanthropines, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens. The document traces human taxonomy and compares primate tendencies to the unique behaviors that distinguish humans.
- The document discusses human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments like bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools and fire, and cultural evolution.
- Early primates like tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises evolved around 58 million years ago. Monkeys emerged around 35 million years ago and the first hominids around 6 million years ago.
- Adaptations for tree-dwelling included grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, and long limbs. Bipedalism evolved in early hominids like Australopithecus as an adaptation for life on the ground.
Human Evolution Training Manual- FinalMegan Murphy
This document provides a training manual for content in the Human Evolution Exploration Station at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. It includes an overview of specimens to be displayed, such as various hominin species and chimpanzees. The manual then covers topics to be explained in the station, including studying human evolution, identifying fossils, dating techniques, genetics and evolution, bipedalism in humans, and the species Homo sapiens. It provides details on key hominin specimens and how to classify and identify human remains based on anatomical features.
This document summarizes key aspects of cultural anthropology and human evolution covered in a lecture. It discusses how cultural anthropology studies unique human cultural behaviors. It then outlines the evolutionary progression from early hominids like Proconsul and Ramapithecus to later species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and finally modern Homo sapiens. Methods for dating fossils and determining evolutionary relationships like relative dating and carbon-14 dating are also summarized.
This document discusses cultural anthropology and human evolution. It summarizes key human ancestors like Proconsul, Ramapithecus, Australopithecines, Pithecanthropines, Neanderthal Man, and Homo sapiens. It also discusses paleontology, fossils, dating methods, and evolutionary theories of human origins, noting debates between evolution and biblical creationism. Primate tendencies and behaviors are compared between humans and other primates.
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
The document summarizes hominid evolution and human origins. It outlines the major theories of human evolution such as Lamarckism, Darwinism, and the modern synthesis. The timeline of human evolution is also presented, beginning around 7 million years ago and progressing through key stages such as Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Unique characteristics of modern humans like bipedalism and tool use are also discussed.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of mammals. It describes two main theories for the ancestry of mammals - through amphibians or reptiles. While amphibian ancestry was proposed, reptilian ancestry is now widely accepted based on fossil evidence. Many characteristics of early mammal-like reptiles called therapsids were mammalian. True mammals first appeared in the Jurassic period but remained small until after the extinction of dinosaurs. When ecological niches opened up in the Cenozoic era, mammals underwent adaptive radiations into various forms through modifications of limbs, teeth and other features for different habitats like trees, ground, burrows, water and air. Convergent evolution also led to similarities between unrelated mammals adapting to the same nic
The document discusses the key topics in paleontology and human evolution. It describes several important early human ancestors discovered in Africa such as Proconsul, Ramapithecus, and Australopithecus that showed increasingly human-like traits. It also outlines the evolution of Homo species including Pithecanthropines, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens. The document traces human taxonomy and compares primate tendencies to the unique behaviors that distinguish humans.
- The document discusses human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments like bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools and fire, and cultural evolution.
- Early primates like tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises evolved around 58 million years ago. Monkeys emerged around 35 million years ago and the first hominids around 6 million years ago.
- Adaptations for tree-dwelling included grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, and long limbs. Bipedalism evolved in early hominids like Australopithecus as an adaptation for life on the ground.
Human Evolution Training Manual- FinalMegan Murphy
This document provides a training manual for content in the Human Evolution Exploration Station at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. It includes an overview of specimens to be displayed, such as various hominin species and chimpanzees. The manual then covers topics to be explained in the station, including studying human evolution, identifying fossils, dating techniques, genetics and evolution, bipedalism in humans, and the species Homo sapiens. It provides details on key hominin specimens and how to classify and identify human remains based on anatomical features.
This document summarizes key aspects of cultural anthropology and human evolution covered in a lecture. It discusses how cultural anthropology studies unique human cultural behaviors. It then outlines the evolutionary progression from early hominids like Proconsul and Ramapithecus to later species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and finally modern Homo sapiens. Methods for dating fossils and determining evolutionary relationships like relative dating and carbon-14 dating are also summarized.
This document discusses cultural anthropology and human evolution. It summarizes key human ancestors like Proconsul, Ramapithecus, Australopithecines, Pithecanthropines, Neanderthal Man, and Homo sapiens. It also discusses paleontology, fossils, dating methods, and evolutionary theories of human origins, noting debates between evolution and biblical creationism. Primate tendencies and behaviors are compared between humans and other primates.
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
The document summarizes hominid evolution and human origins. It outlines the major theories of human evolution such as Lamarckism, Darwinism, and the modern synthesis. The timeline of human evolution is also presented, beginning around 7 million years ago and progressing through key stages such as Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Unique characteristics of modern humans like bipedalism and tool use are also discussed.
Here are the key points about the Paleolithic Age marked by hominids:
- The Paleolithic Age occurred 5 million years ago or more and was marked by early hominids.
- Hominids from this time period had a nomadic lifestyle as hunter-gatherers, gathering plants/fruits and hunting wild animals for food.
- A major development was that hominids evolved to walk upright, freeing their hands to hold/carry things while moving.
- Walking upright allowed hominids to develop tools that could be transported, laying the foundations for more advanced tool use later on.
- Agriculture had not yet been developed during the Paleolithic Age, so homin
This document summarizes theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses that:
- Bipedalism first emerged in hominids 4-1 million years ago, allowing use of hands and adaptation to grassland environments. Early tools date to 2.5 million years ago.
- Brain size increased over time, reaching 1000cc in Homo erectus and 1350cc in modern humans. This facilitated tool use, language, and other cognitive abilities.
- Two competing theories for modern human origins are presented - the multiregional hypothesis of evolving in multiple regions from Homo erectus, versus the recent "Out of Africa" hypothesis of descending from a single African
This document provides an overview of evolutionary evidence from biology class notes on a topic about evolutionary evidence. It discusses pre-Darwinian theories of evolution, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, evidence from artificial selection experiments, the fossil record, homologous and vestigial structures as anatomical evidence, and the physical evolution of early humans including species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. The document is organized with headings and subheadings covering these various topics related to providing evidence for the theory of evolution.
Human evolution occurred over millions of years through a series of gradual changes from early hominid species like Sahelanthropus tchadensis around 7 million years ago to modern Homo sapiens. Key stages included Australopithecus afarensis that lived 2.9-3.9 million years ago, Homo erectus that used tools around 1.8 million years ago, and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis that lived 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. Traits like bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and reduced jaws differentiated human species from early primate ancestors over this long period of evolutionary change.
- Charles Darwin proposed that human evolution took millions of years rather than thousands. Evolutionary theory suggests humans evolved from primates like monkeys and apes.
- Researchers have determined chimpanzees are humans' closest living relative, though humans evolved to walk upright on two legs, developed larger brains and became larger in size.
- Fossils like "Lucy" provide insight into early hominids like Australopithecus that showed traits of both apes and humans and used basic stone tools. Later species like Homo habilis and Homo erectus evolved even larger brains and more advanced tool usage.
This document discusses human evolution and the evidence from fossils that show how humans developed from early hominids. It provides a timeline of major hominid species like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. It describes changes in anatomy that characterize human evolution like the positioning of the foramen magnum, increased brain size, flatter faces, and changes in teeth and jaw structure. The document also discusses where the oldest hominid fossils have been found, with East Africa considered the likely "cradle of humankind." Key sites in South Africa like Sterkfontein are also mentioned where many important early hominid fossils have been discovered.
This document discusses theories about human origins, including creationism, evolution, and anthropology. It describes the emergence of two groups - polygenists who believed scientific inquiry should prevail over the Bible, and monogenists who defended the Bible's validity. The document outlines evolutionary theories including Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. It describes early hominids like Australopithecus and Homo species, and identifies Homo sapiens as the only surviving human species with two main types, Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Other origin theories like theistic evolution and Raelism are also mentioned.
Anthropological concepts of clinical orthodonticsSaibel Farishta
The document discusses anthropological concepts relevant to orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to anthropology and its subfields like physical, cultural, linguistic and archaeological anthropology. It then covers evolution and theories of evolution like Lamarckism, orthogenesis and natural selection. Key topics in human evolution are discussed - evolution of the face, jaws, teeth and their attachments. Hominid evolution is outlined from early apes to Homo sapiens. Concepts in dental anthropology like indices and tooth traits are also summarized.
The document discusses human evolution from a common ancestor with apes. It provides details on:
1) Humans and apes evolved from a common ancestor millions of years ago, though this ancestor was not identical to modern chimpanzees or apes.
2) Early humans like Australopithecines evolved traits like bipedalism, while Homo habilis began using simple tools, and Homo erectus was migratory.
3) The closest living relatives to humans are chimpanzees and bonobos, with human DNA being 98.4% identical to chimpanzees. Molecular evidence suggests gorillas and chimpanzees split from the human line between 8
No cultural group is homogenous. Individual members differ in their thoughts and behaviours
Theory underpins most scientific endeavors, and, in the 1970s, researchers began to lay the groundwork for cultural evolutionary theory, building on the neo-Darwinian synthesis of genetics and evolution by using verbal, diagrammatic, and mathematical models
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
The document discusses the evolution of bipedalism in humans and their ancestors. It describes how scientists believe bipedalism first evolved in early hominids that lived in Africa between 5-8 million years ago. This led to anatomical changes like the skull centering over the spinal column. While bipedalism provided advantages for moving on land, it also resulted in disadvantages like a narrower birth canal for women and increased risk of back problems.
Episode 5(3): Where and how we started our path to now - Meetup session 18William Hall
1. Capuchin monkeys in the wild demonstrate sophisticated tool use, such as cracking nuts open with stone hammers and log anvils, which requires multiple step problem solving.
2. Their nut-cracking behavior shows transmission of technological knowledge across generations, as young monkeys learn the process.
3. Capuchins' tool use intelligence suggests that under the right evolutionary pressures, such as those early hominins faced as the African Eden deteriorated, it is possible for primates other than humans to develop advanced cognition and culture.
Human evolution began approximately 7 million years ago and progressed through four main stages. The first modern humans appeared around 200,000 years ago in Africa. Several theories examine the relationship between environmental conditions and human evolution. Key human adaptations include bipedalism, larger brain size, and reduced sexual dimorphism between males and females. Neanderthals were a separate but related species that engaged in interbreeding with modern humans before going extinct.
This document provides an overview of evolution and related topics. It defines evolution as any change in allele frequencies in a gene pool over time. The ancient Earth had an atmosphere without oxygen which allowed for the formation of complex organic molecules like amino acids. The first cells were anaerobic and prokaryotic around 3.5 billion years ago. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, similarities in living organisms, and DNA/biochemical evidence. Theories of evolution include Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics and natural selection proposed by Darwin involving variation and the survival of the fittest. Evolution can occur through microevolution within a species or macroevolution leading to new species through gradualism, divergence, or convergent evolution.
Primates evolved from small, nocturnal mammals over 60 million years ago. They are divided into prosimians like lemurs and anthropoids like monkeys, apes, and humans. Anthropoids further diverged into New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, great apes, and hominids. Around 5-8 million years ago, a hominid ancestor of chimpanzees and humans diverged and bipedalism evolved in hominids as they adapted to foraging on land rather than in trees. Early hominids like Australopithecus gradually evolved into genus Homo, with Homo habilis being the first to use tools. Homo erectus was more human
Archaeologists study human behavior through the analysis of material remains, while antiquarians are more interested in collecting artifacts for their beauty or value. Key differences include archaeologists being affiliated with scientific study and analysis, while antiquarians have more of a personal interest without a scientific focus. The document discusses the importance of context in archaeology and defines context as the physical location and circumstances of an artifact's discovery. It also provides definitions for many important terms in archaeology, anthropology, and the study of human evolution, including the differences between archaeologists and antiquarians, the archaeological record, and characteristics of early hominins.
1) Evolution is the scientific theory that organisms are related by descent from common ancestors and that biological traits can change over generations through natural selection or genetic drift.
2) Evidence for evolution comes from multiple scientific disciplines including fossils, biogeography, embryology, and genetics. Comparisons of DNA, protein sequences, and anatomical structures among different species provide overwhelming support for the theory of evolution.
3) Natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolution. It occurs when heritable traits increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Over generations, organisms best adapted to their environment will survive and pass on their favorable traits.
This document discusses the evolution and classification of primates including hominids and prosimians. It covers:
1. Key discoveries that have pushed back the origins of hominids to 7 million years ago based on skull fossils found in Chad.
2. The major trends in primate evolution including increases in brain size, changes in locomotion and skeleton, and the development of stereoscopic vision and grasping hands.
3. The classification of primates with the order Primates divided into the suborders Prosimii (lower primates like lemurs) and Anthropoidea (higher primates like monkeys, apes and humans).
The document provides an overview of topics and activities for a unit on biodiversity and evolution. It discusses the importance of biodiversity, including species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity. It introduces key concepts such as evolution by natural selection and plate tectonics changing the environment and influencing the evolution of species over time.
Here are the key points about the Paleolithic Age marked by hominids:
- The Paleolithic Age occurred 5 million years ago or more and was marked by early hominids.
- Hominids from this time period had a nomadic lifestyle as hunter-gatherers, gathering plants/fruits and hunting wild animals for food.
- A major development was that hominids evolved to walk upright, freeing their hands to hold/carry things while moving.
- Walking upright allowed hominids to develop tools that could be transported, laying the foundations for more advanced tool use later on.
- Agriculture had not yet been developed during the Paleolithic Age, so homin
This document summarizes theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses that:
- Bipedalism first emerged in hominids 4-1 million years ago, allowing use of hands and adaptation to grassland environments. Early tools date to 2.5 million years ago.
- Brain size increased over time, reaching 1000cc in Homo erectus and 1350cc in modern humans. This facilitated tool use, language, and other cognitive abilities.
- Two competing theories for modern human origins are presented - the multiregional hypothesis of evolving in multiple regions from Homo erectus, versus the recent "Out of Africa" hypothesis of descending from a single African
This document provides an overview of evolutionary evidence from biology class notes on a topic about evolutionary evidence. It discusses pre-Darwinian theories of evolution, Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, evidence from artificial selection experiments, the fossil record, homologous and vestigial structures as anatomical evidence, and the physical evolution of early humans including species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. The document is organized with headings and subheadings covering these various topics related to providing evidence for the theory of evolution.
Human evolution occurred over millions of years through a series of gradual changes from early hominid species like Sahelanthropus tchadensis around 7 million years ago to modern Homo sapiens. Key stages included Australopithecus afarensis that lived 2.9-3.9 million years ago, Homo erectus that used tools around 1.8 million years ago, and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis that lived 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. Traits like bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and reduced jaws differentiated human species from early primate ancestors over this long period of evolutionary change.
- Charles Darwin proposed that human evolution took millions of years rather than thousands. Evolutionary theory suggests humans evolved from primates like monkeys and apes.
- Researchers have determined chimpanzees are humans' closest living relative, though humans evolved to walk upright on two legs, developed larger brains and became larger in size.
- Fossils like "Lucy" provide insight into early hominids like Australopithecus that showed traits of both apes and humans and used basic stone tools. Later species like Homo habilis and Homo erectus evolved even larger brains and more advanced tool usage.
This document discusses human evolution and the evidence from fossils that show how humans developed from early hominids. It provides a timeline of major hominid species like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. It describes changes in anatomy that characterize human evolution like the positioning of the foramen magnum, increased brain size, flatter faces, and changes in teeth and jaw structure. The document also discusses where the oldest hominid fossils have been found, with East Africa considered the likely "cradle of humankind." Key sites in South Africa like Sterkfontein are also mentioned where many important early hominid fossils have been discovered.
This document discusses theories about human origins, including creationism, evolution, and anthropology. It describes the emergence of two groups - polygenists who believed scientific inquiry should prevail over the Bible, and monogenists who defended the Bible's validity. The document outlines evolutionary theories including Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. It describes early hominids like Australopithecus and Homo species, and identifies Homo sapiens as the only surviving human species with two main types, Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Other origin theories like theistic evolution and Raelism are also mentioned.
Anthropological concepts of clinical orthodonticsSaibel Farishta
The document discusses anthropological concepts relevant to orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to anthropology and its subfields like physical, cultural, linguistic and archaeological anthropology. It then covers evolution and theories of evolution like Lamarckism, orthogenesis and natural selection. Key topics in human evolution are discussed - evolution of the face, jaws, teeth and their attachments. Hominid evolution is outlined from early apes to Homo sapiens. Concepts in dental anthropology like indices and tooth traits are also summarized.
The document discusses human evolution from a common ancestor with apes. It provides details on:
1) Humans and apes evolved from a common ancestor millions of years ago, though this ancestor was not identical to modern chimpanzees or apes.
2) Early humans like Australopithecines evolved traits like bipedalism, while Homo habilis began using simple tools, and Homo erectus was migratory.
3) The closest living relatives to humans are chimpanzees and bonobos, with human DNA being 98.4% identical to chimpanzees. Molecular evidence suggests gorillas and chimpanzees split from the human line between 8
No cultural group is homogenous. Individual members differ in their thoughts and behaviours
Theory underpins most scientific endeavors, and, in the 1970s, researchers began to lay the groundwork for cultural evolutionary theory, building on the neo-Darwinian synthesis of genetics and evolution by using verbal, diagrammatic, and mathematical models
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
The document discusses the evolution of bipedalism in humans and their ancestors. It describes how scientists believe bipedalism first evolved in early hominids that lived in Africa between 5-8 million years ago. This led to anatomical changes like the skull centering over the spinal column. While bipedalism provided advantages for moving on land, it also resulted in disadvantages like a narrower birth canal for women and increased risk of back problems.
Episode 5(3): Where and how we started our path to now - Meetup session 18William Hall
1. Capuchin monkeys in the wild demonstrate sophisticated tool use, such as cracking nuts open with stone hammers and log anvils, which requires multiple step problem solving.
2. Their nut-cracking behavior shows transmission of technological knowledge across generations, as young monkeys learn the process.
3. Capuchins' tool use intelligence suggests that under the right evolutionary pressures, such as those early hominins faced as the African Eden deteriorated, it is possible for primates other than humans to develop advanced cognition and culture.
Human evolution began approximately 7 million years ago and progressed through four main stages. The first modern humans appeared around 200,000 years ago in Africa. Several theories examine the relationship between environmental conditions and human evolution. Key human adaptations include bipedalism, larger brain size, and reduced sexual dimorphism between males and females. Neanderthals were a separate but related species that engaged in interbreeding with modern humans before going extinct.
This document provides an overview of evolution and related topics. It defines evolution as any change in allele frequencies in a gene pool over time. The ancient Earth had an atmosphere without oxygen which allowed for the formation of complex organic molecules like amino acids. The first cells were anaerobic and prokaryotic around 3.5 billion years ago. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, similarities in living organisms, and DNA/biochemical evidence. Theories of evolution include Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics and natural selection proposed by Darwin involving variation and the survival of the fittest. Evolution can occur through microevolution within a species or macroevolution leading to new species through gradualism, divergence, or convergent evolution.
Primates evolved from small, nocturnal mammals over 60 million years ago. They are divided into prosimians like lemurs and anthropoids like monkeys, apes, and humans. Anthropoids further diverged into New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, great apes, and hominids. Around 5-8 million years ago, a hominid ancestor of chimpanzees and humans diverged and bipedalism evolved in hominids as they adapted to foraging on land rather than in trees. Early hominids like Australopithecus gradually evolved into genus Homo, with Homo habilis being the first to use tools. Homo erectus was more human
Archaeologists study human behavior through the analysis of material remains, while antiquarians are more interested in collecting artifacts for their beauty or value. Key differences include archaeologists being affiliated with scientific study and analysis, while antiquarians have more of a personal interest without a scientific focus. The document discusses the importance of context in archaeology and defines context as the physical location and circumstances of an artifact's discovery. It also provides definitions for many important terms in archaeology, anthropology, and the study of human evolution, including the differences between archaeologists and antiquarians, the archaeological record, and characteristics of early hominins.
1) Evolution is the scientific theory that organisms are related by descent from common ancestors and that biological traits can change over generations through natural selection or genetic drift.
2) Evidence for evolution comes from multiple scientific disciplines including fossils, biogeography, embryology, and genetics. Comparisons of DNA, protein sequences, and anatomical structures among different species provide overwhelming support for the theory of evolution.
3) Natural selection is the primary mechanism of evolution. It occurs when heritable traits increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Over generations, organisms best adapted to their environment will survive and pass on their favorable traits.
This document discusses the evolution and classification of primates including hominids and prosimians. It covers:
1. Key discoveries that have pushed back the origins of hominids to 7 million years ago based on skull fossils found in Chad.
2. The major trends in primate evolution including increases in brain size, changes in locomotion and skeleton, and the development of stereoscopic vision and grasping hands.
3. The classification of primates with the order Primates divided into the suborders Prosimii (lower primates like lemurs) and Anthropoidea (higher primates like monkeys, apes and humans).
The document provides an overview of topics and activities for a unit on biodiversity and evolution. It discusses the importance of biodiversity, including species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity. It introduces key concepts such as evolution by natural selection and plate tectonics changing the environment and influencing the evolution of species over time.
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
Kbjvycycdhcugihigyfhxtstzyc B.. ,,, z, 5'6:(&₹hcuvjbibihdtsessfghjjiomjbd
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
Hctxf. G u u u h h I on oni G fezes I ok bjvyfycgcgvkknkvhvhcyff namaste vjvuvhvhvuvuvj
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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. K. H fcfcgubuvh gctxrxrctvh j?
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It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs in pharmacology subject
It is a pdf of antiviral drugs
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It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
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It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
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It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
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It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
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It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
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It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
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It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
It is pdf of magnetic field deficiency syndrome
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The document discusses psychosocial health and defines it as encompassing mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of well-being. Psychosocially healthy people feel good about themselves, are comfortable socially, and can manage stress. The document also discusses characteristics of psychosocially healthy and unhealthy individuals, factors that influence psychosocial health like family environment and self-esteem, and strategies to enhance psychosocial wellness such as social support and stress management. It covers various mental health conditions in more detail like mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and schizophrenia.
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This document discusses different concepts of health and definitions of health. It covers the biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts of health. It also discusses dimensions of health including physical, mental, social, spiritual, emotional, vocational, and political dimensions. The document defines health according to the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It discusses determinants of health, indicators used to measure health status of a population, and factors that affect individual health.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in disease and public health. It defines disease and discusses concepts of causation, the natural history of disease, and concepts of control and prevention. It explains the levels of prevention as primary, secondary, tertiary, and primordial. Disease classification systems like ICD are also summarized. The document outlines how patterns of disease have changed over time, with developing countries still facing infectious diseases while non-communicable diseases predominate in developed nations.
This document provides an overview of disease and cure in the context of naturopathy. It discusses four basic theories of naturopathy: 1) unity of disease and unity of treatment, 2) foreign matter theory, 3) toxemia theory, and 4) Panchamahabhuta theory. For the unity of disease and treatment theory, it states that the primary causes of disease are violations of nature's laws, which lead to lowered vitality, abnormal blood and lymph composition, and toxin accumulation. The corresponding natural treatment methods are returning to nature, conserving vital force, and elimination. The foreign matter theory holds that improperly digested substances accumulate in organs and disrupt functioning. The toxemia theory defines toxemia as a
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
3. Evolution of Primates
The evolution of primates is characterized by
trends towards:
1. Mobile limbs
2. Grasping hands (with opposable thumbs)
3. Flattened face
4. Binocular vision
5. Large, complex brain (for learned behavior)
6. Reduced reproductive rate
Evolution of Man Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 3
4. Evolution of Primates -Mobile Limbs
• Most primates have flat nails as well as
sensitive pads on the undersides of fingers
and toes.
– Many also have both an opposable big toe and
thumb.
• Mobile limbs and clawless opposable digits
allow primates to freely grasp and release tree
limbs.
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 4
6. Stereoscopic vision and resultant depth
perception allows primates to make accurate
judgments about distance and position of
adjoining tree limbs.
Evolution of Primates - Binocular Vision
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 6
7. • Story of human evolution begins around 65
mya with explosive radiation of a group of
small, aboreal mammals (Archonta).
– Insectivorous nocturnal mammals.
Evolutionary Path to Apes
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 7
8. • Earliest Primates
– Two distinct features that allowed them to
succeed in aboreal environment:
• Grasping fingers and toes
• Binocular vision
• Evolution of Prosimians - “Before Monkeys”
– Earliest primates split into prosimians and
anthropoids about 40 mya.
Evolutionary Path to Apes
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 8
9. Origin of Anthropoids
– Higher primates - Includes apes, monkeys, and
humans.
• One of most contentious issues in primate biology is
identity of first anthropoid.
Direct Descendents:
– New World monkeys
– Old World monkeys
Evolutionary Path to Apes
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 9
10. Old World Monkeys:
•They are diurnal.
•Narrow and down pointing nostrils.
•Longer hind legs than forearms.
•Flattened nails on fingers and toes.
•Prominent buttock pads to sit on.
•Tails.
•Larger than the New World monkeys.
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 10
11. New World Monkeys:
•Wide nostrils which are circular and spaced apart.
•They are small to medium sized.
•Long tails which are sometimes prehensile.
•No buttock pads.
•No cheek pouches.
12. • Hominoids (apes and human)
evolved from anthropoid
ancestors.
• First Hominoid
– Current attention is centered
around a Miocene ape Proconsul
which has many characteristics of
Old World Monkeys, but lacks tail
and has apelike hands, feet, and
pelvis.
How Apes Evolved
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 12
13. • Comparing Apes to Hominoids
– Common ancestor of apes and hominids is thought to
have been aboreal climber.
• Hominids became bipedal.
• Apes evolved knuckle-walking.
– Multiple anatomy differences related to bipedal
locomotion.
How Apes Evolved
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 13
14. –Asian apes evolved first.
• Gibbons 15 mya - Orangutans
10 mya
–African apes evolved 6-10
mya.
Closest living relative to humans.
• Chimpanzees and humans share
98.4% of nuclear DNA.
• Gorilla DNA differs from human
DNA by about 2.3%.
How Apes Evolved
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 14
15. Proconsul is believed ancestral to hominids.
Hominoid Evolution
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 15
16. Human-like ancestors that
walked upright on 2 legs
Similar to chimps and
gorillas but bigger brains
Hominoids
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 16
18. • Modern human first appeared in Africa about
600,000 years ago.
– Three species of modern humans:
• H. heidelbergensis
• H. neanderthalensis
• H. sapiens
Last Stage of Hominid Evolution
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 18
19. • Bipedalism seems to have evolved as our
ancestors left dense forests for grasslands and
open woodlands.
• Bipedalism Appears in the Fossil Record 5-7
Million Years Ago
• Reason why bipedalism evolved is still
controversial.
• Preceded large brains.
Origins of Bi-pedalism
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 19
20. The process of becoming bipedal creatures had
taken millions of years.
Bipedalism affected the neck, skull, rib cage, pelvis,
and limbs & many parts of the body.
The rib cage has to be reshaped into a cone-like
shape, the pelvis bone becomes shaped like a
basin to hold and support all of the internal
organs, and the lower limbs lengthen and angle
inwards.
Origins of Bi-pedalism
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 20
22. • The 1960s and 1970s
were a fertile period for
fossil hunting in Africa
• The idea developed that
more than one hominid
species existed at the
same time developed
Homo sapiens
Homo erectus
Homo habilis
Australopithecus
africanus
A. robustus
A. boisei
Australopithecus afarensis
“Lucy”
Added
1974
Evolutionary Tree With Many Branches
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 22
23. 1991
As more specimens
were found a clearer
idea developed of the
relationships
between them
Homo sapiens
Homo erectus
Homo habilis
A. africanus
A. robustus
A. boisei
Australopithecus afarensis
Evolutionary Tree With Many Branches
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 23
24. 2001
?
?
?
1 Ma
2 Ma
3 Ma
4 Ma
Homo sapiens
Homo
erectus
Homo habilis
A. africanus
P. robustus
Paranthropus boisei
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus anemensis
Ardipithecus ramidus
P. aethiopicus
Homo rudolfensis
H. ergaster
H. heidelbergensis
Homo neanderthalensis
A. garhi
?
?
?
Evolutionary Tree With Many Branches
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 24
25. ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
1 Ma
2 Ma
3 Ma
4 Ma
5 Ma
6 Ma
7 Ma
Homo sapiens
Homo
erectus
Homo
habilis
A. africanus
Paranthropus
robustus
Paranthropus. boisei
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus anemensis
Ardipithecus ramidus
P. aethiopicus
Homo rudolfensis
H. ergaster
H. heidelbergensis
Homo neanderthalensis
A. garhi
Orrorin tugensis
Gorilla gorilla
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
“Toumai”
Pan trogolodites
Evolutionary Tree With Many Branches
2003
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 25
26. • An estimated number of 16 hominid species is
thought to have existed
• This is based on the evolutionary patterns of
other primates
• Our family tree is similar to other species
• Periods of radiation
• Separated by periods of extinction
How many more?
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 26
28. Pangaea brought together terrestrial species that had
evolved separately from one another. This created intense
competition and some extinction. Geographic isolation as
continents drifted apart and environmental conditions
became different on each land mass.
Continental Drift
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 28
29. 1. Fossil record
2. Anatomical Evidence
Homologous Structures
Analogous Structures
Vestigial Organs and Structures
3. Developmental Evidence
4. Molecular Evidence
Evidence for evolutionary change
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 29
30. • The remains or traces
of organisms left in
sedimentary rock
• Sediment (pebbles,
sand, silt, or clay)
accumulate over time
and exhibit distinct
layers
• Oldest (bottom),
youngest (top)
How are Fossils formed
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 30
31. 1. Hard body parts
2. Bones and Teeth
3. Shells
• Over 300,000 fossil
species have been
described and named!
Types of Fossils
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 31
32. 4. Impression or
imprint
5. Mineralization
(petrified wood)
6. Casts and Molds
Dinosaur footprints
Cast of Echinoderms
Leaf Impression Petrified Wood Human hand imprint
Sponge imprint
Types of Fossils
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 32
33. 7. Ice is an excellent preservative
– Mammoth preserved in ice for over
25,000 years
– Allows for DNA analysis
8. Amber: 2 mya mosquito in amber
Types of Fossils
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 33
34. 1. Relative Dating
– Relative position in sedimentary - Most fossils are
dated by their relative position in
sedimentary layers
– Rocks - Rock formation occurs in a time ordered
sequence
– Index fossils - Index Fossils occur in specific layers
of rock over a large geographical range
2. Absolute dating
– radioisotopes
Fossil Dating
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 34
35. The Hominid fossil evidence is Fragmented,
incomplete, Widely debated .Despite all this
we have a wealth of fossil collections
Just have a look
Evidence
- Fossil record
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 35
36. • Homology: a fundamental
similarity that occurs due
to descent from a
common ancestor
• Homologous structures:
Structures that are similar
to each other because
they are derived from the
same common ancestor.
Homologous structures
Leaping
Swimming
Running
Grasping
Flying
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 36
37. Analogous structures are fundamentally different
structures adapted to the same ecological niche
Analogous structures
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 37
38. Vestigial Structures are things that have no current use
to an organism. They show evolution because before
the organism changed they were useful.
Vestigial Structures
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 38
39. The appendix is a narrow, muscular tube attached to the
large intestine. It would aid in the digestion of cellulose in
our plant chewing days. As the human diet changed, this
organ stopped functioning, as it was no longer used.
Vestigial Structures
- The Appendix
1
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 39
40. Sinus cavities do make our heads weigh less ,adds warmth and
moisture to the air we breathe. In animals with an heightened
sense of smell the sinus cavities are lined with olfactory tissues.
Some scientists believe that our
ancestors had a much better
sense of smell (our DNA contains
broken genes for additional
odour receptors)
Vestigial Structures
- Para nasal Sinuses
2
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 40
41. A tiny pit on each side of the septum is lined with non
functioning chemo-receptors. They may be all that
remains of a once extensive pheromone-detecting
ability.
Vestigial Structures
-Vomeronasal /Jacobson’s organ
3
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 41
42. The coccyx is a set of fused vertebrae at the bottom of the
spinal column. It’s all that’s left of our tails, which
disappeared from hominids as they began walking upright.
The coccyx does serve as somewhat of
a shock absorber, though that was not
it’s original function.The coccyx has nine
muscles attached to it, such as the
muscle that is necessary for defecation.
Vestigial Structures
- The coccyx
4
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 42
43. Our toes were most likely
used at one point for
grasping on to things and
climbing. While losing
ones toes would cause
problems with walking for
awhile, we technically only
need our big toe as a
function to help keep our
balance.
Vestigial Structures
- Toes
5
44. This is a set of cervical ribs
commonly thought to be
leftovers from the age of
reptiles. They still appear in
less than 1% (about 1 in 200)
of humans, and in rarer cases a
person may not just have one
but have two neck ribs.
Unfortunately, these can cause
nerve and artery problems.
Vestigial Structures
- Cervical ribs
6
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 44
45. Darwin’s point is found in the
majority of mammals, and humans
are no exception. It is most likely
used to help focus sounds in animals,
but it no longer has a function in
humans. Only 10.4% of the human
population still has this visible left-
over mark of our past
Vestigial Structures
– Darwin’s Point
7
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 45
46. Somewhere along the evolutionary journey we actually had
a third eye lid, much like you se on a frogs, for example.
Humans retain a tiny fold in the inner corner of the eye.
Vestigial Structures
– 3rd Eyelid
8
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 46
47. Palmaris Longus is a muscle that has
a long tendon and a short belly, runs
from the elbow to the wrist. It is
believed to be an important muscle
for hanging and climbing. It is now
seen in about 10% of population.
Vestigial Structures
– Climbing muscle
9
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 47
48. These three muscles most likely
made it possible for prehominids
to move their ears independently
of their heads (again, like a cat or
dog). We still have these muscles
which is why most people can
learn how to wiggle their ears
Vestigial Structures
- Extrinsic Ear Muscles
10
49. The Subclavius muscle
stretches under our shoulder
from the first rib to the
collarbone. It would still be a
useful part if humans still
walked on all fours. Not all
humans have one and a small
number of us actually have two.
Vestigial Structures
– Knuckle walk muscle
11
50. The plantaris muscle is used by
animals in gripping and
manipulating objects
with their feet – something you
see with apes who seem to be
able to use their feet as well as
their hands. Humans have this
muscle as well, but it is now so
underdeveloped
Vestigial Structures
– Plantaris Muscle
12
51. Wisdom teeth are vestigial third molars that human
ancestors used to help in grinding down plant tissue.
Human ancestors had larger jaws with
more teeth, which were possibly used to
help chew down foliage to compensate
for a lack of ability to efficiently
digest the cellulose that makes up a
plant cell wall.
Vestigial Structures
– Wisdom teeth
13
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 51
52. These are bundles of smooth
muscle fibres that allow animals
to puff up their fur to intimidate
others. They also served the
function of insulation when we
had more body hair. While we
still retain this ability our lack of
body hair makes them useless.
Vestigial Structures
– Erector Pili Muscle
14
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 52
53. Most of your body hair serves no function (though some
think otherwise). Eyebrows keep sweat from going into
your eyes, and male facial hair may play a role in sexual
selection. Armpit and pubic hair help deal with moisture
but beyond that it does us no good. Your arm and leg hair
are just the remains of a once fully
covered body of hair.
Vestigial Structures
– Body Hair
15
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 53
54. While our closest cousins
(chimps and gorillas) still
retain this extra set of ribs,
most humans have 12 ribs.
Additionally, about 8% of
humans are born with extra
ribs.
Vestigial Structures
– Thirteenth Rib
16
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 54
56. Comparison of human (left) and gorilla hand bones. The
gorilla hand is shown from a palmar perspective. Note the
similarity of metacarpals with regard to the relative
diameters of the shafts and the heads, as well as overall
similarity of bone structure
Evidence
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 56
57. • Species that differ as adults often bear striking similarities during
embryonic stages
• Presence of gill ridges in human embryos indicates that humans
evolved from an aquatic animal with gill slits
• Human embryos have long bony tails
Developmental Evidence
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 57
59. Molecular evidence for evolution includes similarities at
the gene, protein, chromosomal, and genome levels.
Evolutionary relationships can be elucidated by
comparing:
1. Chromosomes
2. Protein sequences
3. DNA sequences
4. Molecular clocks
Molecular evidence
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 59
60. 1.Karyotypes can provides clues to evolutionary
histories between various groups of organisms.
2.Chromosomes vary in size and banding pattern.
3.Similarities in both size and banding pattern in the
chromosomes between two species indicates that
the two species shared a very recent common
ancestor and are closely related.
4.The chromosomes of humans, chimps, gorillas and
organgutans are extremely similar.
Molecular evidence
- Chromosomes
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 60
61. 1. All cells rely on DNA to make protein, suggesting
that this has been passed down from an ancient
common ancestor.
2. Using new technologies, biologists are able to
determine the amino acid sequences in proteins of
various species of organisms.
3. Biologists have found that the more closely related
two species are, the greater the similarity in amino
acid sequences of their proteins.
4. Such comparisons allow scientists to deduce
evolutionary relationships between various
organisms
Molecular evidence
- Protein sequences
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 61
63. 1. Since DNA molecules are highly conserved and passed from
one generation to the next, base sequence pattern should
indicate evolutionary relationships.
2. Via the process of DNA hybridization, scientists can
accurately determine the degree of relatedness between
various groups of species.
3. Matches in base sequence between species indicate a high
degree of relatedness. The figure on the right you can see
that more matches are made between a human and a chimp
than between a human and a chicken. This indicates that the
human and the chimp shared a more recent common
ancestor than the human and the chicken and are closely
related.
Molecular evidence
- DNA
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 63
64. In any two species, the number of molecular differences in a
common molecule is proportional to the time since divergence of
the two species. This concept is termed the molecular clock and it
allows scientists to determine the amount of time that has
elapsed since the two species diverged from one another.
According to this concept, the greater the number of differences,
the greater the amount of time since divergence of the two
species
Molecular evidence
- Molecular Clock
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 64
67. • Frontal lobe, associated with synthesizing
information from other areas and inhibiting
action.
• Volume of white matter, brain
interconnections, grows faster than neocortex,
eventually constituting 34% of human brain.
• Differentiation of tissue (but only through
development).
Brain areas that grew
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 67
68. • Rapid human brain growth may have resulted from
tool use, language, social behavior and learning to
plan for the future.
• However, agriculture, urbanization and literacy have
not produced additional changes in brain size.
• The advantages of further increases in brain size may
be offset by:
– childbirth difficulties.
– the large amount of resources required by the nervous
system.
Evolution of the Human Brain
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 68
69. With Due apologies to Mr. Andrew Symonds
Man and apes
99% common genes (really??)
Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 69
70. Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 70
And more similarities??
And…many more!!!
With Due apologies to President Bush
71. Evolution Part II - Dr.Mahesh.Pandit 71
For those of
you who still
refuse to
believe…..