This document discusses several topics related to deviance and crime: - It defines deviance as any behavior that violates social norms and lists some examples. - It describes the criminal justice system and its large size in the United States. - It discusses different theories that have been proposed to explain deviance, such as functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives. - It provides statistics on crime in the US and classifications of different types of crimes.

1. Deviance and Crime

9. Question What theories have been proposed to explain deviance?

10. Perspective Theory Questions Functionalist How do individuals respond to culturally approved goals and the legitimate means of achieving them? (conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion) Strain Conflict What is the result of competition and social inequality? (deviance) Who decides what is deviant? (ruling classes) Conflict Interactionist Why do people conform to norms? (strength of social ties determines conformity) Control How do people learn conformity or deviance? (through socialization, or interaction with others) Where does this learning mainly occur? (primary groups) Cultural Transmission How do people become identified as deviant? (through secondary deviance, or being detected as deviant) Labeling

13. Postmodern Perspective Theory Key Element Knowledge is power Power, knowledge, and social control are intertwined. Example : In prisons, methods of surveillance make prisoners think they are being watched all the time, giving officials a form of power over the inmates.

19. Violent Crime — includes murder, robbery; most victims are African Americans Crime Against Property — includes burglary, larceny, vehicle theft; more common than violent crimes Victimless Crime — includes prostitution, gambling, illegal drug use; offender is the only victim

20. White Collar Crime — committed by high-status individuals in the course of their professions; includes fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement Organized Crime — the pursuit of crime by a large-scale organization as a big business

21. Victimless Crimes as defined by Edwin Schur [ are crimes which do not have any evident victim. They consist of actions which are outlawed because they violate moral standards 1]Schur, Edwin M.Crimes Without Victims. © 1995, Prentice Hall, Inc.

22. Perceptions of Tax Evasion as a Crime Stewart Karlinsky [ ∗ ] , Hughlene Burton [†] , Cindy Blanthorne [‡] eJournal of Tax Research 2005] eJTR 12

23. TABLE 1: AVERAGE SCORES OF CRIMES SURVEYED Crime Overall rating Ranking Murder 5.0 1 Rape 4.9 2 Child Molestation 4.8 3 Robbery 4.0 4 DWI 3.9 5 Carjacking 3.8 6 Child Labour 3.8 7 Accounting Fraud 3.7 8 Insider Trading 3.3 9 Welfare Fraud 3.3 10 Tax Evasion 3.3 11 Minimum Wage 3.3 12 Shoplifting 2.8 13 Prostitution 2.8 14 Running a Red Light 2.6 15 Bike Theft 2.3 16 Smoking Marijuana 2.3 17 Speeding 2.1 18 Ticket Scalping 1.8 19 Illegal Parking 1.5 20 Jaywalking 1.3 21

24. TABLE 4: RELATIVE SEVERITY OF VICTIM/VICTIMLESS OFFENCES Crime/Victim Crime/Victimless Murder 5.0 DWI 3.9 Rape 4.9 Welfare Fraud 3.3 Child Molestation 4.8 Tax Evasion 3.3 Robbery 4.0 Prostitution 2.8 Carjacking 3.8 Smoking Marijuana 2.3 Accounting Fraud 3.7 Shoplifting 2.8 Bike Theft 2.3 Violation/Victim Violation/Victimless Child Labour Law 3.8 Running a Red Light 2.6 Minimum Wage 3.3 Speeding 2.1 Insider Trading 3.3 Ticket Scalping 1.8 Illegal Parking 1.5 Jay Walking 1.3

25. CONCLUSION It is important to understand why people do not report taxable income and/or pay their income taxes. Prior research indicates that one reason may be that they do not perceive tax evasion to be a serious crime. This study surveyed 364 peopleto see how serious they perceived tax evasion to be. They found that in a list of twenty-one crimes, tax evasion was ranked 11th and rated only as somewhat serious. They also found that tax evasion was considered to be less serious than the white collar crimes of accounting fraud and violation of child labour laws. They also confirmed that offences involving victims are perceived as more serious than victimless crimes. This would lead to the tax policy concept that if the tax evasion crime could be personalized more, then the perception of its severity might be increased with a concomitant higher tax compliance rate.

26. FBI Crime Clock

28. http://bjsdata.ojp.usdoj.gov/dataonline/Search/Crime/State/statebystaterun.cfm?stateid=52 BJS Home Page Data for Analysis Data Online Crime Trends State Level State-by-State Results from State-level crime trends database in Data Online Query date: March 23, 2009

29. Year Population Number of offenses reported Violent crime Property crime Violent crime total Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault Property crime total Burglary Larceny- theft Motor vehicle theft 1960 179,323,175 288,460 9,110 17,190 107,840 154,320 3,095,700 912,100 1,855,400 328,200 1961 182,992,000 289,390 8,740 17,220 106,670 156,760 3,198,600 949,600 1,913,000 336,000 1962 185,771,000 301,510 8,530 17,550 110,860 164,570 3,450,700 994,300 2,089,600 366,800 1963 188,483,000 316,970 8,640 17,650 116,470 174,210 3,792,500 1,086,400 2,297,800 408,300 1964 191,141,000 364,220 9,360 21,420 130,390 203,050 4,200,400 1,213,200 2,514,400 472,800 1965 193,526,000 387,390 9,960 23,410 138,690 215,330 4,352,000 1,282,500 2,572,600 496,900 1966 195,576,000 430,180 11,040 25,820 157,990 235,330 4,793,300 1,410,100 2,822,000 561,200 1967 197,457,000 499,930 12,240 27,620 202,910 257,160 5,403,500 1,632,100 3,111,600 659,800

30. Year Population Number of offenses reported Violent crime Property crime Violent crime total Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault Property crime total Burglary Larceny- theft Motor vehicle theft 2000 281,421,906 1,425,486 15,586 90,178 408,016 911,706 10,182,584 2,050,992 6,971,590 1,160,002 2001 284,796,887 1,436,611 15,980 90,491 422,921 907,219 10,412,395 2,109,767 7,076,171 1,226,457 2002 287,973,924 1,423,677 16,229 95,235 420,806 891,407 10,455,277 2,151,252 7,057,379 1,246,646 2003 290,788,976 1,383,676 16,528 93,883 414,235 859,030 10,442,862 2,154,834 7,026,802 1,261,226 2004 293,656,842 1,360,088 16,148 95,089 401,470 847,381 10,319,386 2,144,446 6,937,089 1,237,851 2005 296,507,061 1,390,745 16,740 94,347 417,438 862,220 10,174,754 2,155,448 6,783,447 1,235,859 2006 299,398,484 1,418,043 17,030 92,757 447,403 860,853 9,983,568 2,183,746 6,607,013 1,192,809 2007 301,621,157 1,408,337 16,929 90,427 445,125 855,856 9,843,481 2,179,140 6,568,572 1,095,769

31. Crime rate per 100,000 population Violent crime Property crime Violent Crime rate Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter rate Forcible rape rate Robbery rate Aggravated assault rate Property crime rate Burglary rate Larceny- theft rate Motor vehicle theft rate YEAR 160.9 5.1 9.6 60.1 86.1 1,726.3 508.6 1,034.7 183.0 1960 158.1 4.8 9.4 58.3 85.7 1,747.9 518.9 1,045.4 183.6 1961 162.3 4.6 9.4 59.7 88.6 1,857.5 535.2 1,124.8 197.4 1962 168.2 4.6 9.4 61.8 92.4 2,012.1 576.4 1,219.1 216.6 1963 190.6 4.9 11.2 68.2 106.2 2,197.5 634.7 1,315.5 247.4 1964 200.2 5.1 12.1 71.7 111.3 2,248.8 662.7 1,329.3 256.8 1965 220.0 5.6 13.2 80.8 120.3 2,450.9 721.0 1,442.9 286.9 1966 253.2 6.2 14.0 102.8 130.2 2,736.5 826.6 1,575.8 334.1 1967

32. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 506.5 5.5 32.0 145.0 324.0 3,618.3 728.8 2,477.3 412.2 504.4 5.6 31.8 148.5 318.5 3,656.1 740.8 2,484.6 430.6 494.4 5.6 33.1 146.1 309.5 3,630.6 747.0 2,450.7 432.9 475.8 5.7 32.3 142.5 295.4 3,591.2 741.0 2,416.5 433.7 463.2 5.5 32.4 136.7 288.6 3,514.1 730.3 2,362.3 421.5 469.0 5.6 31.8 140.8 290.8 3,432.0 726.9 2,288.0 417.0 473.6 5.7 31.0 149.4 287.5 3,334.5 729.4 2,206.8 398.4 466.9 5.6 30.0 147.6 283.8 3,263.5 722.5 2,177.8 363.3 Crime rate per 100,000 population Violent crime Property crime Violent Crime rate Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter rate Forcible rape rate Robbery rate Aggravated assault rate Property crime rate Burglary rate Larceny- theft rate Motor vehicle theft rate year

33. The Coming Crime Wave By INVESTOR'S BUSINESS DAILY | Posted Monday, January 12, 2009 4:20 PM PT Law And Order: It was the one issue left undebated during a campaign full of debates. But crime, along with the economy,may be one of the biggest issues this new administration faces.

34. In fact, the two issues may be connected. The FBI is already blaming the bad economy for a rash of armed bank robberies around the country. And bandits, quiet for years, have become more brazen. In the Los Angeles area, which has seen a spike in robberies, they've pistol-whipped tellers. In North Carolina, Maryland and entucky, armed robbers have even kidnapped bank workers and their kids and forced the employees to help in heists. The FBI is also seeing a trend of entire ATMs being swiped.

35. Solving bank robberies is what the FBI does best. But it's preoccupied with a politically motivated witch hunt against "predatory" bankers — not robbers — right now. That has to change.In another sign of the times, shoplifting is on the rise, with some major retailers reporting a record 20% surge in store theft. Violence is also escalating, breaking out even at Chuck E. Cheese's, a popular restaurant for celebrating kids' birthdays. Adult brawls have been reported at sites in Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,Kansas, Ohio and Michigan. In New York, in the first such killing in more than 25 years, a bus driver was stabbed to death by a passenger who refused to pay his fare.

36. In fact, President-elect Obama's hometown is the new murder capital of the U.S., surpassing New York with close to 500 homicides last year. Many of the murders are taking place on the city's South Side, mirroring a trend across the nation's inner cities. Black teen murders have exploded at twice the rate of increase among white teens. Crime experts cite a spreading gangster prison culture.

37. Most crime is a state and local issue, but federal policies have an impact. Take public housing for the poor. In Antioch, Calif., poor families receiving federal rental assistance have been moving in, partly because of the housing crisis. As a result, violent crime has shot up 20% in the San Francisco suburb. The new arrivals, most of whom don't work, brought pit bulls, blaring car radios, prostitution, drug dealing and muggings of school kids with them, the Associated Press reports. Antioch, like many cities across the country, was hit hard by foreclosures, and landlords sought a guaranteed source of income. So they began offering their homes to low-income tenants in the HUD Section 8 housing program, which pays most of their rent via vouchers. Unfortunately, the incoming HUD secretary is a big fan of such rent subsidies. Shaun Donovan, a former Clinton housing official, wants to dramatically expand funding for the Section 8 program — while easing eligibility rules. His goal is to de-concentrate inner-city poverty. He may just end up shifting crime to the suburbs. According to AP, Antioch police "discovered that a large number of the troublemakers were receiving federal subsidies." Obama may have to deal with a crime wave the likes of which we haven't seen in decades.

38. Discretionary Powers in Law Enforcement

39. Section 2: Crime AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM Police Have the most control over who is arrested for crimes Courts Determine the accused’s guilt or innocence in a court trial and then assign a punishment Corrections Sanctions used to punish those found guilty of crimes Juvenile-Justice System Applies to offenders younger than 18

40. Age-Specific Arrest Rates and Race-Specific Arrest Rates for Selected Offenses, 1993-2001 Uniform Crime Reporting Program Federal Bureau of Investigation November 2003 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE STUDY http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/adducr/age_race_specific.pdf

43. Arrest Rates by Race, 2005

46. Report February 18, 2009

47. The Pew Hispanic Center is a nonpartisan research organization that seeks to improve public understanding of the diverse Hispanic population in the United States and to chronicle Latinos' growing impact on the nation. It does not take positions on policy issues. The center is part of the Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan "fact tank" based in Washington, D.C., and it is funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts, a Philadelphia-based public charity. All of the Center’s reports are available at www.pewhispanic.org. The staff of the Center is: Paul Taylor, Director Rakesh Kochhar, Associate Director for Research Mark Hugo Lopez, Associate Director Richard Fry, Senior Research Associate Jeffrey S. Passel, Senior Demographer Gretchen Livingston, Senior Researcher Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, Senior Analyst Daniel Dockterman, Research Assistant Mary Seaborn, Administrative Manager

49. Sharp growth in illegal immigration and increased enforcement of immigration laws have dramatically altered the ethnic composition of offenders sentenced in federal courts. In 2007, Latinos accounted for 40% of all sentenced federal offenders—more than triple their share (13%) of the total U.S. adult population. The share of all sentenced offenders who were Latino in 2007 was up from 24% in 1991, according to an analysis of data from the United States Sentencing Commission (USSC) by the Pew Hispanic Center, a project of the Pew Research Center.

50. In 1991, three times as many Hispanics were sentenced in federal courts for drug crimes (60%) as for immigration crimes (20%). By 2007, that pattern had reversed; among Hispanic offenders sentenced in federal courts, 48% were sentenced for an immigration offense and 37% for a drug offense.

52. Race-related crime statistics released 11 July 2006 The government released figures today on race and criminal justice, and vowed to continue working to tackle race crime and racism in the justice system. Figures for 2005 released by the government today showed that members of black and minority ethnic (BME) groups were more likely to be arrested, or stopped and searched, than white people. The total number of stop and searches conducted by police increased by 14% in 2005, with terrorism-related searches increasing by 9%. Black people were six times more likely to be stopped and searched by police than white people and there were nearly twice as many searches of Asian people than white people. The statistics also showed that racist incidents recorded by the police had increased by 7% in 2005. Black and minority ethnic groups are, however, becoming better represented as employees in the criminal justice agencies, but the police service remains the agency with the poorest representation of BME groups – 3.5% of police officers were from BME groups (as at March 2005), compared with 4.4% for prison officers and 10.9% for probation staff. http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/news/race-related-crime-stats

60. Death Row Census January 1, 2007