1. The document discusses the anatomical evolution of the pelvis in primates and humans from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion.
2. Key anatomical adaptations that enabled human bipedalism include the development of a specialized human foot, a long femoral neck, and a pelvis optimized for weight bearing stability over mobility.
3. The human pelvis and hip joint are uniquely adapted among primates for an upright, bipedal stance and gait under the compressive forces of standing, with implications for conditions like hip osteoarthritis.
No cultural group is homogenous. Individual members differ in their thoughts and behaviours
Theory underpins most scientific endeavors, and, in the 1970s, researchers began to lay the groundwork for cultural evolutionary theory, building on the neo-Darwinian synthesis of genetics and evolution by using verbal, diagrammatic, and mathematical models
The document summarizes key differences between pongids (non-human primates) and hominids (early humans and their ancestors). Hominids evolved to walk upright, have longer legs than arms adapted for striding, high foot arches, and reduced teeth and jaw sizes. In contrast, pongids are bent over, have arms longer than legs for swinging, low foot arches, and larger teeth. Hominids also developed larger brain sizes ranging from 400-2000cc compared to 280-705cc for pongids. The document proposes hominid evolution originated in Africa and then migrated outward.
Bipedalism and Human Evolution discusses the emergence of bipedalism in hominins. Paleoanthropology studies our extinct ancestors through fossils, which are any remnants of ancient life preserved in the fossil record. Around 7 million years ago, there was a common ancestor to both African apes and hominins. Hominins are the branch of primates humans evolved from, and they are defined by their habitually bipedal walking on two legs. Various models have been proposed to explain the evolutionary advantages provided by bipedalism, such as increased vigilance, carrying abilities, heat dissipation, energy efficiency, foraging/harvesting, and display.
Bipedalism, or walking upright on two legs, is a defining characteristic of hominins and humans. It is thought to have evolved between 4-8 million years ago in early hominin species like Sahelanthropus and Orrorin. Bipedalism required anatomical changes like shorter arms, longer legs, and a repositioned pelvis. It provided advantages like freeing the hands and reducing energy expenditure. However, it also resulted in challenges like increased back and foot problems as well as more difficult childbirth due to a smaller pelvis. While the exact reasons for the evolution of bipedalism are unknown, theories suggest it could have allowed for long distance running, carrying food, or seeing over
This document discusses human evolution from early primates to the first bipedal hominins. It outlines the taxonomic classification system used to categorize living things and shows where humans fit within this system. Key events in human evolution are described such as the emergence of the first primates 55 million years ago and the earliest evidence of bipedalism between 6-7 million years ago. Anatomical changes required for bipedalism are also summarized. The timeline of human ancestors is reviewed, showing the progression from early hominins like Australopithecus to the later emergence of the genus Homo.
This document summarizes the emergence and evolution of genus Homo from early hominins to modern humans. It describes key species including Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Key points are that Homo habilis was the first to use stone tools, Homo erectus was the first to migrate out of Africa, Neanderthals lived in Europe during the last ice age, and modern humans emerged in Africa around 150,000 years ago before migrating worldwide.
Fossil Hominins: From Australopithecus to HomoPaulVMcDowell
The document summarizes human evolution from Australopithecus to Homo species. Key points include:
- Australopithecus had smaller brains and more primitive tools than Homo. Homo habilis was the first toolmaker.
- Homo erectus had a larger brain and more advanced tools than earlier species. It was the first hominin to spread globally.
- Later Homo species like Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens had even larger brains and more advanced stone tool technologies.
Early hominins are believed to have diverged from a common ancestor with African apes around 6-7 million years ago. The key difference between early hominins and early apes was that hominins were habitually bipedal while apes were quadrupedal. Bipedalism provided advantages like increased efficiency and the ability to use tools. Traits like the pelvis, femur, spine and foot provide evidence of bipedalism in hominin fossils. While the fossil record is incomplete, discoveries like Australopithecus afarensis help illustrate the evolution of bipedalism before increases in brain size.
No cultural group is homogenous. Individual members differ in their thoughts and behaviours
Theory underpins most scientific endeavors, and, in the 1970s, researchers began to lay the groundwork for cultural evolutionary theory, building on the neo-Darwinian synthesis of genetics and evolution by using verbal, diagrammatic, and mathematical models
The document summarizes key differences between pongids (non-human primates) and hominids (early humans and their ancestors). Hominids evolved to walk upright, have longer legs than arms adapted for striding, high foot arches, and reduced teeth and jaw sizes. In contrast, pongids are bent over, have arms longer than legs for swinging, low foot arches, and larger teeth. Hominids also developed larger brain sizes ranging from 400-2000cc compared to 280-705cc for pongids. The document proposes hominid evolution originated in Africa and then migrated outward.
Bipedalism and Human Evolution discusses the emergence of bipedalism in hominins. Paleoanthropology studies our extinct ancestors through fossils, which are any remnants of ancient life preserved in the fossil record. Around 7 million years ago, there was a common ancestor to both African apes and hominins. Hominins are the branch of primates humans evolved from, and they are defined by their habitually bipedal walking on two legs. Various models have been proposed to explain the evolutionary advantages provided by bipedalism, such as increased vigilance, carrying abilities, heat dissipation, energy efficiency, foraging/harvesting, and display.
Bipedalism, or walking upright on two legs, is a defining characteristic of hominins and humans. It is thought to have evolved between 4-8 million years ago in early hominin species like Sahelanthropus and Orrorin. Bipedalism required anatomical changes like shorter arms, longer legs, and a repositioned pelvis. It provided advantages like freeing the hands and reducing energy expenditure. However, it also resulted in challenges like increased back and foot problems as well as more difficult childbirth due to a smaller pelvis. While the exact reasons for the evolution of bipedalism are unknown, theories suggest it could have allowed for long distance running, carrying food, or seeing over
This document discusses human evolution from early primates to the first bipedal hominins. It outlines the taxonomic classification system used to categorize living things and shows where humans fit within this system. Key events in human evolution are described such as the emergence of the first primates 55 million years ago and the earliest evidence of bipedalism between 6-7 million years ago. Anatomical changes required for bipedalism are also summarized. The timeline of human ancestors is reviewed, showing the progression from early hominins like Australopithecus to the later emergence of the genus Homo.
This document summarizes the emergence and evolution of genus Homo from early hominins to modern humans. It describes key species including Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Key points are that Homo habilis was the first to use stone tools, Homo erectus was the first to migrate out of Africa, Neanderthals lived in Europe during the last ice age, and modern humans emerged in Africa around 150,000 years ago before migrating worldwide.
Fossil Hominins: From Australopithecus to HomoPaulVMcDowell
The document summarizes human evolution from Australopithecus to Homo species. Key points include:
- Australopithecus had smaller brains and more primitive tools than Homo. Homo habilis was the first toolmaker.
- Homo erectus had a larger brain and more advanced tools than earlier species. It was the first hominin to spread globally.
- Later Homo species like Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens had even larger brains and more advanced stone tool technologies.
Early hominins are believed to have diverged from a common ancestor with African apes around 6-7 million years ago. The key difference between early hominins and early apes was that hominins were habitually bipedal while apes were quadrupedal. Bipedalism provided advantages like increased efficiency and the ability to use tools. Traits like the pelvis, femur, spine and foot provide evidence of bipedalism in hominin fossils. While the fossil record is incomplete, discoveries like Australopithecus afarensis help illustrate the evolution of bipedalism before increases in brain size.
Hominids are a group that includes humans and their closest relatives. As the African tropical forest retreated due to the Ice Age, some primates adapted to walking upright on two feet (bipedalism) which allowed them to see further, travel more efficiently, and use their hands. The earliest hominids were called Australopithecines including "Lucy". Later, Homo habilis emerged around 2 million years ago and were the first to make stone tools. Homo erectus also appeared then and were the first to control fire and build more complex tools. Around 100,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged and migrated out of Africa, developing early signs of culture.
Human evolution began about 6 million years ago in Africa and involves changes that occurred over many generations in early human populations. Key developments included bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools, and the emergence of Homo sapiens around 300,000 years ago in Africa. The study of human evolution uses evidence from fossils, genetics, and other scientific disciplines to understand these anatomical and physiological changes.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed rib morphology in humans, great apes, and the 3.6 million year old Kadanuumuu skeleton (KSD) to understand the evolution of the hominin thorax. Key findings include:
1) Humans have wider upper ribs and a more barrel-shaped thorax compared to apes' funnel shape. KSD's ribs were wide like humans but flared at the bottom like apes, suggesting a transitional "bell shape".
2) Human ribs are more declined than ape ribs. KSD's rib angles fell within the human range, implying a human-like posture.
3) Humans have deeper spinal invagination than ap
The document discusses the evolution of the human masticatory system, including jaws and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It describes how Darwin and Wallace developed the theory of natural selection to explain evolution. The size of human jaws and maxilla have decreased compared to great apes due to dietary changes. The protruding chin is an evolutionary feature that separates humans from ancestors. Early humans experienced a reduction in jaw size that has persisted in modern humans. Diet influences the size and shape of jaws, maxilla, and dental arches.
Evolution of man(palaeontological evidence)Vinay c
This document summarizes the evolution of man from early hominins to modern humans based on paleontological evidence. It outlines the key stages in human evolution including Ramapithecus, Austrolopithecus, Cro-Magnon man, and Homo sapiens. The document presents the taxonomic classification of humans and discusses anatomical changes like posture and brain evolution that occurred at different stages of human evolution over approximately 6 million years.
Hominids have evolved over time from early groups like Australopithecines to later groups such as Homo Erectus, Homo Neanderthalensis, and early modern Homo Sapiens. Australopithecines lived many years ago and walked on all fours, while Homo Erectus could walk upright but did not know how to control fire. Homo Neanderthalensis was able to walk upright and use tools to hunt animals, and also controlled the use of fire. Many fossils of early modern Homo Sapiens have been found, showing they lived on Earth many years ago. Hominids evolved to have bigger brains and more advanced skills over long periods of time.
Humans, scientifically known as Homo Sapiens, emerged around 12,000 years ago in Africa and are the only surviving species of the Homo genus. As hunter-gatherers, early humans lacked modern behaviors like abstract thinking until around 50,000 years ago when signs of prehistoric art began to emerge. Modern humans are highly intelligent social animals capable of complex language, logic, science, and technology that sets them apart from other species.
The document summarizes evidence from hominin fossil discoveries spanning 6-2 million years ago. It describes multiple species, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, Paranthropus robustus, P. boisei, Homo habilis, H. rudolfensis, H. erectus, H. antecessor and evidence that H. antecessor may have practiced cannibalism.
This document discusses early hominin species including Australopithecus garhi, Homo habilis, and Homo rudolfensis. A. garhi, found in Ethiopia in 1996, was the earliest known tool-producing hominin dating to between 2.6-2.5 million years ago. H. habilis produced basic stone tools and expanded out of Africa between 2.4-1.5 million years ago. H. rudolfensis, found in Kenya, may be a separate species from H. habilis based on cranial differences. The document also examines the physical characteristics, fossil evidence, locomotion, diet, and basic stone tool production of these early hominins.
This document discusses the evolution of complexity in the universe from the Big Bang to the development of human cultures and history. It covers the fundamental forces of physics that govern the universe, the development of atoms and molecules governed by chemistry, the emergence of living organisms and biology, and finally the evolution of human cognition, agriculture, and science that led to history. Key events included the cognitive revolution 70,000 years ago, the agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago, and the scientific revolution 500 years ago.
Dinosaurs first appeared approximately 230 million years ago during the Triassic period and were the dominant land animals for over 135 million years. Birds evolved from feathered, winged theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic period and are therefore considered a subgroup of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs exhibited tremendous diversity and variation in size, diet, and anatomy over their long reign. While non-avian dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago, modern birds continue the dinosaur lineage today.
The document summarizes the emergence and evolution of early human species from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens. It describes key findings such as the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens around 500,000 years ago. Neanderthals appeared in Europe and western Asia around 300,000 years ago. Modern humans emerged in Africa around 160,000 years ago and spread throughout the Old World, eventually replacing Neanderthals. Upper Paleolithic cultures from 40,000 years ago produced new toolmaking techniques like blade production and pressure flaking.
This document summarizes the evolution of hominids from early species like Homo habilis and Australopithecus afarensis to modern humans. Key findings include evidence that Homo erectus were the first hominids to use fire, the discovery of Lucy showed early hominids were bipedal 3.2 million years ago, and the Laetoli footprints proved even earlier hominids walked upright 3.6 million years ago. The document outlines several Homo species that preceded Homo sapiens and traces modern human origins to around 195,000 years ago in Africa, from which all humans migrated and descended from a single female.
Homo sapiens are classified as follows: Kingdom Animilia, Phylum Chordota, Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Hominidae, Genus Homo, Species H. sapiens, Subspecies H. s. sapiens. There are three theories of human origin: the complete replacement model, regional continuity model, and partial replacement model. The partial replacement model proposes that early Homo sapiens originated over 100,000 years ago in Africa and initially dispersed from South Africa, hybridizing with resident groups as they moved into Eurasia and eventually replacing them.
This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and body organization. It discusses anatomical position, regional terms for body surfaces, planes used to divide the body, and major body cavities. The key points covered are:
1) Anatomical position defines how the body is positioned for study, with the body erect and palms facing forward.
2) The body is divided into axial and appendicular regions, and specific terms designate areas of the body surface.
3) Major body cavities include the dorsal cavity housing the nervous system and ventral cavity containing internal organs.
This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and body organization. It discusses anatomical position, regional terms for body surfaces, planes used to divide the body, and body cavities. The major body cavities are the dorsal cavity containing the brain and spinal cord, and the ventral cavity containing the heart, lungs, and digestive organs. The ventral cavity is further divided into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.
This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and body organization. It discusses anatomical position, regional terms for body surfaces, planes used to divide the body, and major body cavities. The key points are:
1) Anatomical position defines how the body is positioned for study, with the body erect and palms facing forward.
2) The body is divided into axial and appendicular regions, and specific terms designate areas of the body surfaces.
3) Major body cavities include the dorsal cavity housing the nervous system and ventral cavity containing internal organs. The ventral cavity separates into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Homo sapiens originated in Africa and then spread throughout the world approximately 100,000 years ago. There are two theories for how this occurred - either Homo sapiens developed in Africa and migrated worldwide, or ancestors developed separately into Homo sapiens in different locations. Homo sapiens were able to inhabit all environments due to their omnivorous diet, bipedalism, and ability to use complex tools.
Human Evolution of the Teeth & Jaws: A Mouthful of History- International Jou...hindol1996
The morphology & function of the teeth & jaws of Homo sapiens has changed with hominid evolution to their present form, when compared to those who lived 25,000 years ago, of the last common ancestor of humans & living apes. The field of human evolution is not normally considered within the scope of dentistry, yet the very same jaws & teeth upon which dentistry depends provide much of the essential evidence of human evolution. This review article tells a story of the patterns of dental morphological evolution in the course of time in relation to human origins. It provides a compelling account of how the interaction of diet, speech & environment has shaped human evolution of the jaws & teeth.
1) Homo erectus were the first hominids to disperse out of Africa around 1.8 million years ago, migrating to various parts of Asia and Europe.
2) Neanderthals, who lived in Europe and western Asia from 130,000-30,000 years ago, were premodern humans that shared traits with modern humans but also had distinguishing morphological features.
3) Anatomically modern humans are believed to have first evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating and replacing or interbreeding with local populations, though some argue regional continuity of evolution also occurred.
HUman Biological and Cultural EvolutiojPaulVMcDowell
The document discusses human biological and cultural evolution from an anthropological perspective. It covers taxonomy and how humans fit within the animal kingdom as primates. It then examines human anatomy compared to chimpanzees, including brain structure, hands, bipedalism, and other features that enabled human culture and tool use. The document also reviews early models of human origins, fossils of hominins, and trends in human evolution from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens.
Human biological and cultural evolutionPaulVMcDowell
Human Biological and Cultural Evolution discusses key aspects of human evolution, including our biological capacity for culture. It examines our taxonomy, comparing human and chimp anatomy and brains. Key human adaptations like bipedalism, tool-making abilities, and increased brain size allowed for the development of culture over generations, from Australopithecus to Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and modern Homo sapiens. Understanding our evolutionary history provides context for how and why human culture emerged.
Hominids are a group that includes humans and their closest relatives. As the African tropical forest retreated due to the Ice Age, some primates adapted to walking upright on two feet (bipedalism) which allowed them to see further, travel more efficiently, and use their hands. The earliest hominids were called Australopithecines including "Lucy". Later, Homo habilis emerged around 2 million years ago and were the first to make stone tools. Homo erectus also appeared then and were the first to control fire and build more complex tools. Around 100,000 years ago Homo sapiens emerged and migrated out of Africa, developing early signs of culture.
Human evolution began about 6 million years ago in Africa and involves changes that occurred over many generations in early human populations. Key developments included bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools, and the emergence of Homo sapiens around 300,000 years ago in Africa. The study of human evolution uses evidence from fossils, genetics, and other scientific disciplines to understand these anatomical and physiological changes.
The document summarizes a study that analyzed rib morphology in humans, great apes, and the 3.6 million year old Kadanuumuu skeleton (KSD) to understand the evolution of the hominin thorax. Key findings include:
1) Humans have wider upper ribs and a more barrel-shaped thorax compared to apes' funnel shape. KSD's ribs were wide like humans but flared at the bottom like apes, suggesting a transitional "bell shape".
2) Human ribs are more declined than ape ribs. KSD's rib angles fell within the human range, implying a human-like posture.
3) Humans have deeper spinal invagination than ap
The document discusses the evolution of the human masticatory system, including jaws and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). It describes how Darwin and Wallace developed the theory of natural selection to explain evolution. The size of human jaws and maxilla have decreased compared to great apes due to dietary changes. The protruding chin is an evolutionary feature that separates humans from ancestors. Early humans experienced a reduction in jaw size that has persisted in modern humans. Diet influences the size and shape of jaws, maxilla, and dental arches.
Evolution of man(palaeontological evidence)Vinay c
This document summarizes the evolution of man from early hominins to modern humans based on paleontological evidence. It outlines the key stages in human evolution including Ramapithecus, Austrolopithecus, Cro-Magnon man, and Homo sapiens. The document presents the taxonomic classification of humans and discusses anatomical changes like posture and brain evolution that occurred at different stages of human evolution over approximately 6 million years.
Hominids have evolved over time from early groups like Australopithecines to later groups such as Homo Erectus, Homo Neanderthalensis, and early modern Homo Sapiens. Australopithecines lived many years ago and walked on all fours, while Homo Erectus could walk upright but did not know how to control fire. Homo Neanderthalensis was able to walk upright and use tools to hunt animals, and also controlled the use of fire. Many fossils of early modern Homo Sapiens have been found, showing they lived on Earth many years ago. Hominids evolved to have bigger brains and more advanced skills over long periods of time.
Humans, scientifically known as Homo Sapiens, emerged around 12,000 years ago in Africa and are the only surviving species of the Homo genus. As hunter-gatherers, early humans lacked modern behaviors like abstract thinking until around 50,000 years ago when signs of prehistoric art began to emerge. Modern humans are highly intelligent social animals capable of complex language, logic, science, and technology that sets them apart from other species.
The document summarizes evidence from hominin fossil discoveries spanning 6-2 million years ago. It describes multiple species, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, Paranthropus robustus, P. boisei, Homo habilis, H. rudolfensis, H. erectus, H. antecessor and evidence that H. antecessor may have practiced cannibalism.
This document discusses early hominin species including Australopithecus garhi, Homo habilis, and Homo rudolfensis. A. garhi, found in Ethiopia in 1996, was the earliest known tool-producing hominin dating to between 2.6-2.5 million years ago. H. habilis produced basic stone tools and expanded out of Africa between 2.4-1.5 million years ago. H. rudolfensis, found in Kenya, may be a separate species from H. habilis based on cranial differences. The document also examines the physical characteristics, fossil evidence, locomotion, diet, and basic stone tool production of these early hominins.
This document discusses the evolution of complexity in the universe from the Big Bang to the development of human cultures and history. It covers the fundamental forces of physics that govern the universe, the development of atoms and molecules governed by chemistry, the emergence of living organisms and biology, and finally the evolution of human cognition, agriculture, and science that led to history. Key events included the cognitive revolution 70,000 years ago, the agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago, and the scientific revolution 500 years ago.
Dinosaurs first appeared approximately 230 million years ago during the Triassic period and were the dominant land animals for over 135 million years. Birds evolved from feathered, winged theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic period and are therefore considered a subgroup of dinosaurs. Dinosaurs exhibited tremendous diversity and variation in size, diet, and anatomy over their long reign. While non-avian dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago, modern birds continue the dinosaur lineage today.
The document summarizes the emergence and evolution of early human species from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens. It describes key findings such as the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens around 500,000 years ago. Neanderthals appeared in Europe and western Asia around 300,000 years ago. Modern humans emerged in Africa around 160,000 years ago and spread throughout the Old World, eventually replacing Neanderthals. Upper Paleolithic cultures from 40,000 years ago produced new toolmaking techniques like blade production and pressure flaking.
This document summarizes the evolution of hominids from early species like Homo habilis and Australopithecus afarensis to modern humans. Key findings include evidence that Homo erectus were the first hominids to use fire, the discovery of Lucy showed early hominids were bipedal 3.2 million years ago, and the Laetoli footprints proved even earlier hominids walked upright 3.6 million years ago. The document outlines several Homo species that preceded Homo sapiens and traces modern human origins to around 195,000 years ago in Africa, from which all humans migrated and descended from a single female.
Homo sapiens are classified as follows: Kingdom Animilia, Phylum Chordota, Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Hominidae, Genus Homo, Species H. sapiens, Subspecies H. s. sapiens. There are three theories of human origin: the complete replacement model, regional continuity model, and partial replacement model. The partial replacement model proposes that early Homo sapiens originated over 100,000 years ago in Africa and initially dispersed from South Africa, hybridizing with resident groups as they moved into Eurasia and eventually replacing them.
This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and body organization. It discusses anatomical position, regional terms for body surfaces, planes used to divide the body, and major body cavities. The key points covered are:
1) Anatomical position defines how the body is positioned for study, with the body erect and palms facing forward.
2) The body is divided into axial and appendicular regions, and specific terms designate areas of the body surface.
3) Major body cavities include the dorsal cavity housing the nervous system and ventral cavity containing internal organs.
This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and body organization. It discusses anatomical position, regional terms for body surfaces, planes used to divide the body, and body cavities. The major body cavities are the dorsal cavity containing the brain and spinal cord, and the ventral cavity containing the heart, lungs, and digestive organs. The ventral cavity is further divided into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.
This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and body organization. It discusses anatomical position, regional terms for body surfaces, planes used to divide the body, and major body cavities. The key points are:
1) Anatomical position defines how the body is positioned for study, with the body erect and palms facing forward.
2) The body is divided into axial and appendicular regions, and specific terms designate areas of the body surfaces.
3) Major body cavities include the dorsal cavity housing the nervous system and ventral cavity containing internal organs. The ventral cavity separates into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Homo sapiens originated in Africa and then spread throughout the world approximately 100,000 years ago. There are two theories for how this occurred - either Homo sapiens developed in Africa and migrated worldwide, or ancestors developed separately into Homo sapiens in different locations. Homo sapiens were able to inhabit all environments due to their omnivorous diet, bipedalism, and ability to use complex tools.
Human Evolution of the Teeth & Jaws: A Mouthful of History- International Jou...hindol1996
The morphology & function of the teeth & jaws of Homo sapiens has changed with hominid evolution to their present form, when compared to those who lived 25,000 years ago, of the last common ancestor of humans & living apes. The field of human evolution is not normally considered within the scope of dentistry, yet the very same jaws & teeth upon which dentistry depends provide much of the essential evidence of human evolution. This review article tells a story of the patterns of dental morphological evolution in the course of time in relation to human origins. It provides a compelling account of how the interaction of diet, speech & environment has shaped human evolution of the jaws & teeth.
1) Homo erectus were the first hominids to disperse out of Africa around 1.8 million years ago, migrating to various parts of Asia and Europe.
2) Neanderthals, who lived in Europe and western Asia from 130,000-30,000 years ago, were premodern humans that shared traits with modern humans but also had distinguishing morphological features.
3) Anatomically modern humans are believed to have first evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating and replacing or interbreeding with local populations, though some argue regional continuity of evolution also occurred.
HUman Biological and Cultural EvolutiojPaulVMcDowell
The document discusses human biological and cultural evolution from an anthropological perspective. It covers taxonomy and how humans fit within the animal kingdom as primates. It then examines human anatomy compared to chimpanzees, including brain structure, hands, bipedalism, and other features that enabled human culture and tool use. The document also reviews early models of human origins, fossils of hominins, and trends in human evolution from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens.
Human biological and cultural evolutionPaulVMcDowell
Human Biological and Cultural Evolution discusses key aspects of human evolution, including our biological capacity for culture. It examines our taxonomy, comparing human and chimp anatomy and brains. Key human adaptations like bipedalism, tool-making abilities, and increased brain size allowed for the development of culture over generations, from Australopithecus to Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and modern Homo sapiens. Understanding our evolutionary history provides context for how and why human culture emerged.
- The document discusses human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments like bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools and fire, and cultural evolution.
- Early primates like tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises evolved around 58 million years ago. Monkeys emerged around 35 million years ago and the first hominids around 6 million years ago.
- Adaptations for tree-dwelling included grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, and long limbs. Bipedalism evolved in early hominids like Australopithecus as an adaptation for life on the ground.
1) Humans diverged from chimpanzees around 6-8 million years ago. While chimps are our closest living relatives, sharing 95% of our DNA, structural differences evolved between humans and apes that allowed humans to walk upright.
2) As humans evolved, our skeletons developed features adapted for bipedalism, such as a more rigid, S-shaped backbone for support and balance, broader chests, and longer necks. Our shoulders also broadened and the shoulder blades moved to the back.
3) The hands of humans became more refined for grasping tools, with an opposable thumb and precision grip, whereas ape hands are adapted for climbing and brachiation with longer
This document summarizes the evolution of primates and hominids over time. It discusses the earliest primates like prosimians that emerged 58 million years ago. Subsequent groups discussed include monkeys, apes, hominids, and several human ancestors like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens. Key adaptations that enabled primates and hominids to evolve are also summarized.
This document discusses hominin evolution and classification. It begins by classifying humans as mammals within the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Mammalia, and order Primates. It then describes several early hominin species like Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis. Key developments discussed include bipedalism, brain growth, and basic tool use. The document also notes the emergence and spread of Homo erectus and later species like Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens.
Modern humans originated in Africa around 200,000 years ago. Genetic studies show all living humans are related through a single female ("Mitochondrial Eve") who lived around 150,000 years ago in East Africa, and a single male ("Y-chromosomal Adam") who lived between 120,000-156,000 years ago. While humans share 99% of our DNA worldwide, we diverged genetically from chimpanzees around 10 million years ago and have evolved significantly larger brains and bipedalism compared to our primate ancestors.
What Makes a Fossil a HomininMajor hominin fossil discove.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
What Makes a Fossil a Hominin?
Major hominin fossil discoveries are important and only happen occasionally. But how do scholars even know that what they have found is a hominin at all? In Module 4 we saw that after discovery, determining the age of a fossil is important because it places it in temporal context. Paleoanthropologists and archaeologists excavate fossil discoveries very carefully in order to avoid contaminating samples that must be pristine for dating to be accurate. As you learned,
dating is sometimes done indirectly
, meaning that the surrounding matrix (strata) or an associated object might be what is dated in order to derive the date of the fossil. It is normal for many samples to be repeatedly dated in order to verify that a result is accurate. It is also normal to use as many techniques as possible to verify a fossil's date. Thus, when
Orrorin tugenensis
(image above left) was discovered and excavated by Martin Pickford and Brigitte Senut in Kenya in 2000, it was chronometrically dated using K-Ar (
Potassium-Argon
) dating of the trachyte volcanic layer it was found below, but additional techniques like
biostratigraphy
,
paleomagnetism
, and comparative analysis of fossilized algae were all used to confirm and refine the date as well as verify that the fossil hadn't been displaced into the strata it was found in. The application and combination of several research methods in the study of the same phenomenon is known as
triangulation
and it is critical in scientific research because it helps strengthen and support claims. Situating a new discovery in the existing fossil record requires knowing its age and scientists use every means possible to confirm their claims.
Dating the fossil is critical but the real work only starts there. Pickford and Senut claimed the fossilized bones in the image above were a hominin, but how did they know this? Determining taxonomic placement of fossils is done by
comparing morphological traits
. As you know, the single defining derived trait shared by hominins is upright walking or
bipedalism
, so determining that a fossil is a hominin requires showing it has the skeletal traits of a biped. When walking on two legs on the ground is the normal form of locomotion, it is called
obligate bipedalism
.
The evolution of bipedalism as a form of locomotion brought significant anatomical modifications, as can be seen when we compare the skeletons of a gorilla with a human:
Some differences between the skeletons of a gorilla and a human.
The anatomical differences between a gorilla and a human show how different the skeleton of a biped is from a quadruped. Differences include changes to the pelvis, the spine, the lower limbs and even the skull (the position of the
foramen magnum
discussed in the module Introduction). When assessing bipedalism, one of the best parts of the skeleton to have is the
pelvis
. The human pelvis is bowl-shaped to support the bodies inner organs wh.
The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution from early hominids to modern Homo sapiens. It discusses that the evolutionary history of hominids is not clear due to incomplete fossil records. Early hominid species included Australopithecus afarensis and Homo habilis. Later species such as Homo erectus showed adaptations for walking and larger brain size. The document compares physical traits between hominid species and modern humans. It also addresses debates around the emergence of modern humans and their relationship to Neanderthals.
This document discusses human evolution and the evidence from fossils that show how humans developed from early hominids. It provides a timeline of major hominid species like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. It describes changes in anatomy that characterize human evolution like the positioning of the foramen magnum, increased brain size, flatter faces, and changes in teeth and jaw structure. The document also discusses where the oldest hominid fossils have been found, with East Africa considered the likely "cradle of humankind." Key sites in South Africa like Sterkfontein are also mentioned where many important early hominid fossils have been discovered.
Anthropological concepts of clinical orthodonticsSaibel Farishta
The document discusses anthropological concepts relevant to orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to anthropology and its subfields like physical, cultural, linguistic and archaeological anthropology. It then covers evolution and theories of evolution like Lamarckism, orthogenesis and natural selection. Key topics in human evolution are discussed - evolution of the face, jaws, teeth and their attachments. Hominid evolution is outlined from early apes to Homo sapiens. Concepts in dental anthropology like indices and tooth traits are also summarized.
Human evolution
1
Classification of Hominins
Kingdom: Animalia
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Anthropoidea
Superfamily: Hominoidea
Family: Hominidea
Subfamily: Homininae
Tribe: Hominini
2
T. Harrison Science 327, 532-534 (2010)
Animalia: depend on intake of living food; do not make their own food
Subphylum: have a bony skeleton with bilateral symmetry
Class: live bearing, mother nurses young, 4 chambered heart, warm blooded, sweat glands, 2 sets of teeth with four kinds of teeth
Order: Generalized arboreal; 5 digits, hands and feet capable of grasping; tendency to erect posture with head balanced on spinal column; reliance on vision rather than smell; 3D vision; nails rather than claws; opposable thumb; extensive bony protection of eyes
Suborder: New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans; are two other primate suborders (prosimians and tarsiers)
Superfamily: short, flat, broad trunk; vertebral column set within rib cage; dorsal scapula & lateral facing shoulder = full rotation of arms; no external tail; specialized dentition
Family: humans, ancestors, & all great apes
Subfamily: humans, ancestors, chimps, & gorillas
Tribe: humans and ancestors
2
What is a Hominin?
Modern humans
Our ancestors
Other species branching off this lineage
First Hominin debate
5 – 10 mya
Earliest Hominin fossils are:
African, ~7 million years old
Very apelike – mosaic of traits
3
At the end of the Miocene, around 6 mya, a new tribe of primates arose: the Hominins.
This family includes modern humans and our extinct ancestors since the divergence from the last common ancestor with chimpanzees.
DNA evidence and protein studies suggest that the last common ancestor to the chimpanzee and human lineages evolved at this time, around 6 mya; however, this evidence does not tell us about what these early ancestors would have looked like
Hominins, members of the taxonomic family Homininae, may be distinguished from the apes by the following anatomical traits: (next slide)
3
Identifying Hominins
Key Hominin traits:
Skeletal traits associated with bipedalism
Changes to the face, teeth, and jaws
Expansion of the brain (encephalization)
Tool-making behavior
4
The identification of hominin fossils depends on some key skeletal traits BUT identifications are not certain in all circumstances. (Why is this the case? Well recall our discussion in class regarding the fossil record for primates…). The key traits we look at are:
- bipedalism
-dental traits
-increased cephalisation, or increased brain size
-a reduced face, also known as a reduction in facial prognathism
-and finally a little bit of culture
It is important to realize that many of these traits evolved in a mosaic fashion. Many of the early hominids that we will be discussing today will not show all of these traits but a subset of them. This can cause controversy in classification, as different researchers emphasize th ...
This document summarizes key aspects of human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes how primates evolved adaptations for life in trees 65 million years ago. Early hominins like Australopithecus became bipedal 4.4 million years ago. Homo habilis began using tools 2.5 million years ago. Homo erectus was the first to migrate out of Africa 1.8 million years ago. Anatomically modern humans emerged in Africa around 100,000 years ago and replaced other hominin species as they spread to other continents.
The document summarizes human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses how the first hominids originated in Africa and the Rift Valley. Key changes in human evolution included walking upright, brain development, reduction in jaw and tooth size, development of opposable thumbs and flat feet, and eventually the development of language. Several important early human species are mentioned, including Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens sapiens. Tools from different time periods associated with these species are also listed.
The document provides an overview of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses that hominids diverged from apes around 8 million years ago. Early hominids such as Australopithecines, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus developed increasingly advanced tools and technology. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago, with Neanderthals present until around 30,000 years ago when they were replaced by Cro-Magnon humans. It also summarizes the transition to more settled agricultural lifestyles during the Neolithic period around 10,000 BCE. Key adaptations that differentiated humans from apes included bipedalism, increased brain size, changes in
1) Primates first evolved around 65 million years ago and split into two main groups - one containing lemurs and lorises, and the other containing tarsiers and anthropoids like monkeys, apes and humans.
2) Early hominines like Australopithecus afarensis had adaptations for both walking upright and spending time in trees, as evidenced by fossils like "Lucy".
3) Later hominines evolved adaptations like an opposable thumb and larger brains that enabled tool use and were better suited for life on land. Fossils continue to provide new insights into human evolution but also raise new questions.
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
There is no consensus on the evolutionary history of hominids due to an incomplete fossil record. This presentation will provide a brief overview of hominid evolution from the beginning of life in the Tertiary period to modern Homo sapiens. While the exact timeline is uncertain, evidence suggests early hominids like Australopithecus emerged around 4-5 million years ago in Africa. Traits like reduced canine teeth and bipedalism developed over time. Later species such as Homo habilis and Homo erectus had larger brains and more human-like features. Anatomically modern humans are believed to have evolved around 200,000 years ago in Africa.
Similar to Msk imaging paleoanthropo jd laredo (20)
This document discusses interventional radiology techniques for renal tumors, including biopsy and radiofrequency ablation (RF). It first covers using biopsy for diagnosing small solid renal tumors, noting its accuracy and importance for determining appropriate treatment. RF is then discussed as a treatment option for renal tumors. The technique, evaluation criteria pre-procedure, expected results from studies showing effectiveness rates of 80-90% and predictive factors for success, and post-procedure follow up are summarized. RF ablation is indicated for tumors under 4 cm, especially if exophytic or in high-risk patients.
This document discusses the use of MRI in staging cervical cancer according to the FIGO staging system. It provides details on the MRI protocol, what areas to evaluate for tumor extension, and the accuracy of MRI findings. Key areas MRI can evaluate include parametrial invasion, vaginal involvement, pelvic sidewall extension, hydronephrosis, and lymph node status. Accuracy is high for staging tumor extension locally and detecting lymph node metastases.
Urology gynecology correlative imaging of gynecological diseases t lamJFIM
This document discusses the use of correlative imaging techniques for gynecological diseases. It provides examples of using structural imaging like MRI and CT to detail anatomy and lesion characteristics. It also explores tissue characterization to differentiate tissues and tumors. Cancer staging is discussed, highlighting how imaging can accurately assess tumor extent and involvement of surrounding structures. Functional imaging techniques like PET/CT are also summarized for evaluating tumor response to treatment and detecting metastases in ovarian and other gynecological cancers.
Urology gynecology anapath et imagerie c balleyguierJFIM
This document discusses how to assess benignity in rare ovarian tumors using imaging and pathology. It notes that imaging alone can nearly never determine benignity, except for some functional ovarian lesions, fibrous tumors, and mature teratomas. Pathology is nearly always needed to avoid misdiagnosis, especially for functional lesions. The document provides examples of imaging findings that suggest benignity for certain tumor types like ovarian fibromas and dermoid cysts. It also discusses imaging features that may indicate malignancy and provides examples of rare malignant ovarian tumors.
MDCT plays an expanding role in planning various cardiovascular procedures such as PCI, TAVI, LAA closure, and cardiac resynchronization by identifying high-risk anatomical features. MDCT is useful for planning re-do cardiac surgery and evaluating para-prosthetic valve leaks. Key findings on MDCT can impact surgical approach and reduce risks for re-do procedures. MDCT also helps guide percutaneous treatments for para-prosthetic leaks.
This document discusses various imaging modalities used to image non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) including anatomical, functional, and molecular imaging. It describes the evolution of imaging from the 1980s using X-ray and CT to visualize anatomy, to current use of functional imaging techniques like dual-energy CT, diffusion-weighted MRI, and PET-CT to provide information on tissue characteristics and metabolism. These advanced imaging methods help evaluate NSCLC for diagnosis, staging, assessing treatment response and detecting recurrence compared to anatomical imaging alone.
Thorax cardio coeur heart evaluation asymptomatic smoker p douekJFIM
The document discusses cardiovascular risk assessment in asymptomatic patients, specifically evaluating a 50-year-old asymptomatic smoker using coronary artery calcium scoring. Coronary artery calcium scoring can help reclassify patients' risk levels compared to traditional risk models and may lead patients to modify risk factors or receive preventative treatments. However, calcium scoring has limitations and its ability to improve outcomes beyond risk factor modification requires further study.
Thorax cardio chest imaging in up to 50 year old non symptomatic smoker g fer...JFIM
Chest imaging in asymptomatic smokers aged 50 and under can identify both normal aging changes in the lungs as well as potentially serious conditions. Normal aging changes include bronchial dilation, enlarged alveolar spaces, and pulmonary cysts in over 25% of those over age 75. Potentially serious conditions identified include emphysema, respiratory bronchiolitis, interstitial lung disease such as NSIP and UIP patterns, and air trapping. Screening studies have found that both the prevalence and progression of interstitial lung abnormalities are higher in current smokers. Low-dose CT is now recommended for lung cancer screening in smokers aged 55-74 with at least 30 pack-year history.
Thorax cardio adult dyspnea imaging g ferrettiJFIM
The document discusses dyspnea (shortness of breath), which is a common symptom in patients presenting to the emergency department with thoracic diseases. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is highlighted as the best non-invasive tool for evaluating dyspnea, as it can identify underlying causes such as emphysema, asthma, pulmonary embolism, and interstitial lung diseases. The document presents several case examples where HRCT provided a diagnosis when other tests were nondiagnostic or revealed atypical features of diseases. HRCT is particularly useful when initial clinical exams and tests fail to identify a cause of dyspnea.
Neurology advanced mr imaging in epilepsy v laiJFIM
This document discusses advanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques for epilepsy. It provides an overview of various structural and functional imaging findings and concepts. The document outlines several etiologies of epilepsy that can be identified on imaging such as malformations of cortical development, mesial temporal sclerosis, tumors, and vascular or nonvascular insults. Advanced MR techniques discussed include high resolution structural imaging, susceptibility weighted imaging, and functional techniques like radionuclide imaging, T2 relaxometry, MR spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, and arterial spin labeling that can help localize the epileptogenic lesion. The document also presents some of the author's preliminary work utilizing 3T MR imaging and quantitative volumetry to detect subtle lesions, improve detection
This document discusses subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), providing information on epidemiology, clinical presentation, causes, imaging techniques, and complications. It can be summarized as follows:
SAH most commonly results from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm (80% of cases), with imaging playing a key role in confirming the presence of SAH, identifying its cause, and detecting complications. CT and CT angiography are the initial imaging modalities, allowing diagnosis of SAH in 95% of cases as well as characterization of aneurysms. MR angiography and cerebral angiography provide alternatives for evaluating SAH of unknown origin or atypical presentations. Managing SAH requires a multidisciplinary approach including emergency
This document provides an overview of multi-modality imaging techniques for dementia. It discusses how dementia is an umbrella term used to describe cognitive disorders caused by specific diseases and conditions. Alzheimer's disease accounts for about 60% of dementia cases. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and evaluation of dementia subtypes. Standard MRI is the primary imaging method and can detect features of various dementias like hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease or white matter lesions in vascular dementia. Advanced MRI techniques and other modalities like PET are also discussed. The document reviews what constitutes normal age-related brain changes versus abnormalities seen in different neurodegenerative dementias.
1) The document describes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including its production in the choroid plexus at a rate of 20 cm3/h, composition, flow through the ventricles and absorption via arachnoid granulations into the dural sinuses.
2) It then discusses two clinical cases of young women presenting with headaches and the differential diagnoses of intracranial hypotension and idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
3) Intracranial hypotension is described as being caused by a CSF leak leading to decreased CSF volume and pressure, with characteristic MRI findings of dural enhancement and venous distension.
This document provides an overview of cerebral vein anatomy and pathology. It describes the external cortical veins that drain into the superior sagittal sinus and internal veins like the vein of Galen. Common pathologies involving cerebral veins include thrombosis of the superior cerebral veins which can cause seizures or bleeding. Malformations of the vein of Galen like aneurysms can cause heart failure in newborns or neurological issues in older children.
1. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is an MRI technique for assessing cerebral blood flow non-invasively and without the need for contrast agents.
2. ASL uses radiofrequency pulses to magnetically label arterial blood water protons upstream of the imaging region. Images are then acquired with and without labeling to quantify perfusion.
3. ASL acquisitions suffer from low signal-to-noise but various techniques like continuous, pulsed, and pseudo-continuous labeling as well as higher field strengths and multichannel coils have been used to improve quality.
This document discusses imaging of the sacroiliac joint, including radiography and MRI findings. It begins with an overview of sacroiliac joint anatomy. It then describes common radiographic views and classifications of sacroiliac joint damage. The document focuses on using MRI to identify inflammatory lesions in the sacroiliac joints that can indicate early spondyloarthritis. It discusses how stopping NSAIDs before MRI may have little impact on findings. Repeating sacroiliac MRI months later generally does not reveal new cases, except possibly in HLA-B27 positive men. The document recommends sacroiliac MRI over spine MRI alone for axial spondyloarthritis workup given the low yield of isolated spinal findings without sac
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The document summarizes a presentation on image-guided musculoskeletal (MSK) interventions. It discusses various core MSK interventions like joint aspiration and injection as well as more advanced procedures. It emphasizes using readily available imaging equipment and low-cost instruments. The goal is to provide high-quality "wrap-up" images to demonstrate expertise to referrers and patients.
This document provides an overview of hip imaging and common hip pathologies. It discusses early onset osteoarthritis, hip dysplasia, femoroacetabular impingement, labral tears, cartilage damage, and tendon injuries that can be seen on hip imaging. The document outlines techniques for evaluating the acetabulum, femoral head, labrum, cartilage and surrounding soft tissues. It also notes that many asymptomatic individuals may have incidental findings on hip imaging and that the level of activity plays a role in determining which morphological abnormalities become symptomatic.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
1. JFIM
2013:
The
pelvis:
An
anatomical
comparison
in
animal
species
and
evolu=on
Jean-‐Denis
Laredo
MSK
radiologist
Denis
Diderot
Paris
University
And
CNRS
7051
2. Age
of
the
world
and
animals
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Universe:
13.8
billion
years
(«
Big
bang
»)
Earth:
4.54
billion
years
Vertebrates
:
500
million
years
(aqua=c
first)
Dinosaurus:
100-‐50
million
years
Mammalians:
50
million
years
Primates
35
million
years
Hominidae-‐Big
Monkeys
(Apes)
10-‐15
million
years
Common
ancestor
to
big
monkeys
and
humans:
7
million
years
Australopithecus:
3
million
years
Homo
Habilis:
1.8
million
years
Homo
sapiens:
1
million
years
Homo
sapiens
sapiens:
100,000
years
15. Human
(Bipeds)
anatomic
characteris=cs
1. Foot!
Humans
have
a
specific
foot
anatomy
The
Bonobo
has
4
hands
Homo
Homo
:
M1-‐M2
joint
16. Human
(Bipeds)
anatomic
characteris=cs
1. Foot!
highly
specialised
in
bipeds
Bonobo
Homo,
hallux
valgus
17. Foot
steps
in
Laetoli
(Tanzania)
Australopithecus
afarensis
(Lucy),
3
million
years
18. Human
(Bipeds)
anatomic
characteris=cs
1. Foot!
highly
specialised
in
bipeds
2. Long
femoral
neck
Cow
Bonobo
Lucy(Australopithecus)
Homo
habilis
Homo
sapiens
19. Human
femur
• Femoral
head:
2/3
of
a
sphere
• Weight-‐bearing
20. Human
femur
• Femoral
head:
2/3
of
a
sphere
• Weight-‐bearing
Propensity
to
subchondral
fracture
21.
22. Human
femur
• Femoral
head:
2/3
of
a
sphere
(extended
car=lage)
• Poor
vascularisa=on
Propensity
to
avascular
necrosis
23. Human
(Bipeds)
anatomic
characteris=cs
1. Foot!
highly
specialised
in
bipeds
2. Femoral
neck
3. Pelvis
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. Human
(Bipeds)
anatomic
characteris=cs
1. Foot!
highly
specialised
in
bipeds
2. Femoral
neck
3. Pelvis
Quadrupeds
Cow
Bonobo
Bipeds
Lucy
Homo
sapiens
69. Motion
Life
is
mo=on
«
Mo5on
is
at
the
root
of
all
ac5ons
»
E"enne
Jules
Marey
(1830
–
1904)
«
Le
mouvement
est
l’acte
le
plus
important
en
ce
sens
que
toutes
les
fonc5ons
empruntent
son
concours
pour
s’accomplir.
»
70. Primate
locomo=on
Tree
Brachia=on
Tree
Quadrupeds
Ground
quadrupeds
Big
monkeys
Ground
bipeds
Hominidae
90. VALUE
OF
BILATERAL
STANDING
OBLIQUE
RADIOGRAPHS
(«
FAUX
PROFIL
DE
LEQUESNE
»)
IN
THE
DIAGNOSIS
OF
HIP
OSTEOARTHRITIS
91. The
acetabulum
can
be
described
as
a
croissant
Apical
Roof
Posterior
Horn
Anterior
Roof
Anterior
Horn
92. However,
the
AP
radiograph
only
profiles
the
apical
roof
of
the
acetabulum.
Apical
Roof
93. Standing
oblique
of
the
hip
«
faux-‐profil
»
de
Lequesne
X-‐Ray
Target
hip
65°
Lequesne,
M.G.Laredo,
J.D.
The
faux
profil
(oblique
view)
of
the
hip
in
the
standing
posi5on.
Contribu5on
to
the
evalua5on
of
osteoarthri5s
of
the
adult
hip.
Ann
Rheum
Dis,
1998
94.
The
SO
view
profiles
the
posterior
horn,
apical
roof
and
anterior
roof
of
the
hip
in
contact
with
the
radiographic
table,
the
“target”
hip.
Anterior
Roof
Anterior
Roof
Apical
Roof
Posterior
Horn
Target
Hip
Right
Hip
95.
96. The
Lequesne
Standing
Oblique
is
more
sensi=ve
than
the
AP
Pelvis
view
for
the
diagnosis
of
early
OA
Lequesne
M.
ARD
1998
Conrozier
T.
O&C
1998
Vignon
E.
J
Rheumatol
2004
Normal
OA
98.
The
SO
view
profiles
the
posterior
horn,
apical
roof
and
anterior
roof
of
the
hip
in
contact
with
the
radiographic
table,
the
“target”
hip.
Anterior
Roof
Anterior
Roof
Apical
Roof
Posterior
Horn
Target
Hip
Right
Hip
99. Double
oblique
de
profil
Contre-‐
Faux-‐
Profil:
Non-‐target
Hip
Corne
antérieure
Faux-‐
Profil:
Target
Hip
Corne
postérieure
65°
Lequesne,
M.G.Laredo,
J.D.
The
faux
profil
(oblique
view)
of
the
hip
in
the
standing
posi5on.
Contribu5on
to
the
evalua5on
of
osteoarthri5s
of
the
adult
hip.
Ann
Rheum
Dis,
1998
Laredo,
J.D.,
Le
contre-‐faux-‐profil
de
hanche.
en
cours
de
publica=on
100. The
SO
view
profiles
the
apical
roof,
anterior
roof
and
anterior
horn
of
the
contralateral
hip,
distant
from
the
table,
the
“non-‐target”
hip.
Apical
Roof
Anterior
Roof
Anterior
Horn
Non-‐target
Hip
Right
Hip
101. Bilateral
standing
oblique
(SO)
radiographs
of
the
pelvis
profile
the
full
hip
joint
space.
Anterior
Roof
Apical
Roof
Anterior
Roof
Apical
Roof
Anterior
Horn
Posterior
Horn
Target
Hip
Non-‐target
Hip
Right
Hip
102.
Anterior
Roof
Apical
Anterior
Roof
Roof
Apical
Roof
Anterior
Horn
Posterior
Horn
Anterior
Roof
Target
Hip
Non-‐target
Hip
Apical
Roof
Anterior
Roof
Anterior
Horn
Posterior
Horn
Right
Hip
103. Results
1:
AP
view
Normal
JSW
measurements:
JSW
gradient
Vap
L
Mean
mm ± sd
5.02 ± 0.74
Vap
4.65 ± 1.1
M
AP
view
Measurement
Point
L
M
4.28 ± 1.09
104. Results
1:
Standing
Oblique
Normal
JSW
measurements:
JSW
gradient
Measurement
Point
AR
PH
SO
view
:
Target
Hip
5.18± 1.2
4.43± 0.92
PS
3.69± 0.69
PH
3± 0.55
AR/PH ratio
PS
Mean mm
±sd
Vct
AR
Vct
1.77± 0.48
105. Results
1:
Descrip=ve
results
Contralateral
Standing
Oblique
Normal
JSW
measurements
Measurement
Point
Mean
mm ± sd
IAH
3.83 ± 0.23
SAH
5.34 ± 1.04
Vdt
Vdt
SAH
5.39 ± 1.14
IAH
SO
view
:
Non-‐target
Hip
106. Results
2
ANOVA:
Overt
OA
versus
Controls
Vap
0.00458*
Vct
0.00029*
AR/PH ratio
0.00007*
IAH
0.00969*
SAH
0.0112*
AP View
Standing
Oblique
Target Hip
Standing
Oblique
Non-target Hip
PH
SO
view:
Target
Hip
Vdt
M
PS
0.0375*
PH
AR
Vct
0.0322*
AR
Vap
L
SAH
IAH
AP
SO
view:
Non-‐target
Hip
107.
Results
2
AR
Vct
ANOVA:
Incipient
OA
versus
Controls
Standing Oblique
Target Hip
PH
0.00446*
IAH
0.00128*
SAH
0.0687
PH
0.02004*
AR/PH ratio
Standing Oblique
Target Hip
SO
view:
Target
Hip
Vdt
M
Vap
PS
L
SAH
IAH
AP
SO
view:
Non-‐target
Hip
108. Results
3
Logis=c
regression
analysis
View
Logistic Regression
to predict
Incipient OA
versus Controls
OR[95%CI]
Antero-Posterior View
Measurement
Point
-
-
Standing
Oblique
Contact
Hip
PH
2.405 [1.184 ; 4.886]
AR/PH ratio
0.273 [0.095 ; 0.787]
SAH
0.556 [0.345 ; 0.894]
Standing
Oblique
Distant
Hip
AR
Vct
Vdt
SAH
PS
IAH
PH
SO
view:
Target
Hip
SO
view:
Non-‐target
Hip
110. Conclusions
• JSW
measurements
on
bilateral
SO
radiographs
allow
diagnosis
of
early
hip
OA
not
shown
by
the
standing
AP
pelvis
radiograph.
• Measurement
of
the
AR/PH
JSW
ra=o
provides
the
best
diagnos=c
performances.
AR
Vct
Vdt
SAH
PS
IAH
PH
SO
view:
Target
Hip
SO
view:
Non-‐target
Hip
111.
112.
113.
114. • Three different anatomical types of hip osteoarthriti
anterosuperolateral OA
Avant
posteroinfero-medial
OA
anterosuperomedial OA