A household survey was conducted in Charlotteville, Tobago to inform the Tobago Wastewater Disposal System Improvement Program Pilot Project regarding sewage disposal and water usage. 95 households in the Collette River basin were surveyed about their water sources, sewage treatment methods, and opinions on wastewater disposal. Survey results found issues with existing septic tanks and soakaways, as well as other sources of contamination entering the river. The survey aimed to identify solutions to improve sanitation and protect the local environment.
SLIPP Water Quality Monitoring Plan 2012 WQ PAC Workshop 12-April-2012Erin Vieira
The 2012/13 Water Quality Monitoring Plan proposes the following:
1) Continuing deep station and littoral station monitoring, as well as algae bloom and periphyton studies.
2) Conducting joint sampling with Interior Health at sewage seepage sites and initiating a secchi project in Little Shuswap Lake.
3) Identifying characteristics of houseboats on Shuswap Lake like numbers, distribution, and typical greywater production and chemistry.
4) Finishing GIS land use mapping and continuing tributary monitoring to identify highest loading sources.
Shawn Rummel, Trout Unlimited, "Recovery of Coldwater Ecosystems Following Tr...Michael Hewitt, GISP
This document discusses the impacts of acid mine drainage (AMD) on aquatic ecosystems and recovery efforts. It outlines how AMD decreases water quality and harms fish and macroinvertebrates. The document then examines recovery in the Twomile Run watershed following AMD treatment, finding improved water quality and return of sensitive species. It also analyzes differences in macroinvertebrate communities and body shapes of brook trout between AMD-impacted and reference streams. The key conclusions are that targeting areas with source populations is important for fish restoration, and long-term biological monitoring post-treatment is needed to fully understand recovery success.
LIDDLE - Project-Related Work ExperienceGeorge Liddle
George Lee Liddle, III has experience with a variety of projects related to water quality, stormwater, and environmental site assessments. Some of his major projects include a TMDL diagnostic and restoration project in Upper San Marcos Creek Watershed in California, monitoring and sampling at a former oil refinery and metals recycling facility in National City, California, and municipal stormwater detention basin sampling in Poway, California. He has also conducted Phase I environmental site assessments for various sites in Mexico and projects involving brownfield redevelopment, aquatic pesticide application, and hazardous waste assessment.
Lake Restoration Projects Being Undertaken by BDA_Bangalore Development Autho...Ekonnect
The document discusses lake restoration projects being undertaken by the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA). It provides background on BDA's aims, jurisdiction, and environmental conservation initiatives including lake restoration. It then summarizes the current state of Bangalore's lakes, which are largely encroached, polluted, and in need of restoration. The methodology for BDA's lake restoration projects is described, including removing encroachments, desilting, constructing wetlands and sewage diversion channels. Status updates and challenges to progress are also summarized, such as pending encroachment clearances and need for improved sewage networks and rehabilitation efforts.
Onondaga County in New York has implemented a "Save the Rain" program to meet water quality standards and reduce combined sewer overflows using green infrastructure as required by an amended consent judgment. The program aims to green 470 acres and reduce CSO volume by 247 million gallons per year by 2018. The county established a forum to address policy barriers and is demonstrating green infrastructure technologies on public lands to encourage widespread adoption. The program matrix maps implementation strategies to specific impervious surface types to scale up green infrastructure across the county.
Master Plan Project Report on Remodeling of Storm Water Drains_BBMP Ekonnect
This document provides a summary of the Master Plan Project Report for remodeling storm water drains in the Bruhath Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) area of Bengaluru, India. Some key details include:
- The BBMP area covers 710 square kilometers divided into core and peripheral areas. There are over 840 kilometers of storm water drains.
- The master plan project aims to minimize flooding, ensure free flow of storm water, improve environmental conditions, and protect water bodies.
- Proposals include improving drain capacity, developing water bodies as holding ponds, upgrading culverts and bridges, and carrying out other infrastructure works.
- The estimated total cost is 4,
SLIPP All-Committee Meeting: Water Quality Update 12-April-2012Erin Vieira
- The Shuswap Lake Integrated Planning Process (SLIPP) coordinated the first year of water quality monitoring in Shuswap Lake.
- Monitoring was conducted by multiple agencies and covered nutrient conditions, algae blooms, drinking water intakes, beaches, and tributary loadings.
- Preliminary results from 2011 show slightly increased organic nitrogen and phosphorus levels compared to historic data. Large tributaries contributed higher nutrient loads than smaller streams.
- The 2012/13 monitoring plan under SLIPP proposes continuing monitoring of nutrient levels, algae blooms, tributary loadings, and investigation of sources of contamination near
SLIPP Water Quality Monitoring Plan 2012 WQ PAC Workshop 12-April-2012Erin Vieira
The 2012/13 Water Quality Monitoring Plan proposes the following:
1) Continuing deep station and littoral station monitoring, as well as algae bloom and periphyton studies.
2) Conducting joint sampling with Interior Health at sewage seepage sites and initiating a secchi project in Little Shuswap Lake.
3) Identifying characteristics of houseboats on Shuswap Lake like numbers, distribution, and typical greywater production and chemistry.
4) Finishing GIS land use mapping and continuing tributary monitoring to identify highest loading sources.
Shawn Rummel, Trout Unlimited, "Recovery of Coldwater Ecosystems Following Tr...Michael Hewitt, GISP
This document discusses the impacts of acid mine drainage (AMD) on aquatic ecosystems and recovery efforts. It outlines how AMD decreases water quality and harms fish and macroinvertebrates. The document then examines recovery in the Twomile Run watershed following AMD treatment, finding improved water quality and return of sensitive species. It also analyzes differences in macroinvertebrate communities and body shapes of brook trout between AMD-impacted and reference streams. The key conclusions are that targeting areas with source populations is important for fish restoration, and long-term biological monitoring post-treatment is needed to fully understand recovery success.
LIDDLE - Project-Related Work ExperienceGeorge Liddle
George Lee Liddle, III has experience with a variety of projects related to water quality, stormwater, and environmental site assessments. Some of his major projects include a TMDL diagnostic and restoration project in Upper San Marcos Creek Watershed in California, monitoring and sampling at a former oil refinery and metals recycling facility in National City, California, and municipal stormwater detention basin sampling in Poway, California. He has also conducted Phase I environmental site assessments for various sites in Mexico and projects involving brownfield redevelopment, aquatic pesticide application, and hazardous waste assessment.
Lake Restoration Projects Being Undertaken by BDA_Bangalore Development Autho...Ekonnect
The document discusses lake restoration projects being undertaken by the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA). It provides background on BDA's aims, jurisdiction, and environmental conservation initiatives including lake restoration. It then summarizes the current state of Bangalore's lakes, which are largely encroached, polluted, and in need of restoration. The methodology for BDA's lake restoration projects is described, including removing encroachments, desilting, constructing wetlands and sewage diversion channels. Status updates and challenges to progress are also summarized, such as pending encroachment clearances and need for improved sewage networks and rehabilitation efforts.
Onondaga County in New York has implemented a "Save the Rain" program to meet water quality standards and reduce combined sewer overflows using green infrastructure as required by an amended consent judgment. The program aims to green 470 acres and reduce CSO volume by 247 million gallons per year by 2018. The county established a forum to address policy barriers and is demonstrating green infrastructure technologies on public lands to encourage widespread adoption. The program matrix maps implementation strategies to specific impervious surface types to scale up green infrastructure across the county.
Master Plan Project Report on Remodeling of Storm Water Drains_BBMP Ekonnect
This document provides a summary of the Master Plan Project Report for remodeling storm water drains in the Bruhath Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) area of Bengaluru, India. Some key details include:
- The BBMP area covers 710 square kilometers divided into core and peripheral areas. There are over 840 kilometers of storm water drains.
- The master plan project aims to minimize flooding, ensure free flow of storm water, improve environmental conditions, and protect water bodies.
- Proposals include improving drain capacity, developing water bodies as holding ponds, upgrading culverts and bridges, and carrying out other infrastructure works.
- The estimated total cost is 4,
SLIPP All-Committee Meeting: Water Quality Update 12-April-2012Erin Vieira
- The Shuswap Lake Integrated Planning Process (SLIPP) coordinated the first year of water quality monitoring in Shuswap Lake.
- Monitoring was conducted by multiple agencies and covered nutrient conditions, algae blooms, drinking water intakes, beaches, and tributary loadings.
- Preliminary results from 2011 show slightly increased organic nitrogen and phosphorus levels compared to historic data. Large tributaries contributed higher nutrient loads than smaller streams.
- The 2012/13 monitoring plan under SLIPP proposes continuing monitoring of nutrient levels, algae blooms, tributary loadings, and investigation of sources of contamination near
Action taken by BWSSB in preventing pollution of LakesEkonnect
This document discusses actions taken by BWSSB to prevent pollution of lakes in Bangalore's valley systems. It notes the city's unplanned growth and lack of infrastructure have led to lake pollution. BWSSB is undertaking various projects to build sewer networks, rehabilitate existing systems, and create additional wastewater treatment capacity in order to treat the city's sewage and prevent it from entering the lakes and drainages. Once completed, these projects are expected to benefit 70 lakes across 7 local body areas by reducing pollution loads in their watersheds.
1) The document discusses conditioning an old vertical well drilled in 1974 in Argentina to stimulate and test productivity from the Vaca Muerta shale formation.
2) A pilot program was conducted on three wells, applying coiled tubing assisted pinpoint completions to independently stimulate small intervals, with 12 stages used over 130m.
3) The pilot was successful, with the wells producing oil naturally. It demonstrated the viability of the completion technique for stimulating older vertical wells in the Vaca Muerta shale.
Amy Wolfe, Trout Unlimited, "15 Years of Assessment, Abatement, and Recovery ...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Since the inception of the partnership between TU and KCWA in 1998 through TU’s national Kettle Creek Home Rivers Initiative, numerous assessments (including hydrogeological studies and airborne remote sensing surveys) were conducted, and nine passive treatment systems, a land reclamation project, and a mine pool stabilization project have been completed.
The document discusses shoreline restoration efforts on Shuswap Lake. It provides background on a project to inventory and monitor shoreline modifications due to development. Several sites were restored in 2011-12 by removing structures like boat ramps and retaining walls. Further restoration phases are planned for 2012. It also describes an inventory of docks, marinas and utility sites in Sicamous Narrows to identify safety, environmental and social issues to inform future management strategies.
Joe Pizarchik is the Director of the OSMRE. In his previous position with PA DEP, he was one of the authors of Pennsylvania’s Environmental Good Samaritan Act. Mr. Pizarchik helped develop Pennsylvania’s program for volunteers to clean up abandoned coal refuse sites and helped develop Pennsylvania’s program for mine operators to establish trust funds as a means of meeting their financial obligation to ensure funds are available to perpetually treat the discharges caused by their mining. Joe will provide an update on policies related to AMR.
This presentation was delivered by Simon Tilleard at the Lancang – Mekong Environmental Study Workshop that took place at the 2016 Greater Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy.
The presentation documents the current condition and drivers of change for hydrology and sediment transport in the study section. It also provides information for biodiversity teams so that they can understand habitat availability.
Dwindling availability of water, combined with increases and competition in demand, climate change impacts, trends toward true cost water pricing, among other “drivers,” necessitates that urban water planning incorporate consideration of strategies for use, conservation, and reuse of treated wastewater and stormwater. Three innovative initiatives will be discussed as illustrations of “win-win” approaches that achieve effective water management (urban water security/sustainability) while facilitating economic development.
The document summarizes contaminated sediment management plans for several sites in the Great Lakes region. It discusses sediment remediation projects in Thunder Bay North Harbour, Peninsula Harbour, and the St. Clair River. For each site, it provides details on the nature of contamination, sediment sampling results, sediment management options considered, and the selected remediation approach. It also outlines implementation schedules and long-term monitoring plans. Key challenges to Great Lakes sediment remediation projects are high costs and increasing cost uncertainties over the stages of a project.
Andy Malone is a Principal Geologist and Vice President at Wildermuth Environmental, Inc. with over 20 years of experience in water resources and geology. Some of his most significant projects include redefining groundwater sub-basin boundaries and water quality objectives for the Santa Ana River Watershed, developing a strategic plan for the Six Basins Watermaster to improve water resources management, and conducting studies on land subsidence in the Chino Basin. Currently, he is managing development of the strategic plan for the Six Basins Watermaster and evaluating project alternatives through computer modeling of physical impacts and cost analyses.
The document provides details about a project to design a low-flow siphon for environmental releases below Pilarcitos Dam for the San Francisco Public Utility Commission. The current siphon does not operate well during low reservoir levels in warm months. The project team's objective is to optimize the current siphon's design for drought conditions by reducing head losses. The team considered modifying the current design, using a solar pump, or installing a siphon over the dam. Their final design includes a throttling device and lip seal to control water flow at low rates without frequent maintenance. Computer simulations and prototype testing supported that the new design can sustain siphon flow at rates from 0.5 to over 3 cubic feet per second.
This document summarizes the experiences and lessons learned from adaptation projects implemented through the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) program. It provides examples of successful projects from Cook Islands, Marshall Islands, Tonga, Samoa, and Palau that improved coastal infrastructure, water security, and food security. Key lessons highlighted include the importance of community participation, using legal frameworks, conducting assessments, and replicating demonstration projects. While PACC has benefited many communities, more work is still needed given the scale of climate impacts facing Pacific Island countries.
Northampton Landfill Waiver from DEP 06-23-2006Adam Cohen
The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection approved a waiver request from regulatory siting criteria for a proposed expansion of the Northampton Landfill. The expansion areas are located within the Zone II of a public drinking water well and a Potentially Productive Aquifer. The Department determined that strict compliance with the criteria would result in undue hardship and not minimize adverse impacts. The waiver was necessary to accommodate the regional need for additional landfill capacity and would not diminish protection of public health, safety, or the environment.
This course is designed to develop skills in understanding the geometry and petrophysical characteristics of carbonate reservoirs. Depositional fabric, grain type and size and subsequent diagenetic modifications are the major controls on carbonate reservoir behaviour. The complex inter-relationship of the depositional and burial history can be unravelled to allow prediction of reservoir facies and reconstruction of three-dimensional reservoir models. The course demonstrates the value of the reservoir model in volumetric assessment and development of carbonate reservoirs. Extensive practical sessions can utilise your own data or Robertson CGG Company’s extensive non-exclusive data.
The document summarizes findings from an environmental study of the Lancang-Mekong Development Plan (LMDP) and the proposed Pak Beng dam project. Key findings include changes to hydrology and sediment flows due to Chinese dams, impacts to aquatic ecology, and identification of environmentally sensitive areas. The study recommends establishing a network of conservation areas along the Mekong River to help mitigate impacts from proposed developments. Specific mitigation strategies are provided for each of three zones studied.
This document provides information about a carbonate reservoir characterization course offered by PetroSync from May 23-27, 2016 in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. The 5-day course will cover topics such as carbonate depositional environments, facies, diagenesis, reservoir modeling, and case studies. It is intended for professionals involved in carbonate reservoir characterization and will help participants better understand the complexity of these reservoirs. The course will be taught by an experienced instructor and include examples, exercises, and presentations from various carbonate plays around the world.
The document summarizes a public workshop that presented 3 conceptual restoration designs for Los Cerritos Wetlands. The workshop objectives were to: 1) update on the conceptual restoration plan's progress, 2) share the 3 conceptual designs, and 3) present results of analyzing the alternatives. The 3 alternatives varied in the degree of infrastructure consolidation, new tidal connections, grading, and habitat types created. Analysis of hydrology, habitat, and public access for each alternative under existing and future sea levels was presented. Key findings were that culverts may impact hydrology and habitats, and that while some alternatives were resilient to moderate sea level rise, significant rise may require additional measures like sediment addition to preserve wetlands.
The document discusses sanitary appliances used in buildings. It describes the design requirements for appliances to have minimal fouling areas and durable, easily cleaned surfaces. The main types of appliances are categorized as either "waste" or "soil" appliances. Specific appliances discussed in detail include water closets, urinals, bidets, wash basins, sinks, bathtubs, and showers. Common materials used for appliances are also outlined.
This document provides front matter for the Fifth Edition of the Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering including:
- A foreword and editors' preface introducing the encyclopedia.
- Biographies of the editors, James R. Pfafflin and Edward N. Ziegler, and a list of contributors.
- The table of contents for Volume 1 of the encyclopedia, which covers topics from A to L, including Acid Rain, Air Pollution Sources, Ecology of Plants, Environmental Health, and Groundwater Resources.
- An introductory quote by Walt Whitman on the interconnectedness of all people and the environment.
Action taken by BWSSB in preventing pollution of LakesEkonnect
This document discusses actions taken by BWSSB to prevent pollution of lakes in Bangalore's valley systems. It notes the city's unplanned growth and lack of infrastructure have led to lake pollution. BWSSB is undertaking various projects to build sewer networks, rehabilitate existing systems, and create additional wastewater treatment capacity in order to treat the city's sewage and prevent it from entering the lakes and drainages. Once completed, these projects are expected to benefit 70 lakes across 7 local body areas by reducing pollution loads in their watersheds.
1) The document discusses conditioning an old vertical well drilled in 1974 in Argentina to stimulate and test productivity from the Vaca Muerta shale formation.
2) A pilot program was conducted on three wells, applying coiled tubing assisted pinpoint completions to independently stimulate small intervals, with 12 stages used over 130m.
3) The pilot was successful, with the wells producing oil naturally. It demonstrated the viability of the completion technique for stimulating older vertical wells in the Vaca Muerta shale.
Amy Wolfe, Trout Unlimited, "15 Years of Assessment, Abatement, and Recovery ...Michael Hewitt, GISP
Since the inception of the partnership between TU and KCWA in 1998 through TU’s national Kettle Creek Home Rivers Initiative, numerous assessments (including hydrogeological studies and airborne remote sensing surveys) were conducted, and nine passive treatment systems, a land reclamation project, and a mine pool stabilization project have been completed.
The document discusses shoreline restoration efforts on Shuswap Lake. It provides background on a project to inventory and monitor shoreline modifications due to development. Several sites were restored in 2011-12 by removing structures like boat ramps and retaining walls. Further restoration phases are planned for 2012. It also describes an inventory of docks, marinas and utility sites in Sicamous Narrows to identify safety, environmental and social issues to inform future management strategies.
Joe Pizarchik is the Director of the OSMRE. In his previous position with PA DEP, he was one of the authors of Pennsylvania’s Environmental Good Samaritan Act. Mr. Pizarchik helped develop Pennsylvania’s program for volunteers to clean up abandoned coal refuse sites and helped develop Pennsylvania’s program for mine operators to establish trust funds as a means of meeting their financial obligation to ensure funds are available to perpetually treat the discharges caused by their mining. Joe will provide an update on policies related to AMR.
This presentation was delivered by Simon Tilleard at the Lancang – Mekong Environmental Study Workshop that took place at the 2016 Greater Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy.
The presentation documents the current condition and drivers of change for hydrology and sediment transport in the study section. It also provides information for biodiversity teams so that they can understand habitat availability.
Dwindling availability of water, combined with increases and competition in demand, climate change impacts, trends toward true cost water pricing, among other “drivers,” necessitates that urban water planning incorporate consideration of strategies for use, conservation, and reuse of treated wastewater and stormwater. Three innovative initiatives will be discussed as illustrations of “win-win” approaches that achieve effective water management (urban water security/sustainability) while facilitating economic development.
The document summarizes contaminated sediment management plans for several sites in the Great Lakes region. It discusses sediment remediation projects in Thunder Bay North Harbour, Peninsula Harbour, and the St. Clair River. For each site, it provides details on the nature of contamination, sediment sampling results, sediment management options considered, and the selected remediation approach. It also outlines implementation schedules and long-term monitoring plans. Key challenges to Great Lakes sediment remediation projects are high costs and increasing cost uncertainties over the stages of a project.
Andy Malone is a Principal Geologist and Vice President at Wildermuth Environmental, Inc. with over 20 years of experience in water resources and geology. Some of his most significant projects include redefining groundwater sub-basin boundaries and water quality objectives for the Santa Ana River Watershed, developing a strategic plan for the Six Basins Watermaster to improve water resources management, and conducting studies on land subsidence in the Chino Basin. Currently, he is managing development of the strategic plan for the Six Basins Watermaster and evaluating project alternatives through computer modeling of physical impacts and cost analyses.
The document provides details about a project to design a low-flow siphon for environmental releases below Pilarcitos Dam for the San Francisco Public Utility Commission. The current siphon does not operate well during low reservoir levels in warm months. The project team's objective is to optimize the current siphon's design for drought conditions by reducing head losses. The team considered modifying the current design, using a solar pump, or installing a siphon over the dam. Their final design includes a throttling device and lip seal to control water flow at low rates without frequent maintenance. Computer simulations and prototype testing supported that the new design can sustain siphon flow at rates from 0.5 to over 3 cubic feet per second.
This document summarizes the experiences and lessons learned from adaptation projects implemented through the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) program. It provides examples of successful projects from Cook Islands, Marshall Islands, Tonga, Samoa, and Palau that improved coastal infrastructure, water security, and food security. Key lessons highlighted include the importance of community participation, using legal frameworks, conducting assessments, and replicating demonstration projects. While PACC has benefited many communities, more work is still needed given the scale of climate impacts facing Pacific Island countries.
Northampton Landfill Waiver from DEP 06-23-2006Adam Cohen
The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection approved a waiver request from regulatory siting criteria for a proposed expansion of the Northampton Landfill. The expansion areas are located within the Zone II of a public drinking water well and a Potentially Productive Aquifer. The Department determined that strict compliance with the criteria would result in undue hardship and not minimize adverse impacts. The waiver was necessary to accommodate the regional need for additional landfill capacity and would not diminish protection of public health, safety, or the environment.
This course is designed to develop skills in understanding the geometry and petrophysical characteristics of carbonate reservoirs. Depositional fabric, grain type and size and subsequent diagenetic modifications are the major controls on carbonate reservoir behaviour. The complex inter-relationship of the depositional and burial history can be unravelled to allow prediction of reservoir facies and reconstruction of three-dimensional reservoir models. The course demonstrates the value of the reservoir model in volumetric assessment and development of carbonate reservoirs. Extensive practical sessions can utilise your own data or Robertson CGG Company’s extensive non-exclusive data.
The document summarizes findings from an environmental study of the Lancang-Mekong Development Plan (LMDP) and the proposed Pak Beng dam project. Key findings include changes to hydrology and sediment flows due to Chinese dams, impacts to aquatic ecology, and identification of environmentally sensitive areas. The study recommends establishing a network of conservation areas along the Mekong River to help mitigate impacts from proposed developments. Specific mitigation strategies are provided for each of three zones studied.
This document provides information about a carbonate reservoir characterization course offered by PetroSync from May 23-27, 2016 in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. The 5-day course will cover topics such as carbonate depositional environments, facies, diagenesis, reservoir modeling, and case studies. It is intended for professionals involved in carbonate reservoir characterization and will help participants better understand the complexity of these reservoirs. The course will be taught by an experienced instructor and include examples, exercises, and presentations from various carbonate plays around the world.
The document summarizes a public workshop that presented 3 conceptual restoration designs for Los Cerritos Wetlands. The workshop objectives were to: 1) update on the conceptual restoration plan's progress, 2) share the 3 conceptual designs, and 3) present results of analyzing the alternatives. The 3 alternatives varied in the degree of infrastructure consolidation, new tidal connections, grading, and habitat types created. Analysis of hydrology, habitat, and public access for each alternative under existing and future sea levels was presented. Key findings were that culverts may impact hydrology and habitats, and that while some alternatives were resilient to moderate sea level rise, significant rise may require additional measures like sediment addition to preserve wetlands.
The document discusses sanitary appliances used in buildings. It describes the design requirements for appliances to have minimal fouling areas and durable, easily cleaned surfaces. The main types of appliances are categorized as either "waste" or "soil" appliances. Specific appliances discussed in detail include water closets, urinals, bidets, wash basins, sinks, bathtubs, and showers. Common materials used for appliances are also outlined.
This document provides front matter for the Fifth Edition of the Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering including:
- A foreword and editors' preface introducing the encyclopedia.
- Biographies of the editors, James R. Pfafflin and Edward N. Ziegler, and a list of contributors.
- The table of contents for Volume 1 of the encyclopedia, which covers topics from A to L, including Acid Rain, Air Pollution Sources, Ecology of Plants, Environmental Health, and Groundwater Resources.
- An introductory quote by Walt Whitman on the interconnectedness of all people and the environment.
Sewage and wastewater contain organic and inorganic matter, gases, and microorganisms. The organic matter can undergo aerobic or anaerobic decomposition. Aerobic decomposition occurs in the presence of oxygen and forms stable end products. Anaerobic decomposition occurs without oxygen and forms gases and simpler compounds. The characteristics of sewage include physical properties like color and temperature, chemical properties like pH and dissolved oxygen, and biological indicators like BOD and COD that measure decomposability. Proper treatment of sewage is necessary to remove pathogens and pollutants before disposal or reuse of water.
Basic concepts in environmental engineeringjoefreim
Environmental engineering involves applying scientific principles to improve the natural environment for societal benefit. It aims to study both biotic factors like living organisms as well as abiotic factors such as land, water and air, as all components of the environment are interrelated. The document provides an introductory overview of environmental engineering by defining the field, explaining how it combines engineering with environmental concerns, and giving some basic descriptions of biotic and abiotic environmental factors.
This presentation provides an overview of domestic wastewater treatment. It discusses preliminary treatment including screening and grit removal. Primary treatment involves settling suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge or trickling filters. Sludge is treated through thickening, stabilization via aerobic or anaerobic digestion, dewatering, and ultimate disposal. Nitrogen and phosphorus can be removed through additional processes.
This document discusses methods for disposing of treated sewage effluents. It describes natural methods like dilution disposal into water bodies, and disposal on land. It also describes artificial treatment methods before disposal. Key points covered include standards for dilution disposal, factors favoring dilution disposal, types of receiving waters, and the processes involved in the self-purification of natural streams.
The document provides an overview of a lecture on ecology and the environment. It discusses the impact of technology and industrial pollutants on human environments. It also covers environmental impact assessments and sustainable development. Specific types of pollution like air, water, industrial waste, noise, and their controls are examined. The objectives are to increase environmental awareness and reduce health issues.
This document provides an overview of environmental engineering and water quality topics. It discusses various water sources including surface sources like rivers, lakes, and streams, and subsurface sources like wells and aquifers. Water quality parameters that are tested are described, including physical parameters like turbidity, color and odor, and chemical parameters like pH, hardness, dissolved solids, and nitrogen content. Microbiological quality indicators like E. coli are also mentioned. Standards for drinking water quality are outlined.
The document discusses water distribution systems and sanitary systems. It describes the main components of water distribution systems including pipes, valves, fittings and motors. It also discusses the components of sanitary systems such as traps, pipes, fittings and different plumbing systems. Plumbing systems discussed include single stack, fully ventilated stack, one pipe and dual pipe systems.
This document discusses wastewater treatment. It defines wastewater as used water that contains food scraps, oils, soaps, and human and industrial wastes. Wastewater is treated at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) through primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment stages to remove pollutants. Primary treatment removes large solid objects, secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge to remove dissolved and suspended organic matter, and tertiary treatment uses disinfection like chlorination to kill pathogens. The goal of wastewater treatment is to recycle water for reuse and protect public health and aquatic environments.
Concerns regarding a large mall project along Ira Needles next to the Erb St. landfill. Impacts to a large wetland complex and concerns for local water risks. Shared with City of Waterloo and Regional council.
Interesting project observed. Louisette Lanteigne assumes no liability for any inaccurate, delayed or incomplete information, nor for any actions taken in reliance thereon. All information should be verified independently before being used and relied on.
Report: Shale Gas Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in Pennsylvania 2014Marcellus Drilling News
A report issued in August 2015 titled "Shale Gas Development - Summary of Shale Gas Wastewater Treatment and Disposal In Pennsylvania 2014". The report finds drillers in PA produced about 1.8 billion gallons of gas and oil wastewater in 2014--a figure largely unchanged since 2011. The study also finds the shale industry in PA is recycling 91% of the wastewater it produces.
Water quality monitoring of tributaries flowing into Otsego Lake continued in 2015. Nutrient concentrations and physiochemical data were collected from five tributaries providing 70% of inflow. Past studies attributed increasing eutrophication in the lake to nutrient loading from human sources like wastewater and agriculture. Best Management Practices had been implemented near tributaries to improve water quality. High precipitation in 2015 caused nutrient influxes into tributaries. Phosphorus levels decreased while nitrogen fluctuated annually. Sites also had cooler temperatures and more dissolved oxygen compared to previous years.
This document provides a summary of the 2011 update to the Crooked Lake Comprehensive Management Plan. It outlines issues affecting Crooked Lake such as invasive species, water levels, and water quality. Actions taken in recent years to address these issues are also summarized, including invasive species treatment, water level and quality monitoring, and educational efforts. Upcoming plans to further address water usage, shoreline restoration, and prevention of aquatic invasive species are mentioned as well.
The document discusses a proposed constructed wetland system to remediate high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and turbidity in Eighteen Mile Creek near Lake Hartwell. The goals are to reduce total nitrogen and phosphorus through phytoremediation and microbial interactions to meet state standards. Historical water quality and flow rate data were analyzed to understand the problem. A hybrid constructed wetland system is proposed, combining horizontal and vertical flow beds to achieve high nutrient removal. Key components include media, piping, pumps, and plant species. Maintaining the system is estimated to require 1 hour per week. The total installation cost is estimated to be $3,117,611.72.
The document summarizes the efforts of an operator in Argentina to reduce freshwater consumption in hydraulic fracturing operations by using produced water as the base fluid. Tests were conducted on various sources of produced water from 2005-2010 to evaluate their suitability. Initial tests in 2005 identified sources that maintained adequate fracturing fluid viscosity over time. Subsequent years saw a gradual increase in produced water usage, reaching 54.8% of the total water volume used in 2010 and reducing freshwater consumption by 5.7 million gallons. The methodology helped establish reliable sources and procedures for using produced water while maintaining fracturing treatment performance.
Okanagan Waterwise: Trepanier Landscape Water Management PlanFiona9864
This document provides a summary of the final report of the Trepanier Landscape Unit water management plan. The report was commissioned by the Regional District of Central Okanagan and BC Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management to address growing pressures on water resources in the region from factors like population growth and climate change. Key findings of the report include that water usage in the TLU is very high at 789 litres per person per day, over twice the Canadian average, and actions will need to be taken to reduce water usage or find alternative sources to sustain economic growth while maintaining environmental quality as pressures increase in the coming decades. The report provides recommendations to improve water management in the TLU through actions such as establishing a leadership group and
Application of Source Water Quantity and Quality Model to Dongshan PeninsulaeWater
Lake Tai is the third largest freshwater lake in China, bordering Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces,
providing water to 30 million residents. A severe algal bloom in 2007 led to the development of the
Lake Tai Master Plan, launched by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), to
improve nutrient management in the basin. Under a joint Australian China Environmental
Development Project, the Australian eWater Source Integrated Modelling System (IMS) was applied
to model water quantity and quality for a pilot area on the Dongshan Peninsula in the Lake Tai Basin.
Source is a powerful modelling platform for environmental management which can integrate many
physical processes and human impacts, successfully applied in over 70 basins across Australia.
SLIPP SC TT PAC meeting June 2010 with ECE updateErin Vieira
Shuswap Lake Integrated Planning Process: meeting of the Steering Committee, Technical Teams, and Public Advisory Committee for Education, Compliance and Enforcement in June 2010 at Quaaout Lodge. This presentation features an update on Education, Compliance and Enforcement strategies and activities as outlined in the SLIPP Strategic Plan.
This document analyzes upgrading the Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant to tertiary treatment in order to reduce nutrient loads discharged into Lake Ontario. It discusses the plant's current secondary treatment processes and effluent quality. Tertiary treatment technologies are compared, with denitrifying filters identified as the best option due to their relatively small footprint and high removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus. Implementing tertiary treatment could significantly reduce nutrient loads into Lake Ontario if adopted by all plants discharging into the lake, but each plant would need to lower effluent nutrient limits and have sufficient space for the required tertiary processes.
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Paho Who Cville House Survey 2007
1. CHARLOTTEVILLE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY REPORT
Tobago Wastewater Disposal System Improvement Program Pilot Project: Charlotteville,
Tobago
Collette River
July 25th 2007
Submitted by:
Hema Singh: Environment Tobago
Ria Sooknanan- Maharaj: Environment Tobago
1
2. Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 3
PROJECT AREA 5
METHODOLOGY 9
RESULTS 10
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 21
RECOMMENDATIONS 24
CONCLUSION 26
List of Figures
Figure 1.0 Map of Tobago showing the Location of Charlotteville _________________ 6
Figure 1.1 Showing the Water in the Collette River Basin________________________ 7
Figure 1.2 Showing the Contours of the Project Area ___________________________ 8
Figure 1.3 Shows the Source of Water in the Dry Season _______________________ 11
Figure 1.4 Shows the Source of Water in the Wet Season _______________________ 11
Figure 1.5 Showing How Households Receive Water __________________________ 12
Figure 1.6 Shows Type & Quantity of Pets Kept ______________________________ 13
Figure 1.7 Showing Methods of Sewage Treatment ____________________________ 14
Figure 1.8 Showing the Age of Septic Tanks _________________________________ 15
Figure 1.9 Showing Tabular Record of Frequency of Septage Pumping ____________ 15
Figure 1.10 Showing Treatment of Grey Water _______________________________ 16
Figure 1.11 Showing Vehicle Washing Areas_________________________________ 17
Figure 1.12 Showing Frequency of Vehicle Washing___________________________ 17
Figure 1.13 Showing the Opinion on Sewage Waste Disposal____________________ 18
Figure 1.14 Showing the Level of Education _________________________________ 20
List of Appendices
Appendix 1: Charlotteville Household Survey Questionnaire…….....28-31
Appendix 2: Terms of Reference…………………………………………32-33
Appendix 3:Map Data…………………………………………………….34-38
2
3. Introduction
In Small Island Developing States human settlement tend to gravitate and expand along
coastal areas. People are inclined to live in these areas because of the various
opportunities that exist such as viable fishing and tourist hotspots. However, settlements
bring with them a myriad of issues, one of which is the management of domestic waste
from land based activities. Where there is unplanned development the challenge is
usually linked to social, economic and environmental issues. Waste disposal
infrastructure has been proven to be inefficient and unable to deal with human waste.
Sewage disposal has been recognized as a major environmental concern in Tobago, the
resulting pollution negatively impacts human health, tourism, coastal fisheries and coral
reefs. In a report produced by Environment Tobago in 1999, it was found that samples
obtained from the mouth of the Collette river contained faecal coliform (FC) -high of
3,100 per 100 ml). United States Environmental Protection Agency (recreational waters)
states that the Logarithmic Mean of FC bacteria counts should not exceed 200 per 100ml,
nor should 10% of total samples exceed 400 per 100ml. The conclusions drawn from this
survey suggested that such high levels of FC found in the storm drains and street gutters,
which all empty into the Collette river indicated that sewage is coming from residential
pit latrines and septic tank/soakaways and, at that time, an operational pig farm. 1
In 2000 Environment Tobago with the support of the Water and Sewerage Authority
(WASA), the Tobago House of Assembly (THA) Health Division and other agencies
conducted the initial part of the Tobago Waste Water Disposal System Improvement
Program (TWWDSIP): Pilot Project Charlotteville, Collette River and produced a survey
report with their findings. The goal of this program is to “improve sanitation and
environmental quality in a rural coastal area by developing and implementing a
sustainable waste water disposal system (WWDS) that considers community, economic
1
Tobago Community Water Watch Network: Final Water Quality Survey Report July 1999.
3
4. and technical factors”.2 Trinidad and Tobago is bound by our international obligation to
protect marine ecosystems when the Government of Trinidad and Tobago signed and
ratified the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment
of the Wider Caribbean (Cartagena, 1983).3
The survey was again conducted by Environment Tobago with the support of the Pan
American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
2
Proposal: Tobago Wastewater Disposal Improvement Program. Environment Tobago: February 2000.
3
National Policy and Programmes on Wetland Conservation for Trinidad and Tobago, National Wetlands
Committee, January 2002.
4
5. Project Area
In 2000, the project steering committee chose Charlotteville as the location of the pilot
project for the TWWDSIP. Consultations with various stakeholders which included a
community consultation in Charlotteville and a volunteer recruiting meeting, the Collette
river was selected as the specific site to carry out the project. The household survey was
again carried out in this area in 2007 between June 4th and June 25th. This will provide an
update to the last survey conducted and will now inform the other phases of the project.
Charlotteville is a coastal village which lies on the northeastern tip of Tobago on Man-o-
War Bay. The tourists visiting Charlotteville are mainly of two varieties, those interested
in its pristine, rural setting and those who come to snorkel, sea bathe, fish and dive. An
ecological survey conducted by the IMA in 1985 identified that the Man-o-War Bay
contained one of the main reef systems in Northeast Tobago. The species diversity of
coral and fish was also the highest in this area.4
4
Laydoo, R.S. 1985. Executive Summary. Ecological Survey of Reefs around Tobago. Institute of Marine
Affairs, Trinidad and Tobago. 47 p.
5
6. Figure 1.0 Map of Tobago showing the Location of Charlotteville
The topography of the area is hilly and in most instances characterized by a sharp descent
to the coast. The Collette River begins approximately 500 ft above sea level. It descends
gradually on a fairly straight course where it runs parallel between two prominent streets,
Spring Street and Belle Aire Street. Where it nears the coastline it runs under Bay Street
and out into Man-o-War Bay. See Figure 1.0
The primary economic activities are fishing and tourism.
The household survey was conducted at establishments that drain into the Collette River.
6
7. Figure 1.1 below shows the water flow on land.5
Figure 1.1 Showing the Water Flow in the Collette River Basin
5
Environment Tobago- Tobago Community Water Watch Network
7
9. Methodology
Flyers were placed in strategic locations in the Charlotteville village to advise residents
of the survey.
The survey was conducted by Ms. Hema Singh and Mrs. Ria Sooknanan-Maharaj. Data
was collected over a three week period. The questions in the survey were both closed
and open ended to permit a degree of flexibility and take into consideration perceptions
and opinions.
The purpose of the survey is to:
determine the sources of household water
find out the household uses for water
identify the existing systems which treat both gray and black water in households
reasonably quantify the volume of effluent leaving each household and entering
the river
identify other possible sources of contamination
record income and education levels of the residents
produce a map showing the location of each home and the method of sewage
treatment
Surveys were conducted seven days a week to ensure that the maximum number of
households was covered. This method facilitated both working and non-working
residents.
A Global Positioning System (GPS) device was used to plot the location of the
households surveyed. This information can later be used to estimate the proximity of
households to the river. See Appendix 3.
9
10. Results
The number of establishments which drain into the Collette River were identified as one
hundred and twenty nine.
No. of establishments interviewed - 95
This includes- 1 grocery, 4 shops, 4 restaurant/guest house
No. of not interviewed due to absence - 34
Summary of the Built Environment in the Project Area
No. of abandoned households – 9
No. of vacation homes – 5
No. of households under construction - 6
No. of guesthouses - 6
No. of groceries- 1
No. of shops - 4
Household Plots
An estimation of the size of housing plot was done and this revealed that:
53% of the households interviewed lived on less than 5000 square feet of land
39% lived on approximately 5000 square feet and
8% lived on more than 5000 square feet of land
Class of Dwelling
86.3% of the establishments interviewed lived in single family cottage
9.5% lived in a tenement
4.2% owned and lived in a guesthouse
10
11. Question 1:
The average number of persons under the age of 18 per household is 1.4.
The average number of persons 18 and older per household is 2.8.
The number of establishments which rent to visitors numbered 4, which on average can
accommodate 11.25 persons per establishment and are in use 9.5 months of the year.
Question 2:
Figure 1.3 1.4 illustrate the results to the question “What is the source of your water in
the dry season and the wet season?
Figure 1.3 Shows the Source of Water in the Dry Season
Source of Water- Dry Season
Spring Other Rain
8% 1% 10%
River
Well 6%
9% Rain
River
Dam
Well
Spring
Other
Dam
66%
Figure 1.4 Shows the Source of Water in the Wet Season
11
12. Source of Water- Wet Season
Other
2%
Spring
3% Rain
Well 19%
11%
Rain
River River
3%
Dam
Well
Spring
Other
Dam
62%
Question 3:
Figure 1.5 illustrates the results obtained for the following question “How do you receive
water at your home?”
Figure 1.5 Showing How Households Receive Water
How Households Receive Water
Go to the
source and
fetch it from
Spring □ or
Rain River
16% 10%
Water is piped
into an
outdoor
holding tank Pipes
19% 55%
12
13. Question 4:
When asked the question “Other than cooking, bathing, washing and flushing toilets,
what do you use the water for?” 63% of the households indicated that they do not use
water for anything else and 37% indicated that the only other use is to wet plants and
27% use water for their pets and 2% use water for domestic animals.
Question 5:
In response to “Do you keep any animals?” 98% of the households do not. 2% rear
chickens and sheep.
Question 5 (e):
91% of the households indicated that chickens live/roam near their home. The average
number of chickens living/roaming per household per day was found to be 12.3.
Question 5 (f):
None of the households interviewed use water for gardening.
Question 5 (g):
27% of the households have pets.
Figure 1.6 shows the quantity and types of pets kept.
Figure 1.6 Shows Type & Quantity of Pets Kept
Types/Quantity of Pets Kept
Rabbits, 13
Parrots, 1
Dogs, 33
Birds, 20
Cats, 9
13
14. Question 6:
Figure 1.7 illustrates the responses received when asked “How is sewage waste (from
toilet or latrine) from your home treated?
Figure 1.7 Showing Methods of Sewage Treatment
Sewage WasteTreatment
Not Treated
0% Don't know
0%
Pit Latrine
25%
Septic tank
4%
Septic tank and
soakaway Soakaway
71% 0%
Question 7:
“If septic tanks, how long has it been in use?”
For those households with septic tanks 80% were able to give an estimate of the number
of years their tanks were in use. See Figure 1.8 below.
14
15. Figure 1.8 Showing the Age of Septic Tanks
Age of Septic Tank
Don't Know
>20
Years in Use
<20
<15
<10
<5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Percentage
For the households which has septic tanks, when asked if it was ever pumped out, 56%
said “No”, 32% said “Yes” and 11% said they “Did not know”.
For the households who answered “yes” the frequency of pumping was then asked; the
results are shown below:
Figure 1.9 Showing Tabular Record of Frequency of Septage Pumping
Frequency No. of Households
Once in 6 months 1
Once per year 1
Once in 2 years 5
Once in 3 years 2
Once in 4 years 1
Once in 7 years 1
Once in 8 years 1
Once in 10 years 5
Once in 12 years 2
Once in 14 years 2
Once in 20 years 1
Once in 35 years 1
15
16. The household which answered “no” they have never have their septic tanks pumped, the
reasons are given below:
54% said that their septic tanks were NOT FULL.
25% said that their tanks were NEW and therefore did not require pumping.
21% indicated that they DID NOT KNOW why their tanks were never pumped.
Question 8:
Is there space available in your yard for a septic tank AND soakaway?
95% of the households said that there was space available for a septic tank and soakaway.
2% said there was not and 3%: Did not know”.
Question 9:
How is other wastewater (bathing, laundry, kitchen etc.) treated?
In response to this question, 97% of households said that grey water entered the roadside
canals, 2% drained into a soakage pit and 1% went directly into the Collette river. See
Figure 1.10 below,
Figure 1.10 Showing Treatment of Grey Water
Treatment of Grey Water
Percentage of Households
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Pit Latrine Septic Soakage Roadside Don't Other
tank pit/ Canal Know
Cesspit
Treatment
Question 10:
Do you or anyone else in this household keep vehicle/s on property?
16
17. 29% of the households keep a vehicle on their property.
For those who kept vehicles, Figure documents their response to the question, “where
is/are the vehicles washed?”
25% of the households wash their vehicles near the river, 21% at the roadside next to
their home, 18% wash it at the fisheries building on the waterfront of Man-o-War bay,
18% wash it at the standpipe, 11% at the spring and 7% “did not know”.
See Figure 1.11 and 1.12
Figure 1.11 Showing Vehicle Washing Areas
Vehicle Washing Areas
7
6
5
No. of 4
Households 3
2
1
0
r ge g ad
ve ipe ri n ro no
w
Ri il la dp Sp 't K
s /V
St
an the n
rie On Do
he
Fis
Area
Figure 1.12 Showing Frequency of Vehicle Washing
Frequency of Vehicle Washing
don't know
every two weeks
Frequency
4 times/week
Percentage
three times/week
No. of vehicles
twice/week
once/week
once/day
0 10 20 30 40
Percentage
17
18. Question 11:
Do you believe that sewage/waste water disposal in this area is carried out properly and
safe for human health?
Figure 1.13 illustrates the response of the households’ opinion on sewage disposal.
Figure 1.13 Showing the Opinion on Sewage Waste Disposal
Opinion On Sewage Waste Disposal
Don't know
6%
No
24% Yes
No
Don't know
Yes
70%
Question 12:
If No, what do you think would help to improve sewage/waste water disposal in this
area? See Figure for the responses give. It must be noted that 14% households gave
suggestions and thoughts while 86% said they “did not know” what could be done
improve sewage/waste water disposal in the area.
18
19. Number Responses
1 "If there is anything to be done, it should be done"
"Authorities should have stricter laws, more pumping of
2 tanks"
3 “Provide finances to get toilet cleaned"
4 "Install more sewage tanks"
5 "Inform proper authorities"
6 "proper facilities put in place"
"People have to get more serious about what is thrown in the
7 canal"
8 "Use the best thing to prevent pollution"
9 "use cesspit and soakaway"
10 "Underground canal"
11 "Clean septic tank more often"
12 "More septic tanks and soakaways"
13 "survey the land, better sewage plant"
Question 13:
How is the garbage from your household disposed of?
100% of households use garbage truck collection to dispose of solid waste. 4 out of the
95 households interviewed burned garbage.
Question 14:
Does your garbage that is put out for collection contain disposable diapers?
23% of the households said that their garbage contained disposable diapers and 77% did
not.
Question 15:
What was the last school you attended, including any trade school or university?
Figure 1.14 depicts the responses received for the above question.
19
20. Figure 1.14 Showing the Level of Education
Level of Education
3% 2%
Pimary
39% Secondary
University/College
56%
Not disclosed
Question 16:
What is your household's monthly income level?
Income Level
59% of households earn less than TT$3000.00
37% earn more than TT$3000.00
4% did not disclose their monthly income
20
21. Analysis and Discussion
Human settlement in coastal areas is an inevitable occurrence in small island states.
Coastal zone management has always been a challenge especially where the propensity
for pollution of the coastal waters is higher through improperly managed land based
activities. Harmonizing the social and economic needs of the communities with the
natural resources available to support these very needs without overuse or abuse can be a
difficult equilibrium point to reach.
Limitations of the Survey
Every attempt has been made to learn and improve on the last survey administered in this
pilot project however, below are some of the limitations during this updated survey:
Question 3: The question “How do you receive your water at your home?” should have
included another option : fetching water from standpipes.
Question 16: This question in addition to asking the household’s monthly income should
have also asked what was the estimated household expenditure as well. This would give
an indication of how much income was left for any other expense/s.
Another question should have been included in question 7 for those households with pit
latrines to ask whether there were any intentions in the close future (year) to build a
septic tank and soakaway. This is important for future planning.
Survey Analysis and Discussion
The residents of the Collette river region lived in low income houses with 53% living on
less than 5000 square feet of land; however a large percentage (86%) owned the houses
in which they lived. The majority of the residents have access to pipe born water,
received via pipes connected to a dam or well in the village, in both the wet and dry
season. At higher elevations there is still a problem of accessibility to a regular supply of
water via pipes and some residents are still dependant on water from the rain which they
21
22. store in tanks or collect water from the nearest standpipe or the river itself. Generally, the
uses of water are largely confined to flushing toilets and other household uses. There are
no gardens and only 2% of households keep a few animals.
The number of chickens observed roaming in the area is a possible source of pollution by
the sheer quantity.
Solid Waste Disposal
100% of the population bag their garbage and utilize the services of garbage collection
either at covered bins placed in strategic locations (for areas where garbage truck cannot
access) or at their homes. This significantly reduces the chance that significant pollution
is a result of leachate produced when garbage is left open to rainfall.
Black Water Disposal
It is encouraging to note that 75% of households dispose of sewage waste using a septic
tank and that the majority (71%) also have soakaways. The age of septic tanks ranged
from under five years to over twenty years. 56 % of the households indicated that their
septic tanks were indeed pumped, however, the frequency of pumping was limited to, in
many cases, one time in 15 to 20 years. For those who had never had their septic tanks
pumped there was the overriding belief that the tanks were not full. This is a source of
pollution:
1) because the contours of the land being so steep runoff in heavy rainfall would not have
the time to attenuate and percolate in the soil but would accelerate toward the nearest
drains and then eventually drain into the river
2) there is no certainty that the septic tanks and soakaway system were built soundly in
the first place and will function properly to degrade and purify sewage
3) the residents do not recognize that there is a sewage problem and therefore
maintenance of the systems, as evidenced by their response to having the tanks pumped,
is not a priority
22
23. 25% of the households use pit latrines which are located in very close proximity to either
drains or the Collette river itself. The source of pollution arises in cases where the
filtration systems have not been correctly built and therefore untreated sewage finds its
way either into underground water or terrestrial drainage systems.
Grey Water Disposal
Treatment of grey water in the area surveyed is cause for concern. 98% of the households
indicated that their water from laundry, kitchen and bathing flow into roadside canals,
untreated.
Grey water is most likely the largest source of waste water contamination of the Collette
River and the Man-o-War Bay. The crucial consequence of this is the potential damage to
the reef ecosystem from nutrient overload. Other areas of concern are the effects on the
tourism industry and the vibrant fishing industry, Charlotteville is, after all a fishing
village.
The number of vehicles in the area and the washing of these in rivers and the roadside
coupled with the frequency of washing is another source of grey water contamination
which must be monitored. Further, whether the vehicles are washed near or in the river, at
the roadside next to their home or at the fisheries building opposite the bay, the water
which will inevitably contain oil residue beside the detergent composition, will be
deposited in the bay.
Socio-economic Assessment
It is interesting to note that 70% of the households remain oblivious to the threat of
sewage contamination. When asked what can be done to improve the sewage disposal in
the area, only 14% offered suggestions, 86% indicated that they “did not know”.
56% of the households surveyed had a primary school level of education.
It is evident that more education is necessary to raise awareness.
59% of the households earn less than $3000.00 per month. This consideration is
necessary to determine the affordability of any recommended system.
23
24. Recommendations
Domestic wastewater management is a key element for the protection of marine and
coastal resources which support communities and can have a number of benefits which
include the following:
• Public Health Protection;
• Food Security;
• Biodiversity and Conservation;
• Recreational Value;
• Economic Development
Since domestic wastewater impacts so many areas, it shows that its management cannot
be isolated. It must be done within a larger context of Integrated Coastal Zone
Management which suggests that the management of human activities must also
simultaneously be done.
Based on the analysis and discussion given in the previous section the following are our
recommendations:
1. The individual assessment of existing sewage treatment facilities at every
household must be undertaken. This is necessary to determine whether systems
are fully functional or not. If necessary malfunctioning systems must be repaired,
rebuilt or relocated.
2. New treatment systems must be assessed and approved before construction and
commissioning.
3. Yearly inspection and monitoring of treatment systems must be put in place.
4. It is recommended that a geological survey be conducted to determine ground
water levels and soil composition, permeability, factors affecting groundwater
flow and if in fact pathogens, consistent with sewage contamination, exist in the
groundwater.
5. Grey water disposal is the major challenge and therefore these should be treated
using the septic tanks and soakaways with grease trap systems in place.
6. The sewage treatment system chosen for this area must be one that is affordable to
the residents and also the best practicable environmental option.
24
25. 7. Finally and probably the most important part of this assessment is the need for an
education programme which will raise awareness in this community. There is a
blatant need to encourage a behavioural change so that residents can find the link
between the protection and conservation of their environment and their social and
economic well being.
25
26. Conclusion
This study has confirmed the need for an effective sewage pollution management plan in
the project area. There is an urgent need to address pollution caused by untreated grey
water being discharged into the Collette river and entering the Man-o-War Bay. This bay
supports Charlotteville’s two main economic activities, fishing and tourism. It is also an
area of high biological diversity, the loss of which the village can scarce afford.
It is hoped that the successful implementation of this pilot project will later incorporate
the entire Charlotteville area.
26
27. Appendix 1
Charlotteville Household Survey Questionnaire
Tobago Waste Water Disposal System Improvement Programme
Introduction: Hello
My name is ………………. I am a member of a team currently working on a pilot project
to reduce sewage pollution from households in Tobago. This is an up-date of a survey
Environment Tobago conducted in 2000 in Charlotteville.
This survey is again being carried out by Environment Tobago with the support of the
Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO).
Project Background:
Several studies of coastal areas in Tobago show that sewage is causing pollution by
dirtying our rivers and beaches. Sewage pollution can cause human health problems such
as infections of the eyes, skin and also gastrointestinal problems. It can also harm tourism
and fisheries.
We therefore need to develop solutions for reducing sewage pollution in coastal
communities. To do this we require information on how we dispose of our wastes. This
information will be used towards designing suitable and affordable sewage disposal
systems.
Your assistance in answering some questions about your household will be sincerely
appreciated.
YOU DO NOT HAVE TO GIVE YOUR NAME. ALL THE INFORMATION COLLECTED
WILL BE TREATED CONFIDENTIALLY.
Name of Street: ____________
Building Number: ____________
Estimated Size of Housing Plot: _____________ (<5000sq.ft., 5000sq. ft., >5000 sq.ft)
Class of Dwelling: Tenement Single family cottage
1. a) How many people under the age of 18 live in this house? _______
b) How many people age 18 and older? _______
c) Is your property ever rented to visitors Yes No
If Yes, approximately how many people can it accommodate? ______
Approximately how many months of the year is it in use? ______
2. What is the source of your water (i.e. where does it come from?).
27
28. In the dry season
a) Rain b) River c) Dam d) Well e) Spring
f) Other (please specify) ____________
In the wet season
a) Rain b) River c) Dam d) Well e) Spring
f) Other (please specify) ____________
3. How do you receive water at your home?
a) Go to the source and fetch it from Spring or River
b) Pipes
c) Water is piped into an outdoor holding tank
d) Rain
4. Other than cooking, bathing, washing and flushing toilets, what do you use
your water for? ______________________________________________
5. Do you keep any animals? Yes No
If “Yes”, then answer the following:
e) Pigs
If Yes, how many? ________
b) Cattle
If Yes, how many? ________
c) Sheep
If Yes, how many? ________
d) Goats
If Yes, how many? ________
e) Do chickens live/roam near your home? Yes No
If Yes, how many ________
f) Do you use water for gardening? Yes No
If Yes, what is the size of the garden plot? _________
g) Do you have pets? Yes No
Dogs, how many? _______ Cats, how many? ________
28
29. h) Other and how many(Please specify) _________
6. How is sewage waste (from toilet or latrine) from your home treated?
a) Pit latrine
b) Septic tank
c) Soakaway
d) Septic tank and soakaway
e) Not treated
f) Don’t know
7. If septic tank, then how long has it been in use? _____________
Don’t Know
Has it ever been pumped out? Yes No Don’t Know
If Yes, how often is it pumped out? ____________
If No, why hasn’t it been pumped out?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
8. Is there space available in your yard for a septic tank AND soakaway?
Yes No Don’t Know
9. How is other wastewater (bathing, laundry, kitchen, etc.?) treated?
a) Pit latrine b) Septic tank c) Soakage pit/cesspit
d) Roadside canal e) Don’t Know f) Other
(Please specify) ______________
10. Do you or anyone else in this household keep vehicle/s on property?
Yes How many? ______ No
If Yes, where is/are the vehicle/s washed? ____________
How often? ______________
11. Do you believe that sewage/waste water disposal in this area is carried out
properly and safe for human health?
Yes No Don’t Know
29
30. 12. If No, what do you think would help to improve sewage/waste water disposal
in this area?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
13. How is the garbage from your household disposed of?
a) Burning b) Composting c) Burying
d) Garbage truck collection
14. Does your garbage that is put out for collection contain disposable diapers?
Yes No
Finally, we would like to ask you a few questions about your income and
education. Although you may choose not to answer them, they would be helpful
in deciding what solutions would be most suitable to improve sewage treatment
and disposal in your village.
15. What was the last school you attended, including any trade school or
university?
a) Primary b) Secondary c) University/College
16. What is your household’s monthly income level?
Under $3000 per month
Above $3000 per month
Thank you for taking the time to assist with this project.
30