Scientific American November 13, 2002
Food for Thought
Dietary change was a driving force in human evolution
By William R. Leonard
We humans are strange primates.
We walk on two legs, carry around enormous brains and have colonized every
corner of the globe. Anthropologists and biologists have long sought to
understand how our lineage came to differ so profoundly from the primate norm
in these ways, and over the years all manner of hypotheses aimed at explaining
each of these oddities have been put forth. But a growing body of evidence
indicates that these miscellaneous quirks of humanity in fact have a common
thread: they are largely the result of natural selection acting to maximize dietary
quality and foraging efficiency. Changes in food availability over time, it seems,
strongly influenced our hominid ancestors. Thus, in an evolutionary sense, we
are very much what we ate.
Accordingly, what we eat is yet another way in which we differ from our primate
kin. Contemporary human populations the world over have diets richer in
calories and nutrients than those of our cousins, the great apes. So when and
how did our ancestors' eating habits diverge from those of other primates?
Further, to what extent have modern humans departed from the ancestral
dietary pattern?
Scientific interest in the evolution of human nutritional requirements has a long
history. But relevant investigations started gaining momentum after 1985, when
S. Boyd Eaton and Melvin J. Konner of Emory University published a seminal
paper in the New England Journal of Medicine entitled "Paleolithic Nutrition."
They argued that the prevalence in modern societies of many chronic diseases-
-obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes, among them--is
the consequence of a mismatch between modern dietary patterns and the type
of diet that our species evolved to eat as prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Since
then, however, understanding of the evolution of human nutritional needs has
advanced considerably-- thanks in large part to new comparative analyses of
traditionally living human populations and other primates--and a more nuanced
picture has emerged. We now know that humans have evolved not to subsist on
a single, Paleolithic diet but to be flexible eaters, an insight that has important
implications for the current debate over what people today should eat in order to
be healthy.
To appreciate the role of diet in human evolution, we must remember that the
search for food, its consumption and, ultimately, how it is used for biological
processes are all critical aspects of an organism's ecology. The energy dynamic
between organisms and their environments--that is, energy expended in relation
to energy acquired--has important adaptive consequences for survival and
reproduction. These two components of Darwinian fitness are reflected in the
way we divide up an animal's energy budget. Maintenance energy is what
keeps an animal alive on a day-to-day basis. Productive e.
For most of our time on Earth, we humans have survived by hunting and gathering food from our natural environment.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
The Worst Mistake In The History Of The Human Raceby Jared.docxchristalgrieg
"The Worst Mistake In The History Of The Human Race"
by Jared Diamond, Prof. UCLA School of Medicine
Discover-May 1987, pp. 64-66
To science we owe dramatic changes in our smug self-image. Astronomy taught
us that our Earth isn't the center of the universe but merely one of billions of heavenly
bodies. From biology we learned that we weren't specially created by God but evolved
along with millions of other species. Now archaeology is demolishing another sacred
belief: that human history over the past million years has been a long tale of progress. In
particular, recent discoveries suggest that the adoption of agriculture, supposedly our
most decisive step toward a better life, was in many ways a catastrophe from which we
have never recovered. With agriculture came the gross social and sexual inequality, the
disease and despotism,that curse our existence.
At first, the evidence against this revisionist interpretation will strike twentieth
century Americans as irrefutable. We're better off in almost every respect than people of
the Middle Ages who in turn had it easier than cavemen, who in turn were better off than
apes. Just count our advantages. We enjoy the most abundant and varied foods, the best
tools and material goods, some of the longest and healthiest lives, in history. Most of us
are safe from starvation and predators. We get our energy from oil and machines, not
from our sweat. What neo-Luddite among us would trade his life for that of a medieval
peasant, a caveman, or an ape?
For most of our history we supported ourselves by hunting and gathering: we
hunted wild animals and foraged for wild plants. It's a life that philosophers have
traditionally regarded as nasty, brutish, and short. Since no food is grown and little is
stored, there is (in this view) no respite from the struggle that starts anew each day to find
wild foods and avoid starving. Our escape from this misery was facilitated only 10,000
years ago, when in different parts of the world people began to domesticate plants and
animals. The agricultural revolution gradually spread until today it's nearly universal and
few tribes of hunter-gatherers survive.
From the progressivist perspective on which I was brought
up to ask "Why did almost all our hunter-gatherer ancestors adopt
agriculture?" is silly. Of course they adopted it because agriculture
is an efficient way to get more food for less work. Planted crops
yield far more tons per acre than roots and berries. Just imagine a
band of savages, exhausted from searching for nuts or chasing wild
animals, suddenly gazing for the first time at a fruit-laden orchard
or a pasture full of sheep. How many milliseconds do you think it
would take them to appreciate the advantages of agriculture?
The progressivist party line sometimes even goes so far as to
credit agriculture with the remarkable flowering of art that has taken
place over the past few thousand years. Since crops can be stored,
and since it takes less time to pick ...
Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. It is the process by which human beings developed on Earth from now-extinct primates. It involves the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, ethology, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Evolutionary Theory
3.0 Process of Evolution
4.0 History of Human Evolution
5.0 Paleoanthropology
6.0 Evidence of Evolution
6.1 Evidence from comparative physiology
6.2 Evidence from comparative anatomy
6.3 Evidence from comparative embryology
6.4 Evidence from comparative morphology
6.5 Evidence from vestigial organs
6.6 Genetics
6.7 Evidence from Molecular Biology
6.8 Evidence from the Fossil Record
7.0 Divergence of the Human Clade from other Great Apes
8.0 Anatomical changes
8.1 Anatomy of bipedalism
8.2 Encephalization
8.3 Sexual dimorphism
8.4 Other changes
9.0 Genus Homo
10.0 Homo Sapiens Taxonomy
For most of our time on Earth, we humans have survived by hunting and gathering food from our natural environment.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
The Worst Mistake In The History Of The Human Raceby Jared.docxchristalgrieg
"The Worst Mistake In The History Of The Human Race"
by Jared Diamond, Prof. UCLA School of Medicine
Discover-May 1987, pp. 64-66
To science we owe dramatic changes in our smug self-image. Astronomy taught
us that our Earth isn't the center of the universe but merely one of billions of heavenly
bodies. From biology we learned that we weren't specially created by God but evolved
along with millions of other species. Now archaeology is demolishing another sacred
belief: that human history over the past million years has been a long tale of progress. In
particular, recent discoveries suggest that the adoption of agriculture, supposedly our
most decisive step toward a better life, was in many ways a catastrophe from which we
have never recovered. With agriculture came the gross social and sexual inequality, the
disease and despotism,that curse our existence.
At first, the evidence against this revisionist interpretation will strike twentieth
century Americans as irrefutable. We're better off in almost every respect than people of
the Middle Ages who in turn had it easier than cavemen, who in turn were better off than
apes. Just count our advantages. We enjoy the most abundant and varied foods, the best
tools and material goods, some of the longest and healthiest lives, in history. Most of us
are safe from starvation and predators. We get our energy from oil and machines, not
from our sweat. What neo-Luddite among us would trade his life for that of a medieval
peasant, a caveman, or an ape?
For most of our history we supported ourselves by hunting and gathering: we
hunted wild animals and foraged for wild plants. It's a life that philosophers have
traditionally regarded as nasty, brutish, and short. Since no food is grown and little is
stored, there is (in this view) no respite from the struggle that starts anew each day to find
wild foods and avoid starving. Our escape from this misery was facilitated only 10,000
years ago, when in different parts of the world people began to domesticate plants and
animals. The agricultural revolution gradually spread until today it's nearly universal and
few tribes of hunter-gatherers survive.
From the progressivist perspective on which I was brought
up to ask "Why did almost all our hunter-gatherer ancestors adopt
agriculture?" is silly. Of course they adopted it because agriculture
is an efficient way to get more food for less work. Planted crops
yield far more tons per acre than roots and berries. Just imagine a
band of savages, exhausted from searching for nuts or chasing wild
animals, suddenly gazing for the first time at a fruit-laden orchard
or a pasture full of sheep. How many milliseconds do you think it
would take them to appreciate the advantages of agriculture?
The progressivist party line sometimes even goes so far as to
credit agriculture with the remarkable flowering of art that has taken
place over the past few thousand years. Since crops can be stored,
and since it takes less time to pick ...
Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. It is the process by which human beings developed on Earth from now-extinct primates. It involves the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, ethology, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Evolutionary Theory
3.0 Process of Evolution
4.0 History of Human Evolution
5.0 Paleoanthropology
6.0 Evidence of Evolution
6.1 Evidence from comparative physiology
6.2 Evidence from comparative anatomy
6.3 Evidence from comparative embryology
6.4 Evidence from comparative morphology
6.5 Evidence from vestigial organs
6.6 Genetics
6.7 Evidence from Molecular Biology
6.8 Evidence from the Fossil Record
7.0 Divergence of the Human Clade from other Great Apes
8.0 Anatomical changes
8.1 Anatomy of bipedalism
8.2 Encephalization
8.3 Sexual dimorphism
8.4 Other changes
9.0 Genus Homo
10.0 Homo Sapiens Taxonomy
The Importance Of Human Evolution
Evolution Of The Human Society
Essay on The History of Human Evolution
Human Evolution
The Evolution of Man
Homo Sapien Human Evolution
Human Evolution Essay
The Evolution of Humans Essay
The Evolution Of Homo Sapiens
The Evolution of Man
Evolution Essay
Origin of Man Essay
Essay about Evolution of a Man
Evolution Of Human Evolution
Physical And Cultural Effects Of Human Evolution
The Evolution Of The Human Species
Essay on The Importance of Human Evolution
Saturn: Roman God of Agriculture & CivilizationVapula
The worst mistake of the whole human story has been adopting agriculture. Moving to domestication. What that is, is extremely fundamental. It has all the implications and everything really flows from that in so many ways. That is the move from taking what is available in nature, what nature freely gives us, in general, to controlling nature. To making the earth work, to making humans work, to engineering nature at an ever greater level. This is the fundamental thing. And there is an inner logic that is unbroken as Paul Shepard has put it so well, the current step to nanotechnology, genetic engineering and all the rest of it is implicit in the first step. Once you adopt the logic of domestication, you get all the rest, all the way, complete control, surveillance society, it's all of the control things. It's the ethos of control from top to bottom unless it's interrupted, unless it's about de-domestication, about getting off this path. And it isn't just in terms of the physical environment. Agriculture is the triumph of estrangement and the definite divide between culture and nature and humans from each other. ―Zerzan
And was it not a result of agriculture and commerce, installed by the “neolithic revolution”, that the vermin kings and priests appeared? ―Vaneigem
Agriculture, the age we are still in, is at most 1% of the whole human story.
Agriculture is the only radical new technology that ever appeared in the world; what it amounts to is a cutting into the earth.
There is no doubt that this technology leads inevitably and fairly quickly to social hierarchies, separation, class structure, property, and religion as we understand it—a priest class that tells everybody else what to do and how to think. It leads, in other words, to authoritarianism and, ultimately, to the state itself.
Economy, money, all the misery of civilization, we owe to agriculture. Before that, you have two million years of hunting and gathering, the beautiful cave art, a world that looks suspiciously utopian, a golden age by comparison with a lot of the problems that agriculture brings about. In some sense, agriculture is fall from grace. ―Cybernetics & Entheogenics
If SATURN/KRONOS was the reason for agriculture & civilization (separation from paradise) we can observe how this FALL turns itself INSIDE OUT now: agriculture created wars and technology culminating in ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: Saturn's incarnation on Earth that is used to automate everything including its own origin FARMING! Liberation from work.
Saturn as COMPUTER teaches people that life is a divine simulation. You are then God of your own world again without EGO.
The INTERNET transcends borders and unites mankind, creating a virtual heaven or hell. REMEMBER that Saturn teaches spiritual maturity through SUFFERING.
Other Saturn technologies will eventually right all wrongs that were intentionally created for the FALL like bad genes (aging etc.) turned on and good genes (regeneration) turned off.
Describe one derived trait in humans (Homo sapiens).SolutionThe.pdfarmcomputers
Describe one derived trait in humans (Homo sapiens).
Solution
The latest chapter of human evolution begins with the emergence of Homo sapiens. The anatomy
of Homo sapiens is unique among hominin species and appears first in East Africa, dating to
roughly 160 thousand years ago. These unique features—including changes in the skull and
postcranial skeleton (skeleton minus skull) - suggest changes in brain size and architecture and
an adaptation to tropical environments. These anatomical changes are linked to cognitive and
behavioral changes that are equally unique among hominin species. In particular, the
archaeological evidence of behaviors thought to be unique to Homo sapiens, which appear first
in Africa around 170 ka, highlight the importance of symbolism, complex cognitive behaviors,
and a broad subsistence strategy (the strategy used to procure food). The evolution of Homo
sapiens is vitally important to defining our species in the broader context of human evolution and
also has key to understanding the human condition, past and present.
Food: All Homo sapiens were once hunter-gatherers living on wild plants and animals. It was
only about 11,000 years ago that humans began to domesticate plants and animals although wild
foods still remained important in the diet. Our species has a wide-ranging and essentially
omnivorous diet. This has enabled us to utilise the food resources found in the wide variety of
environments we inhabit.
Settlement: Early Homo sapiens often inhabited caves or rock shelters if these were available.
More recently, especially within the last 20,000 years, natural shelters were enhanced with walls
or other simple modifications. In open areas, shelters were constructed using a range of
framework materials including wooden poles and the bones of large animals, such as mammoths.
These structures were probably covered with animal hides and the living areas included fire
hearths.
Living sites were much larger than those occupied by earlier humans and a comparison with
modern traditional peoples suggests that clans consisted of between 25 and 100 members.
Other significant morphological changes included: the evolution of a power and precision grip; a
reduced masticatory system; a reduction of the canine tooth; and the descent of the larynx and
hyoid bone, making speech possible. An important physiological change in humans was the
evolution of hidden oestrus, or concealed ovulation, which may have coincided with the
evolution of important behavioural changes, such as pair bonding. Another significant
behavioural change was the development of material culture, with human-made objects
becoming increasingly common and diversified over time. The relationship between all these
changes is the subject of ongoing debate..
Encephalization – An Evolutionary Predisposition to Diabetes: A “Large Brain ...IOSR Journals
Primates have proportionately three times larger brain as compared to that of other mammals of comparable size and humans, in turn, have three times larger brain as compared to that of all other primates of similar size. So we need to meet higher energy demands because brain is energetically expensive. This has a significant impact on our dietary patterns in addition to shaping of our body composition. Here we propose that our dietary patterns to meet our higher energy demands have been ultimately set by the instinct of higher energy intake and our larger brains have a stress effect on our metabolic organs (organs involved in energy metabolism like gut, liver, pancreas etc.). We discuss these two points from evolutionary (Evolutionary instinct) and physiological (Metabolic stress) point of view and argue that these two points explain the manifestation of diabetes primarily as a human disease and enhance our understanding of its mechanism.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Primate growing up with half the calories: New understanding about human heal...JackTalbot2013
New research shows that humans and other primates burn 50% fewer calories each day than other mammals. The study, published January 13 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that these remarkably slow metabolisms explain why humans and other primates grow up so slowly and live such long lives.
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
Online-1 Online Chapter NandaWarms, Cultural Anthropo.docxhopeaustin33688
Online-1
Online Chapter: Nanda/Warms, Cultural Anthropology 11e
Human Evolution
Learning Objectives
After you have read this chapter, you will be able to:
• Describe the relationship between culture and evolution for human beings.
• Explain the basic principles of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
• List some traits that humans have in common with our closest animal relations.
• Describe social relations among nonhuman primate species.
Online-2
• Describe australopithecines, and tell when and where they lived and what their social
lives might have been like.
• Describe Homo habilis, and tell when and where they lived and what their social lives
might have been like.
• Describe Homo erectus, and tell when and where they lived and what their social lives
might have been like.
• Tell where and when Homo sapiens evolved, and describe their early material culture.
• Compare variation among humans to that found among other species.
• Explain some of the sources of human variation, particularly variation in skin color.
In its broadest sense, evolution refers to directional change. Biological evolution, however, is
something more specific. For biologists, evolution is descent with modification from a single
common ancestor or ancestral population. Evolution is a characteristic of populations, not
individual organisms. As individuals, we may grow and learn. We may create inventions or alter
our lifestyles. But, for a change to be evolutionary in a biological sense, it must affect the genes
we pass along to the next generation. Evolution is the primary way we understand the biological
history of humanity and, indeed, of all life.
In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of human evolution. We start with a discussion of
Darwin and the theory of natural selection, move on to talk about primates, their social lives, and
tool usage, before turning to a summary of what we know about human evolution. We talk about
the ways that remains are found, and then survey the major fossil finds, including the
australopithecines, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. We end with a discussion of
human variation. Along the way, we describe some of the experiences of fossil hunters Raymond
Dart and Mary Leakey, discuss forensic anthropology, and consider the fate of primates in the
world today.
Speculation about human history and the natural world plays an important role in most societies.
For example, the notion that human beings came from earlier life forms was well developed
among ancient European philosophers. In the 6th century BCE, the Greek thinker Anaximander
of Miletus speculated that humans arose from fish. A century later, his disciple, Xenophanes of
Colophon, used evidence of fossil fish from numerous places around the Mediterranean to
support Anaximander’s theory.
We are often asked why, in a text on cultural anthropology, there should be an extensive chapter
on human evolution.
No cultural group is homogenous. Individual members differ in their thoughts and behaviours
Theory underpins most scientific endeavors, and, in the 1970s, researchers began to lay the groundwork for cultural evolutionary theory, building on the neo-Darwinian synthesis of genetics and evolution by using verbal, diagrammatic, and mathematical models
You are the Nursing Director for the medical-surgical area of a .docxkenjordan97598
You are the Nursing Director for the medical-surgical area of a large
hospital. Nurses at this hospital to “self-scheduling”. The managers of the
units have brought to your attention that a severe staffing shortage for the
winter holiday schedule is apparent. Using two different types of leadership
styles, how would you handle this situation?
.
You are the newly appointed director of the Agile County Airport.docxkenjordan97598
You are the newly appointed director of the Agile County Airport System. The characteristics of your organization include:
It is a Local Government Department
Consists of 4 Airports – International, Mather, Executive, Franklin Field
There are 400 employees at all four airports
The airport board of directors has decided to move to an Agile Lean process for all projects.
You quickly recognize that you need to undertake a cultural transformation in order for the Agile Lean process to take hold. The current organization has the following culture characteristics:
No Mission Statement
No Sense of Direction
Militaristic/Top-Down Leadership Model
No Accountability
No Communication
Staff focused on Empire Building
Organization Viewed Itself as Regulators
Focused on catching people doing something wrong
Publicly Belittled
Focus on “Turf”
Process Oriented
Problem Oriented
Growth Without a Long-Term Plan
Employees Not Engaged
Staff consists mostly of generalists
The board of directors has asked you to prepare an overview presentation for their next meeting on your ideas for a organizational culture transformation plan. To complete this assignment you are to design a 5 to 10 slide PowerPoint presentation with notes, that addresses the following key elements:
What makes up organizational culture?
What do you see as the benefits of a culture transformation
What would your Culture Transformation Plan consist of? Describe the high level steps you would take to accomplish this transformation.
What questions would you ask to help in defining a new culture?
What characteristics would you envision the “new” organizational culture to exhibit? Develop a list based upon the current organizational culture
.
You are working on an address book database with a table called Cont.docxkenjordan97598
You are working on an address book database with a table called Contacts and fields for first name, last name, address, and phone number. Describe how you would implement a Python method that prompted the user to add new address entries into the database table. The table should have no duplicates. Include the necessary code and code descriptions.
.
You are the new Security Manager for a small bank in Iowa. They are .docxkenjordan97598
You are the new Security Manager for a small bank in Iowa. They are growing exponentially and are planning to add the ability for customers to access their accounts via the web and mobile devices. They have a basic DR plan which was made from a template found on the Internet. Now that there is going to be more exposure to the bank's network and data, several updates need to be made to policies and procedures. The CISO has requested that you create an Incident Response plan and submit communication plan for how internal stakeholders and external stakeholders will be notified of incidents. Please create a plan that identifies 2 internal stakeholders, the communication type, and the information which will be included in that plan and 2 external stakeholders, the communication type for each, and the information that will be included in the communication
.
You are working in a rural Family Planning Health clinic and a 16 y.docxkenjordan97598
You are working in a rural Family Planning Health clinic and a 16 y/o presents with complaints of vaginal pain, discharge, odor x 4 days. Pain is getting worse. Her mother relates she has a cognitive learning delay and has tried to talk to her about her consensual sexual behavior with multiple partners. She tells you she has "felt some 'bumps' down there." She relates multiple sexual partners because she is now popular and it is part of the 'game' to stay popular with her new friends. Diagnosis: HPV with several condyloma lesions, a vaginal yeast infection, and chlamydia.
She is given a prescription for Chlamydia, and the vulvar lesions, told to follow up in 2 weeks.
How do you approach her and begin the conversation regarding safe sexual practices? What are your thoughts about this young lady? How do you feel about her game? How would you proceed to give her education?
.
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Saturn: Roman God of Agriculture & CivilizationVapula
The worst mistake of the whole human story has been adopting agriculture. Moving to domestication. What that is, is extremely fundamental. It has all the implications and everything really flows from that in so many ways. That is the move from taking what is available in nature, what nature freely gives us, in general, to controlling nature. To making the earth work, to making humans work, to engineering nature at an ever greater level. This is the fundamental thing. And there is an inner logic that is unbroken as Paul Shepard has put it so well, the current step to nanotechnology, genetic engineering and all the rest of it is implicit in the first step. Once you adopt the logic of domestication, you get all the rest, all the way, complete control, surveillance society, it's all of the control things. It's the ethos of control from top to bottom unless it's interrupted, unless it's about de-domestication, about getting off this path. And it isn't just in terms of the physical environment. Agriculture is the triumph of estrangement and the definite divide between culture and nature and humans from each other. ―Zerzan
And was it not a result of agriculture and commerce, installed by the “neolithic revolution”, that the vermin kings and priests appeared? ―Vaneigem
Agriculture, the age we are still in, is at most 1% of the whole human story.
Agriculture is the only radical new technology that ever appeared in the world; what it amounts to is a cutting into the earth.
There is no doubt that this technology leads inevitably and fairly quickly to social hierarchies, separation, class structure, property, and religion as we understand it—a priest class that tells everybody else what to do and how to think. It leads, in other words, to authoritarianism and, ultimately, to the state itself.
Economy, money, all the misery of civilization, we owe to agriculture. Before that, you have two million years of hunting and gathering, the beautiful cave art, a world that looks suspiciously utopian, a golden age by comparison with a lot of the problems that agriculture brings about. In some sense, agriculture is fall from grace. ―Cybernetics & Entheogenics
If SATURN/KRONOS was the reason for agriculture & civilization (separation from paradise) we can observe how this FALL turns itself INSIDE OUT now: agriculture created wars and technology culminating in ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: Saturn's incarnation on Earth that is used to automate everything including its own origin FARMING! Liberation from work.
Saturn as COMPUTER teaches people that life is a divine simulation. You are then God of your own world again without EGO.
The INTERNET transcends borders and unites mankind, creating a virtual heaven or hell. REMEMBER that Saturn teaches spiritual maturity through SUFFERING.
Other Saturn technologies will eventually right all wrongs that were intentionally created for the FALL like bad genes (aging etc.) turned on and good genes (regeneration) turned off.
Describe one derived trait in humans (Homo sapiens).SolutionThe.pdfarmcomputers
Describe one derived trait in humans (Homo sapiens).
Solution
The latest chapter of human evolution begins with the emergence of Homo sapiens. The anatomy
of Homo sapiens is unique among hominin species and appears first in East Africa, dating to
roughly 160 thousand years ago. These unique features—including changes in the skull and
postcranial skeleton (skeleton minus skull) - suggest changes in brain size and architecture and
an adaptation to tropical environments. These anatomical changes are linked to cognitive and
behavioral changes that are equally unique among hominin species. In particular, the
archaeological evidence of behaviors thought to be unique to Homo sapiens, which appear first
in Africa around 170 ka, highlight the importance of symbolism, complex cognitive behaviors,
and a broad subsistence strategy (the strategy used to procure food). The evolution of Homo
sapiens is vitally important to defining our species in the broader context of human evolution and
also has key to understanding the human condition, past and present.
Food: All Homo sapiens were once hunter-gatherers living on wild plants and animals. It was
only about 11,000 years ago that humans began to domesticate plants and animals although wild
foods still remained important in the diet. Our species has a wide-ranging and essentially
omnivorous diet. This has enabled us to utilise the food resources found in the wide variety of
environments we inhabit.
Settlement: Early Homo sapiens often inhabited caves or rock shelters if these were available.
More recently, especially within the last 20,000 years, natural shelters were enhanced with walls
or other simple modifications. In open areas, shelters were constructed using a range of
framework materials including wooden poles and the bones of large animals, such as mammoths.
These structures were probably covered with animal hides and the living areas included fire
hearths.
Living sites were much larger than those occupied by earlier humans and a comparison with
modern traditional peoples suggests that clans consisted of between 25 and 100 members.
Other significant morphological changes included: the evolution of a power and precision grip; a
reduced masticatory system; a reduction of the canine tooth; and the descent of the larynx and
hyoid bone, making speech possible. An important physiological change in humans was the
evolution of hidden oestrus, or concealed ovulation, which may have coincided with the
evolution of important behavioural changes, such as pair bonding. Another significant
behavioural change was the development of material culture, with human-made objects
becoming increasingly common and diversified over time. The relationship between all these
changes is the subject of ongoing debate..
Encephalization – An Evolutionary Predisposition to Diabetes: A “Large Brain ...IOSR Journals
Primates have proportionately three times larger brain as compared to that of other mammals of comparable size and humans, in turn, have three times larger brain as compared to that of all other primates of similar size. So we need to meet higher energy demands because brain is energetically expensive. This has a significant impact on our dietary patterns in addition to shaping of our body composition. Here we propose that our dietary patterns to meet our higher energy demands have been ultimately set by the instinct of higher energy intake and our larger brains have a stress effect on our metabolic organs (organs involved in energy metabolism like gut, liver, pancreas etc.). We discuss these two points from evolutionary (Evolutionary instinct) and physiological (Metabolic stress) point of view and argue that these two points explain the manifestation of diabetes primarily as a human disease and enhance our understanding of its mechanism.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Primate growing up with half the calories: New understanding about human heal...JackTalbot2013
New research shows that humans and other primates burn 50% fewer calories each day than other mammals. The study, published January 13 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that these remarkably slow metabolisms explain why humans and other primates grow up so slowly and live such long lives.
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
Online-1 Online Chapter NandaWarms, Cultural Anthropo.docxhopeaustin33688
Online-1
Online Chapter: Nanda/Warms, Cultural Anthropology 11e
Human Evolution
Learning Objectives
After you have read this chapter, you will be able to:
• Describe the relationship between culture and evolution for human beings.
• Explain the basic principles of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
• List some traits that humans have in common with our closest animal relations.
• Describe social relations among nonhuman primate species.
Online-2
• Describe australopithecines, and tell when and where they lived and what their social
lives might have been like.
• Describe Homo habilis, and tell when and where they lived and what their social lives
might have been like.
• Describe Homo erectus, and tell when and where they lived and what their social lives
might have been like.
• Tell where and when Homo sapiens evolved, and describe their early material culture.
• Compare variation among humans to that found among other species.
• Explain some of the sources of human variation, particularly variation in skin color.
In its broadest sense, evolution refers to directional change. Biological evolution, however, is
something more specific. For biologists, evolution is descent with modification from a single
common ancestor or ancestral population. Evolution is a characteristic of populations, not
individual organisms. As individuals, we may grow and learn. We may create inventions or alter
our lifestyles. But, for a change to be evolutionary in a biological sense, it must affect the genes
we pass along to the next generation. Evolution is the primary way we understand the biological
history of humanity and, indeed, of all life.
In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of human evolution. We start with a discussion of
Darwin and the theory of natural selection, move on to talk about primates, their social lives, and
tool usage, before turning to a summary of what we know about human evolution. We talk about
the ways that remains are found, and then survey the major fossil finds, including the
australopithecines, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. We end with a discussion of
human variation. Along the way, we describe some of the experiences of fossil hunters Raymond
Dart and Mary Leakey, discuss forensic anthropology, and consider the fate of primates in the
world today.
Speculation about human history and the natural world plays an important role in most societies.
For example, the notion that human beings came from earlier life forms was well developed
among ancient European philosophers. In the 6th century BCE, the Greek thinker Anaximander
of Miletus speculated that humans arose from fish. A century later, his disciple, Xenophanes of
Colophon, used evidence of fossil fish from numerous places around the Mediterranean to
support Anaximander’s theory.
We are often asked why, in a text on cultural anthropology, there should be an extensive chapter
on human evolution.
No cultural group is homogenous. Individual members differ in their thoughts and behaviours
Theory underpins most scientific endeavors, and, in the 1970s, researchers began to lay the groundwork for cultural evolutionary theory, building on the neo-Darwinian synthesis of genetics and evolution by using verbal, diagrammatic, and mathematical models
Similar to Scientific American November 13, 2002Food for ThoughtD.docx (17)
You are the Nursing Director for the medical-surgical area of a .docxkenjordan97598
You are the Nursing Director for the medical-surgical area of a large
hospital. Nurses at this hospital to “self-scheduling”. The managers of the
units have brought to your attention that a severe staffing shortage for the
winter holiday schedule is apparent. Using two different types of leadership
styles, how would you handle this situation?
.
You are the newly appointed director of the Agile County Airport.docxkenjordan97598
You are the newly appointed director of the Agile County Airport System. The characteristics of your organization include:
It is a Local Government Department
Consists of 4 Airports – International, Mather, Executive, Franklin Field
There are 400 employees at all four airports
The airport board of directors has decided to move to an Agile Lean process for all projects.
You quickly recognize that you need to undertake a cultural transformation in order for the Agile Lean process to take hold. The current organization has the following culture characteristics:
No Mission Statement
No Sense of Direction
Militaristic/Top-Down Leadership Model
No Accountability
No Communication
Staff focused on Empire Building
Organization Viewed Itself as Regulators
Focused on catching people doing something wrong
Publicly Belittled
Focus on “Turf”
Process Oriented
Problem Oriented
Growth Without a Long-Term Plan
Employees Not Engaged
Staff consists mostly of generalists
The board of directors has asked you to prepare an overview presentation for their next meeting on your ideas for a organizational culture transformation plan. To complete this assignment you are to design a 5 to 10 slide PowerPoint presentation with notes, that addresses the following key elements:
What makes up organizational culture?
What do you see as the benefits of a culture transformation
What would your Culture Transformation Plan consist of? Describe the high level steps you would take to accomplish this transformation.
What questions would you ask to help in defining a new culture?
What characteristics would you envision the “new” organizational culture to exhibit? Develop a list based upon the current organizational culture
.
You are working on an address book database with a table called Cont.docxkenjordan97598
You are working on an address book database with a table called Contacts and fields for first name, last name, address, and phone number. Describe how you would implement a Python method that prompted the user to add new address entries into the database table. The table should have no duplicates. Include the necessary code and code descriptions.
.
You are the new Security Manager for a small bank in Iowa. They are .docxkenjordan97598
You are the new Security Manager for a small bank in Iowa. They are growing exponentially and are planning to add the ability for customers to access their accounts via the web and mobile devices. They have a basic DR plan which was made from a template found on the Internet. Now that there is going to be more exposure to the bank's network and data, several updates need to be made to policies and procedures. The CISO has requested that you create an Incident Response plan and submit communication plan for how internal stakeholders and external stakeholders will be notified of incidents. Please create a plan that identifies 2 internal stakeholders, the communication type, and the information which will be included in that plan and 2 external stakeholders, the communication type for each, and the information that will be included in the communication
.
You are working in a rural Family Planning Health clinic and a 16 y.docxkenjordan97598
You are working in a rural Family Planning Health clinic and a 16 y/o presents with complaints of vaginal pain, discharge, odor x 4 days. Pain is getting worse. Her mother relates she has a cognitive learning delay and has tried to talk to her about her consensual sexual behavior with multiple partners. She tells you she has "felt some 'bumps' down there." She relates multiple sexual partners because she is now popular and it is part of the 'game' to stay popular with her new friends. Diagnosis: HPV with several condyloma lesions, a vaginal yeast infection, and chlamydia.
She is given a prescription for Chlamydia, and the vulvar lesions, told to follow up in 2 weeks.
How do you approach her and begin the conversation regarding safe sexual practices? What are your thoughts about this young lady? How do you feel about her game? How would you proceed to give her education?
.
You are working in a family practice when your newly diagnosed T.docxkenjordan97598
You are working in a family practice when your newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetic patient comes in. He is a 15-year-old male and is accompanied by his mother.
The mother and patient report that he is "devastated" by his new diagnoses and that he hasn't been going out with his friends or participating in any of his previous activities. You suspect that he might be experiencing depression.
Please locate two resources specific to this situation that you would refer this parent/patient to for further support. Provide a brief description for each resource and explain why you chose them.
.
You are working for the Chief of Staff (CoS) for a newly elected Gov.docxkenjordan97598
You are working for the Chief of Staff (CoS) for a newly elected Governor. The governor asked the CoS to research and prepare a 5- to 7-paragraph background briefing (
backgrounder
) that addresses the below question. The CoS will use this background briefing to prepare the Governor and his appointed cybersecurity director as they answer questions from the press and general-public.
You are
not
answering the questions as the governor, rather you are providing the governor the information s/he needs to answer the question.
The question:
As governor, how will your administration improve cybersecurity for the state's Critical Infrastructures?
The CoS asked you to research and prepare a draft for the background briefing. Your draft must provide enough information that the CoS and the Governor understand key terms that you use in your explanations. To that end, your draft briefing must answer the following questions:
What is meant by "cybersecurity" for critical infrastructures?" Give examples of critical infrastructure associated with a specific state.
What is meant by "Threats" (i.e. individual hackers, politically motivated hacktivists, criminal enterprises, and unfriendly "nation state" actors), countermeasures, and safeguards? Explain technical terms and examples.
What are the three most important actions that the governor's administration should take to help improve the security of critical infrastructures in the state? (You should identify and discuss these in greater detail than your response to the first two bullet points.)
Provide in-text citations and references for 3 or more authoritative sources. Put the reference list at the end of your posting.
.
You are working at Johnson and Cohen law firm and have recently .docxkenjordan97598
You are working at Johnson and Cohen law firm and have recently been assigned to lead the appeal of a man convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to death.
The defendant has never had an IQ test, but friends and family insist that he has always been a little “slow“ his entire life. He was also diagnosed with autism earlier in his life and many of his former acquaintances thought he had psychiatric problems when they knew him.
These factors were never brought up at trial by the defendant's previous defense team because they wanted to focus on mitigating circumstances surrounding the crime that was committed rather than confusing the issue with too many different defenses.
Based on the Case Study for this week, submit a 6 page case analysis using Microsoft Word that answers the following questions:
How would your team argue during the appeal that the defendant's constitutional rights were violated?
What evidence would be required for your defendant to be considered mentally retarded under
Atkins v. Virginia
and
Penry v. Lynaugh (1989)
?
Assess whether or not that evidence can be presented in this case.
What evidence would be required for your defendant to be considered insane under
Ford v. Wainwright (1986)
? Assess whether or not that evidence can be presented in this case.
Do you believe that bringing up the defendant's diagnosis of autism could have aided in the defense in the sentencing phase? Would the contention that he was mentally slow have helped? Provide rationale for your answers.
Identify other aspects of the case not mentioned in the scenario that could benefit the defendant. For instance, consider whether the Supreme Court has found it unconstitutional to apply the death penalty in other circumstances.
If you succeed in your appeal, what would be the next steps to occur?
.
You are working for a community counseling agency, and you are taske.docxkenjordan97598
You are working for a community counseling agency, and you are tasked with training new counseling interns on effective counseling skills.
Create
a 1- to 2-page informational training paper on the role of effective counseling skills on the counseling relationship. Describe how each of the following affects the counseling relationship:
Characteristics of an effective helper
Attending and observation skills
Initiation of client-counselor rapport and trust
Maintaining boundaries and self-awareness
Transference and countertransference
Factors associated with age, culture, and diversity
.
You are working as the software tester for a big enterprise comp.docxkenjordan97598
You are working as the software tester for a big enterprise company. Your company is working on the following architecture:
(Daniel, 2016)
Address the following, and complete all of the sections based on the above architecture:
Submit a System Test Plan document that contains the following:
Purpose of the document
Functional scope
Testing strategy
System testing entrance criteria
Test data
Suspension criteria
Execution plan
Defect reporting
Test schedule
Environment
Risks
Assumption
Who-to-call list
.
You are working as HelpDesk Support for an organization where your u.docxkenjordan97598
You are working as HelpDesk Support for an organization where your usual duty involves providing remote users with various IT related supports. The majority of these users are placed in locations where high-speed LAN (10Mbpds) are not available. Assume they are using the Darwin VM at their end, and you have Canberra VM at your end. Now you will have to set up a Remote Desktop Connection from Canberra to Darwin; so that you, with the physical access to Canberra VM, can remotely connect to Darwin VM. You also have to ensure the connection is optimized for low-speed broadband networks. Follow the submission format and before starting this task ensure VMs can ping each other
.
You are working as an APRN in your local primary care office. Th.docxkenjordan97598
You are working as an APRN in your local primary care office. The rural town of Maynard has 300 people, a post office, doctor’s office, and a gas station. The primary source of income is farming or driving 45 minutes to a somewhat larger town. With the blizzard coming, all your patients except two have cancelled for the morning. Jose is scheduled at 0900; he is a nine-year-old Hispanic male born in Mexico. He and his family (Mom, Dad, and six siblings, ages six months to 14 years) moved into the area just a few months ago. Jose’s mother reported that he had nearly died at two months after contracting pertussis.
Your final patient of the morning is Irena, a 15-year-old teenage female who lives with her aunt in Maynard. Irena is Romanian and barely speaks any English. Her aunt has been your patient for the past few years, and she told you that Irena had been abducted in Romania at the age of 10. Irena’s parents found her quite by accident when a sex trafficking ring dumped all their “product” in a refugee camp in Serbia just a few months ago. Irena’s parents are still in Romania, but they sent Irena here to live with her aunt.
Having discussed many guidelines throughout this term, consider the content you have explored. Using this knowledge, answer the following questions related to your chosen scenario. Note: please try to choose a topic for your initial post that you did not choose previously during the semester or aren’t as familiar with so you can gain additional knowledge as we finish up this course
Discuss the guidelines assigned with your scenario.
Will both patients be treated in the same manner? Why or why not?
What would your treatment plan be for each of the individuals in your scenario?
Please include at least three scholarly sources within your initial post.
.
You are the new Public Information Officer (PIO) assigned by the.docxkenjordan97598
You are the new Public Information Officer (PIO) assigned by the Chief of Police. You work for a mid-sized metropolitan police agency that has always relied on the utilization of a city information officer for any media or public communication. Until now, your agency never had an assigned public information officer specifically for the police department. Your agency is growing and is expected to add an additional 25 patrol officers in the next two years.
These added officer positions are in addition to a newly created Federal Task Force, where two new detective positions were added. These positions will create a larger budget for the police department and you have been informed that taxpayers are not necessarily receptive to these costs. As the new PIO, you are required to submit a written communication plan to the Chief of Police detailing how you would draft public notification of the departmental growth and change, reassignments of patrol areas, and overall agency changes occurring in relation to these positions.
Write
a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper that addresses the following:
Describe the genre of communication you would use such as a paper format, social media, public announcement, press release, or a televised media conference.
If increased social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, required for the departmental growth.
How far ahead of these positions being hired would you relay the message?
What do you do with citizens who communicate an opposition the hiring of additional officer causing extra taxes?
Who are your stakeholders in this public notice?
What are the differing concerns of internal communication versus external communication on this issue?
How often would you follow up on the notification? Quarterly, monthly, or annually?
Cite
at least one source other than the textbook.
Format
your paper in proper APA format.
.
You are welcome to go to the San Diego Zoo any time you would li.docxkenjordan97598
You are welcome to go to the San Diego Zoo any time you would like to work on your project. However, you would have to pay for a student ticket or buy a membership. However, I will make an announcement soon about a couple of dates where we get in for a discounted price if we enter as a class. Once inside, you can go off on your own to work on your projects.
1. First, make note of the day(s) you attended the San Diego Zoo, the time you spent there (specific hours), and the weather conditions.
2. Select a
total of 5 primates
from the following list to observe. Please note: not all of these primates will be on display all of the time. You do not need to choose one from each group...you can focus on ANY five species.
3. Focusing on the 5 primates you have selected, note the following aspects about each of them.
Scientific name & common name
Where the species is found at the SD Zoo (Monkey Trail, etc.)
Taxonomic category (prosimian, NW monkey, OW monkey, or ape)
Geographic location
Diet
Dental formula
Sexual dimorphism
Locomotor style
Type of nose
Body size
Any unusual features
Endangered status
4.
Focusing on the 5 primates you have selected, describe and analyze the primates’ behaviors you witnessed during your visit. This is the part you should spend the most time on!!
5. Finally, you should note what you personally gained from the experience, and what your attitude is regarding the Zoo and the care of the animals.
Request
Weather, time, and date of visit
Bullet point answers for 5 primate species (2 points per species)
Analysis of behaviors observed...why are the animals doing what they're doing (5 points per species)
Concluding thoughts of the zoo and the project
.
You are visiting one of your organization’s plants in a poor nation..docxkenjordan97598
You are visiting one of your organization’s plants in a poor nation. You discover a young girl (under the age of 16) is working on the factory floor. The company has a strict prohibition on child labor. You remind the plant manager of the policy and insist that she should go back to the local school. The plant manager tells you the girl is an orphan, has no other means of support, and the country has no social services to provide for her. As the executive, what should you do? Explain your answer with a well-constructed and cogent response.
.
You are to write a four-page (typed, double-spaced) essay addressing.docxkenjordan97598
You are to write a four-page (typed, double-spaced) essay addressing the following question. The exam is open-book, open notes.
Discuss the impact of geography on the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, China, sub-Saharan Africa, and pre-Colombian America
(please write on a doc. and do please make sure give me on time)
.
You are to write a 7-page Biographical Research Paper of St Franci.docxkenjordan97598
You are to write a 7-page Biographical Research Paper of
St Francis of Assisi or St Clare
:
*Include a Title Page (not counted as one of the 7 pages)
*Include a “Sources Cited” page (not counted as one of the 7 pages)
*MLA Format or Professor approved format
Use the following Outline: (St Francis of Assisi or St Clare)
I. The Major Events of their life
II. Their Impact on society and the church in their lifetime
III. Their Legacy today…how they still inspire us
IV. Your personal reflections
.
You are to write a 1050 to 1750 word literature review (in a.docxkenjordan97598
You are to write a
1050 to 1750 word literature review
(in addition to the title page and references page) on the articles you selected for Week 2, synthesizing the findings in the articles that you found on your topic. You may incorporate other articles or references to support your discussion, as needed. Use APA citation and reference guidelines.
What is a literature review?
A literature review is a synthesis and critique of the published research in a given area of research. Your focus is on the findings of the studies you are exploring – their methods, approach, results, and implications – rather than the broad topic overall. It should synthesize findings in specific areas. Thus, you should look for themes in the range of articles and write about them as you group common themes.
Synthesize the material you found. In other words, find connected themes in the different areas you cover. Occasionally you might discuss individual articles, but only if the article is very unique and no other article has similar findings. The synthesis should focus strictly on existing, published research.
What else should you include besides a synthesis of research?
Be sure to include in your review other potential areas that still need to be explored. What unanswered questions are there? What holes are in the research that you have not yet found answers to? What contradictions are in the research will you seek to explore?
Examples of Synthesized Findings for Literature Review:
College students were found to have a large number of conflicts with roommates (Darsey, 2003; Smith, 2001; Yarmouth, 2005). Researchers also found that roommate conflicts were most frequent during the first semester of college (Lotspiech, 2004; Nominskee, 2001; Zackarov, 2000). Morissey (2004) found a reduction of roommate conflicts continued as students progressed from freshman to seniors, with seniors having the fewest roommate conflicts. However, Ellensworth (2001) found no correlation with year in school and frequency of roommate conflict. The contradiction between Ellensworth’s and Morissey’s findings suggest that additional research is needed in this area.
Ellensworth’s (2001) research was strictly quantitative, lacking a full picture of the contexts or reasons for the specific conflicts. It asked people to mark the frequency of their conflicts and types of people with whom they typically disputed. Morissey (2004) conducted interviews that allowed participants to provide an explanation for the reasons for the conflicts, and the contexts (dorm roommates, apartment roommates, house roommates, etc.). However, she interviewed far fewer people than Ellensworth surveyed.
Combining Ellensworth’s surveys with Morissey’s interview questions and utilizing a research team to increase the number of interviews could provide more details about the conflicts and contexts, and allow us to further look into the question of year in school and conflict behavior.
DeSoto (2005) and Craig (2.
You are to take the uploaded assignment and edit it. The title shoul.docxkenjordan97598
You are to take the uploaded assignment and edit it. The title should be changed for better clarification, something like SCHOOL DISTRICTS TRAINING THEIR TEACHERS WHO ARE ALREADY IN SERVICE.
Include more expressions of how these children have been failed in the past.
Change up wording and use stronger and more concise word choices.
AGAIN ALL THIS WILL BE DONE FROM OFF THE ASSIGNMENT THAT'S BEEN UPLOADED.
.
You are to use a topic for the question you chose.WORD REQUIRE.docxkenjordan97598
You are to use a topic for the question you chose.
WORD REQUIREMENT IS 300 Words
1. Jean Jacque Rousseau was a Frenchman who wrote the Rights of Man. After viewing the film on the French Revolution, how much of the Rights of Man were followed, especially during the Reign of Terror? Give examples.
2. This week, we read about liberalism and conservatism, two terms that are by no means new to use today. Per your readings discuss the premise of liberalism. Has this ideology changed over time? Can we see elements of this in today’s society? Examples.
3. Per your readings this week, discuss the views of conservatism. Has this ideology changed over time? Do we see some elements of this in today’s society? Examples.
4. Doyle discusses the reasons for the French Revolution. In your mind, which do you believe is the most important and why. Examples.
5. Discuss the issues that led to the American Revolution. Example.
6. Prior to its revolution, Haiti was one of the wealthiest colonies in the world. The French reaped those rewards. So what happened? Why a revolution? Why a violent revolution? Give examples.
7. Discuss Polverel’s interpretation of the French giving Haitian slave emancipation and discuss what he hoped to accomplish. Examples.
8. Agriculture Revolution had a great impact on European society, it has many great accomplishments but there were a few downfalls. Discuss these downfalls. Examples.
9. There was a change in Dynasties in China, the Manchu’s came to power. Discuss the organization of the Manchu Dynasty. Was this effective? Examples.
10. Discuss the foreign relations of the Chinese Empire with its European counter parts. Discuss whether or not this experience was positive or negative. Give examples.
11. Discuss the most important issue that was the foundation for the 1848 Revolutions. Examples.
.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Scientific American November 13, 2002Food for ThoughtD.docx
1. Scientific American November 13, 2002
Food for Thought
Dietary change was a driving force in human evolution
By William R. Leonard
We humans are strange primates.
We walk on two legs, carry around enormous brains and have
colonized every
corner of the globe. Anthropologists and biologists have long
sought to
understand how our lineage came to differ so profoundly from
the primate norm
in these ways, and over the years all manner of hypotheses
aimed at explaining
each of these oddities have been put forth. But a growing body
of evidence
indicates that these miscellaneous quirks of humanity in fact
have a common
thread: they are largely the result of natural selection acting to
maximize dietary
quality and foraging efficiency. Changes in food availability
over time, it seems,
strongly influenced our hominid ancestors. Thus, in an
evolutionary sense, we
are very much what we ate.
Accordingly, what we eat is yet another way in which we differ
from our primate
2. kin. Contemporary human populations the world over have diets
richer in
calories and nutrients than those of our cousins, the great apes.
So when and
how did our ancestors' eating habits diverge from those of other
primates?
Further, to what extent have modern humans departed from the
ancestral
dietary pattern?
Scientific interest in the evolution of human nutritional
requirements has a long
history. But relevant investigations started gaining momentum
after 1985, when
S. Boyd Eaton and Melvin J. Konner of Emory University
published a seminal
paper in the New England Journal of Medicine entitled
"Paleolithic Nutrition."
They argued that the prevalence in modern societies of many
chronic diseases-
-obesity, hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes,
among them--is
the consequence of a mismatch between modern dietary patterns
and the type
of diet that our species evolved to eat as prehistoric hunter-
gatherers. Since
then, however, understanding of the evolution of human
nutritional needs has
advanced considerably-- thanks in large part to new comparative
analyses of
traditionally living human populations and other primates--and
a more nuanced
picture has emerged. We now know that humans have evolved
not to subsist on
a single, Paleolithic diet but to be flexible eaters, an insight that
has important
3. implications for the current debate over what people today
should eat in order to
be healthy.
To appreciate the role of diet in human evolution, we must
remember that the
search for food, its consumption and, ultimately, how it is used
for biological
processes are all critical aspects of an organism's ecology. The
energy dynamic
between organisms and their environments--that is, energy
expended in relation
to energy acquired--has important adaptive consequences for
survival and
reproduction. These two components of Darwinian fitness are
reflected in the
way we divide up an animal's energy budget. Maintenance
energy is what
keeps an animal alive on a day-to-day basis. Productive energy,
on the other
hand, is associated with producing and raising offspring for the
next generation.
For mammals like ourselves, this must cover the increased costs
that mothers
incur during pregnancy and lactation.
The type of environment a creature inhabits will influence the
distribution of
energy between these components, with harsher conditions
creating higher
maintenance demands. Nevertheless, the goal of all organisms is
the same: to
devote sufficient funds to reproduction to ensure the long-term
4. success of the
species. Thus, by looking at the way animals go about obtaining
and then
allocating food energy, we can better discern how natural
selection produces
evolutionary change.
Becoming Bipeds
Without exception, living nonhuman primates habitually move
around on all
fours, or quadrupedally, when they are on the ground. Scientists
generally
assume therefore that the last common ancestor of humans and
chimpanzees
(our closest living relative) was also a quadruped. Exactly when
the last
common ancestor lived is unknown, but clear indications of
bipedalism--the trait
that distinguished ancient humans from other apes--are evident
in the oldest
known species of Australopithecus, which lived in Africa
roughly four million
years ago. Ideas about why bipedalism evolved abound in the
paleoanthropological literature. C. Owen Lovejoy of Kent State
University
proposed in 1981 that two-legged locomotion freed the arms to
carry children
and foraged goods. More recently, Kevin D. Hunt of Indiana
University has
posited that bipedalism emerged as a feeding posture that
enabled access to
foods that had previously been out of reach. Peter Wheeler of
Liverpool John
Moores University submits that moving upright allowed early
humans to better
regulate their body temperature by exposing less surface area to
5. the blazing
African sun.
The list goes on. In reality, a number of factors probably
selected for this type of
locomotion. My own research, conducted in collaboration with
my wife, Marcia
L. Robertson, suggests that bipedalism evolved in our ancestors
at least in part
because it is less energetically expensive than quadrupedalism.
Our analyses
of the energy costs of movement in living animals of all sizes
have shown that,
in general, the strongest predictors of cost are the weight of the
animal and the
speed at which it travels. What is striking about human bipedal
movement is
that it is notably more economical than quadrupedal locomotion
at walking
rates.
Apes, in contrast, are not economical when moving on the
ground. For instance,
chimpanzees, which employ a peculiar form of quadrupedalism
known as
knuckle walking, spend some 35 percent more calories during
locomotion than
does a typical mammalian quadruped of the same size-- a large
dog, for
example. Differences in the settings in which humans and apes
evolved may
help explain the variation in costs of movement. Chimps,
gorillas and
6. orangutans evolved in and continue to occupy dense forests
where only a mile
or so of trekking over the course of the day is all that is needed
to find enough
to eat. Much of early hominid evolution, on the other hand, took
place in more
open woodland and grassland, where sustenance is harder to
come by. Indeed,
modern human hunter-gatherers living in these environments,
who provide us
with the best available model of early human subsistence
patterns, often travel
six to eight miles daily in search of food.
These differences in day range have important locomotor
implications. Because
apes travel only short distances each day, the potential energetic
benefits of
moving more efficiently are very small. For far-ranging
foragers, however, cost-
effective walking saves many calories in maintenance energy
needs--calories
that can instead go toward reproduction. Selection for
energetically efficient
locomotion is therefore likely to be more intense among far-
ranging animals
because they have the most to gain.
For hominids living between five million and 1.8 million years
ago, during the
Pliocene epoch, climate change spurred this morphological
revolution. As the
African continent grew drier, forests gave way to grasslands,
leaving food
resources patchily distributed. In this context, bipedalism can
be viewed as one
7. of the first strategies in human nutritional evolution, a pattern
of movement that
would have substantially reduced the number of calories spent
in collecting
increasingly dispersed food resources.
Big Brains and Hungry Hominids
No sooner had humans perfected their stride than the next
pivotal event in
human evolution-- the dramatic enlargement of the brain--
began. According to
the fossil record, the australopithecines never became much
brainier than living
apes, showing only a modest increase in brain size, from around
400 cubic
centimeters four million years ago to 500 cubic centimeters two
million years
later. Homo brain sizes, in contrast, ballooned from 600 cubic
centimeters in H.
habilis some two million years ago up to 900 cubic centimeters
in early H.
erectus just 300,000 years later. The H. erectus brain did not
attain modern
human proportions (1,350 cubic centimeters on average), but it
exceeded that
of living nonhuman primates.
From a nutritional perspective, what is extraordinary about our
large brain is
how much energy it consumes-- roughly 16 times as much as
muscle tissue per
unit weight. Yet although humans have much bigger brains
relative to body
weight than do other primates (three times larger than
expected), the total
resting energy requirements of the human body are no greater
8. than those of
any other mammal of the same size. We therefore use a much
greater share of
our daily energy budget to feed our voracious brains. In fact, at
rest brain
metabolism accounts for a whopping 20 to 25 percent of an
adult human's
energy needs-- far more than the 8 to 10 percent observed in
nonhuman
primates, and more still than the 3 to 5 percent allotted to the
brain by other
mammals.
By using estimates of hominid body size compiled by Henry M.
McHenry of the
University of California at Davis, Robertson and I have
reconstructed the
proportion of resting energy needs that would have been
required to support the
brains of our ancient ancestors. Our calculations suggest that a
typical, 80- to
85-pound australopithecine with a brain size of 450 cubic
centimeters would
have devoted about 11 percent of its resting energy to the brain.
For its part, H.
erectus, which weighed in at 125 to 130 pounds and had a brain
size of some
900 cubic centimeters, would have earmarked about 17 percent
of its resting
energy-- that is, about 260 out of 1,500 kilocalories a day--for
the organ.
How did such an energetically costly brain evolve? One theory,
developed by
9. Dean Falk of Florida State University, holds that bipedalism
enabled hominids
to cool their cranial blood, thereby freeing the heat-sensitive
brain of the
temperature constraints that had kept its size in check. I suspect
that, as with
bipedalism, a number of selective factors were probably at
work. But brain
expansion almost certainly could not have occurred until
hominids adopted a
diet sufficiently rich in calories and nutrients to meet the
associated costs.
Comparative studies of living animals support that assertion.
Across all
primates, species with bigger brains dine on richer foods, and
humans are the
extreme example of this correlation, boasting the largest
relative brain size and
the choicest diet [see "Diet and Primate Evolution," by
Katharine Milton;
Scientific American, August 1993]. According to recent
analyses by Loren
Cordain of Colorado State University, contemporary hunter-
gatherers derive, on
average, 40 to 60 percent of their dietary energy from animal
foods (meat, milk
and other products). Modern chimps, in comparison, obtain only
5 to 7 percent
of their calories from these comestibles. Animal foods are far
denser in calories
and nutrients than most plant foods. For example, 3.5 ounces of
meat provides
upward of 200 kilocalories. But the same amount of fruit
provides only 50 to 100
kilocalories. And a comparable serving of foliage yields just 10
10. to 20
kilocalories. It stands to reason, then, that for early Homo,
acquiring more gray
matter meant seeking out more of the energy-dense fare.
Fossils, too, indicate that improvements to dietary quality
accompanied
evolutionary brain growth. All australopithecines had skeletal
and dental
features built for processing tough, low-quality plant foods. The
later, robust
australopithecines-- a dead-end branch of the human family tree
that lived
alongside members of our own genus-- had especially
pronounced adaptations
for grinding up fibrous plant foods, including massive, dish-
shaped faces;
heavily built mandibles; ridges, or sagittal crests, atop the skull
for the
attachment of powerful chewing muscles; and huge, thickly
enameled molar
teeth. (This is not to say that australopithecines never ate meat.
They almost
certainly did on occasion, just as chimps do today.) In contrast,
early members
of the genus Homo, which descended from the gracile
australopithecines, had
much smaller faces, more delicate jaws, smaller molars and no
sagittal crests--
despite being far larger in terms of overall body size than their
predecessors.
Together these features suggest that early Homo was consuming
less plant
material and more animal foods.
11. As to what prompted Homo's initial shift toward the higher-
quality diet necessary
for brain growth, environmental change appears to have once
more set the
stage for evolutionary change. The continued desiccation of the
African
landscape limited the amount and variety of edible plant foods
available to
hominids. Those on the line leading to the robust
australopithecines coped with
this problem morphologically, evolving anatomical
specializations that enabled
them to subsist on more widely available, difficult-to-chew
foods. Homo took a
different path. As it turns out, the spread of grasslands also led
to an increase in
the relative abundance of grazing mammals such as antelope
and gazelle,
creating opportunities for hominids capable of exploiting them.
H. erectus did
just that, developing the first hunting-and-gathering economy in
which game
animals became a significant part of the diet and resources were
shared among
members of the foraging groups. Signs of this behavioral
revolution are visible
in the archaeological record, which shows an increase in animal
bones at
hominid sites during this period, along with evidence that the
beasts were
butchered using stone tools.
These changes in diet and foraging behavior did not turn our
ancestors into
strict carnivores; however, the addition of modest amounts of
12. animal foods to
the menu, combined with the sharing of resources that is typical
of hunter-
gatherer groups, would have significantly increased the quality
and stability of
hominid diets. Improved dietary quality alone cannot explain
why hominid brains
grew, but it appears to have played a critical role in enabling
that change. After
the initial spurt in brain growth, diet and brain expansion
probably interacted
synergistically: bigger brains produced more complex social
behavior, which led
to further shifts in foraging tactics and improved diet, which in
turn fostered
additional brain evolution.
A Movable Feast
The evolution of H. erectus in Africa 1.8 million years ago also
marked a third
turning point in human evolution: the initial movement of
hominids out of Africa.
Until recently, the locations and ages of known fossil sites
suggested that early
Homo stayed put for a few hundred thousand years before
venturing out of the
motherland and slowly fanning out into the rest of the Old
World. Earlier work
hinted that improvements in tool technology around 1.4 million
years ago--
namely, the advent of the Acheulean hand ax--allowed hominids
to leave Africa.
But new discoveries indicate that H. erectus hit the ground
running, so to speak.
Rutgers University geochronologist Carl Swisher III and his
colleagues have
13. shown that the earliest H. erectus sites outside of Africa, which
are in Indonesia
and the Republic of Georgia, date to between 1.8 million and
1.7 million years
ago. It seems that the first appearance of H. erectus and its
initial spread from
Africa were almost simultaneous.
The impetus behind this newfound wanderlust again appears to
be food. What
an animal eats dictates to a large extent how much territory it
needs to survive.
Carnivorous animals generally require far bigger home ranges
than do
herbivores of comparable size because they have fewer total
calories available
to them per unit area.
Large-bodied and increasingly dependent on animal foods, H.
erectus most
likely needed much more turf than the smaller, more vegetarian
australopithecines did. Using data on contemporary primates
and human
hunter-gatherers as a guide, Robertson, Susan C. Antón of
Rutgers University
and I have estimated that the larger body size of H. erectus,
combined with a
moderate increase in meat consumption, would have
necessitated an eightfold
to 10-fold increase in home range size compared with that of the
late
australopithecines-- enough, in fact, to account for the abrupt
expansion of the
species out of Africa. Exactly how far beyond the continent that
14. shift would have
taken H. erectus remains unclear, but migrating animal herds
may have helped
lead it to these distant lands.
As humans moved into more northern latitudes, they
encountered new dietary
challenges. The Neandertals, who lived during the last ice ages
of Europe, were
among the first humans to inhabit arctic environments, and they
almost certainly
would have needed ample calories to endure under those
circumstances. Hints
at what their energy requirements might have been come from
data on
traditional human populations that live in northern settings
today. The Siberian
reindeer-herding populations known as the Evenki, which I have
studied with
Peter Katzmarzyk of Queen's University in Ontario and Victoria
A. Galloway of
the University of Toronto, and the Inuit (Eskimo) populations of
the Canadian
Arctic have resting metabolic rates that are about 15 percent
higher than those
of people of similar size living in temperate environments. The
energetically
expensive activities associated with living in a northern climate
ratchet their
caloric cost of living up further still. Indeed, whereas a 160-
pound American
male with a typical urban way of life requires about 2,600
kilocalories a day, a
diminutive, 125-pound Evenki man needs more than 3,000
kilocalories a day to
sustain himself. Using these modern northern populations as
15. benchmarks, Mark
Sorensen of Northwestern University and I have estimated that
Neandertals
most likely would have required as many as 4,000 kilocalories a
day to survive.
That they were able to meet these demands for as long as they
did speaks to
their skills as foragers.
Modern Quandaries
Just as pressures to improve dietary quality influenced early
human evolution,
so, too, have these factors played a crucial role in the more
recent increases in
population size. Innovations such as cooking, agriculture and
even aspects of
modern food technology can all be considered tactics for
boosting the quality of
the human diet. Cooking, for one, augmented the energy
available in wild plant
foods. With the advent of agriculture, humans began to
manipulate marginal
plant species to increase their productivity, digestibility and
nutritional content--
essentially making plants more like animal foods. This kind of
tinkering
continues today, with genetic modification of crop species to
make "better"
fruits, vegetables and grains. Similarly, the development of
liquid nutritional
supplements and meal replacement bars is a continuation of the
trend that our
ancient ancestors started: gaining as much nutritional return
from our food in as
little volume and with as little physical effort as possible.
16. Overall, that strategy has evidently worked: humans are here
today and in
record numbers to boot. But perhaps the strongest testament to
the importance
of energy- and nutrient-rich foods in human evolution lies in the
observation that
so many health concerns facing societies around the globe stem
from
deviations from the energy dynamic that our ancestors
established. For children
in rural populations of the developing world, low-quality diets
lead to poor
physical growth and high rates of mortality during early life. In
these cases, the
foods fed to youngsters during and after weaning are often not
sufficiently
dense in energy and nutrients to meet the high nutritional needs
associated with
this period of rapid growth and development. Although these
children are
typically similar in length and weight to their U.S. counterparts
at birth, they are
much shorter and lighter by the age of three, often resembling
the smallest 2 to
3 percent of American children of the same age and sex.
In the industrial world, we are facing the opposite problem:
rates of childhood
and adult obesity are rising because the energy-rich foods we
crave--notably
those packed with fat and sugar--have become widely available
and relatively
inexpensive. According to recent estimates, more than half of
17. adult Americans
are overweight or obese. Obesity has also appeared in parts of
the developing
world where it was virtually unknown less than a generation
ago. This seeming
paradox has emerged as people who grew up malnourished move
from rural
areas to urban settings where food is more readily available. In
some sense,
obesity and other common diseases of the modern world are
continuations of a
tenor that started millions of years ago. We are victims of our
own evolutionary
success, having developed a calorie-packed diet while
minimizing the amount
of maintenance energy expended on physical activity.
The magnitude of this imbalance becomes clear when we look at
traditionally
living human populations. Studies of the Evenki reindeer
herders that I have
conducted in collaboration with Michael Crawford of the
University of Kansas
and Ludmila Osipova of the Russian Academy of Sciences in
Novosibirsk
indicate that the Evenki derive almost half their daily calories
from meat, more
than 2.5 times the amount consumed by the average American.
Yet when we
compare Evenki men with their U.S. peers, they are 20 percent
leaner and have
cholesterol levels that are 30 percent lower.
These differences partly reflect the compositions of the diets.
Although the
Evenki diet is high in meat, it is relatively low in fat (about 20
18. percent of their
dietary energy comes from fat, compared with 35 percent in the
average U.S.
diet), because free-ranging animals such as reindeer have less
body fat than
cattle and other feedlot animals do. The composition of the fat
is also different in
free-ranging animals, tending to be lower in saturated fats and
higher in the
polyunsaturated fatty acids that protect against heart disease.
More important,
however, the Evenki way of life necessitates a much higher
level of energy
expenditure.
Thus, it is not just changes in diet that have created many of our
pervasive
health problems but the interaction of shifting diets and
changing lifestyles. Too
often modern health problems are portrayed as the result of
eating "bad" foods
that are departures from the natural human diet--an
oversimplification embodied
by the current debate over the relative merits of a high-protein,
high-fat Atkins-
type diet or a low-fat one that emphasizes complex
carbohydrates. This is a
fundamentally flawed approach to assessing human nutritional
needs. Our
species was not designed to subsist on a single, optimal diet.
What is
remarkable about human beings is the extraordinary variety of
what we eat. We
19. have been able to thrive in almost every ecosystem on the earth,
consuming
diets ranging from almost all animal foods among populations
of the Arctic to
primarily tubers and cereal grains among populations in the
high Andes. Indeed,
the hallmarks of human evolution have been the diversity of
strategies that we
have developed to create diets that meet our distinctive
metabolic requirements
and the ever increasing efficiency with which we extract energy
and nutrients
from the environment. The challenge our modern societies now
face is
balancing the calories we consume with the calories we burn.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
WILLIAM R. LEONARD is a professor of anthropology at
Northwestern
University. He was born in Jamestown, N.Y., and received his
Ph.D. in
biological anthropology at the University of Michigan at Ann
Arbor in 1987. The
author of more than 80 research articles on nutrition and
energetics among
contemporary and prehistoric populations, Leonard has studied
indigenous
agricultural groups in Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru and traditional
herding
populations in central and southern Siberia.
More to Explore:
Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Nutrition: The Influence
of Brain and
Body Size on Diet and Metabolism. William R. Leonard and
Marcia L.