p3_history and flow_kneeland
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The document discusses the history and development of several important technologies in computing. It describes how data flows through a computer's input, memory, processor, and output. It also outlines the development of color television in 1960, the launch of the Telstar communications satellite in 1962, the conception of the internet by Joseph Licklider in the 1960s, the invention of the computer mouse by Doug Engelbart in the 1960s, and the creation of the BASIC programming language in 1963-1964 to make computing more accessible to the general public.
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The document summarizes the basic stages of information processing in a computer system. It discusses the stages of input, where information enters the system through devices like USB drives; output, where processed information leaves the system through devices like disc drives; memory, where the system stores information until the storage is full; and the information processor, which performs all calculations and problem solving. It then describes the stages of decode, where information is processed; fetch, which retrieves information for decoding; and execute, where final processing occurs before the information completes its flow through the system.
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The document summarizes the stages of the information processing cycle in a computer system. It discusses the key stages of input, output, memory, processing, decoding, fetching, and executing. Input involves introducing information into the system. Output involves releasing the processed information. Memory stores the information until it is full. The processor performs calculations and problem-solving. Decoding processes the stored information. Fetching retrieves information for decoding. Executing is the final processing stage. The document then provides a brief timeline of early computer developments from the 1500s to 1600s.
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During the 1950s, researchers at Stanford Research Institute invented ERMA, the first computerized system for processing banking transactions. ERMA automated check processing and account management. It also introduced magnetic ink character recognition to allow computers to read information from checks.
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The document provides a brief history of computers, describing their evolution from early mechanical counting devices like the abacus to modern digital computers. It notes that the first computer was Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine in the 19th century. The document also defines computer hardware as the physical components of a computer system, and software as any set of instructions that direct a computer to perform operations.
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This document provides a brief history of the evolution of computers from the 1930s to present day. It describes some of the earliest electronic digital computers like the ABC and Z3 and how they were used. It then outlines the development of Colossus, the Mark I, ENIAC, and EDVAC and notes technological advances like stored programs. Later sections discuss the first commercial computer UNIVAC I and large systems like SAGE. The document concludes by mentioning the development of transistors, microprocessors, GUIs, and advances like Deep Blue, virtual reality, robots like ASIMO, and the future of computing.
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The document traces the evolution of computers from ancient manual calculating devices like the abacus and Napier's bones, to early electromechanical machines in the 17th-18th centuries developed by Pascal, Leibniz, and Babbage. It then discusses the development of programmable electromechanical computers in the mid-20th century like the Harvard Mark 1. The first electronic, digital computers that used vacuum tubes in the 1940s-1950s are also outlined, followed by the transition to transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors in subsequent generations from the 1950s to present.
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The document outlines key developments in computer history from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern computers. It notes that the abacus was the first man-made computing device used as early as 3000 BC. In the 1800s, punched cards were developed for data storage, first being used by Joseph Jacquard to automate his weaving. Charles Babbage is recognized as the "father of computers" for inventing the Analytical Engine in the 1830s, designed to store thousands of numbers. Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine in the 1890s was an early electromechanical computer that used punched cards to tabulate US census data.
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The document summarizes the history and development of early computers from the 1930s to the 1980s. It describes the Z1 as the first programmable computer created in 1936. The ABC developed from 1937-1942 was the first electronic digital computer. The EDSAC, introduced in 1949, was considered the first stored program electronic computer. The Osborne 1, released in 1981, was one of the earliest portable computers or laptops.
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The document provides a brief history of computing and calculating devices, beginning with early humans using sticks, stones, and cave walls to help count and remember. It then discusses the abacus and its use in China, Greece, and the Middle East for calculations. Several key inventors and their inventions are mentioned, including Napier's Bones, the slide rule, Pascal's calculator, Leibniz's Step Reckoner, the Jacquard Loom, Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, Ada Lovelace as the first computer programmer, Herman Hollerith's punched card tabulator, the Harvard Mark I computer, and the development of integrated circuits and personal computers.
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The document outlines the key developments in computer history from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern personal computers. Some of the earliest developments included the abacus (3000 BC), Pascaline mechanical adding machine (1642), and punched cards for data storage in the 1800s. Major milestones were Charles Babbage's analytical engine (1830s), the first general purpose computer Mark 1 (1944), the electronic ENIAC (1946), and the first commercial computer UNIVAC (1951). Personal computing began with the Apple II (1977) and IBM PC (1981) which led to portable computers in 1987 and multimedia desktop computers in the 1990s.
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The document traces the history and development of computing devices from ancient counting tools like the abacus to modern computers. It discusses early mechanical calculators invented by Pascal and Leibniz in the 1600s. Important milestones included Charles Babbage's analytical engine in the 1830s, the use of punch cards by Herman Hollerith in 1890, and the first programmable electronic computer, ENIAC, created at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. The document then outlines the four generations of computers defined by technological advancements like transistors, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and graphical user interfaces.
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The document traces the development of computers from early counting machines like the abacus to modern devices. It discusses early mechanical calculators invented by Pascal and Leibniz. Important early electronic computers include ENIAC, Colossus, the Harvard Mark 1. The development of transistors led to smaller second generation computers. Integrated circuits were used in third generation computers. The microprocessor and personal computer launched the fourth generation of portable devices. Future computers may use quantum computing and artificial intelligence.
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This document provides an introduction to computers presented by Engr. Taimoor Muzaffar Gondal. It covers the history of computers from early mechanical devices like the abacus and slide rule to the first general purpose computers like ENIAC and UNIVAC. It then discusses the five generations of computers and how each generation became smaller, faster, and more efficient through innovations like the transistor, integrated circuit, and microprocessor. The document also outlines computer hardware components, input/output devices, and different types of computer memory. It concludes by discussing applications of computers in fields like medicine, physiotherapy and the ongoing competition between computers and humans.
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The document discusses the history and origins of computers. It mentions Charles Babbage as inventing the first mechanical computer in the early 1800s. It also discusses ENIAC, the first digital computer developed at the University of Pennsylvania in the 1940s. Finally, it notes the Intel 4004 microprocessor as the first commercially available microprocessor in 1971 and IBM's announcement of the first personal computer in 1981.
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The document provides a timeline of important events and innovations in the history of computing from 1890 to 2019. It covers the development of early calculating machines, the invention of the computer and programming languages, advancements like the transistor and integrated circuit, the creation of the Internet and networks like ARPANET and Ethernet, the founding of influential companies like Microsoft, Apple, Google and others, and the release of pioneering technologies and devices such as the mouse, floppy disk, USB, smartphones, and quantum computing.
Sejarah komputer
This document provides a history of computers from 1613 to 1980. Some key events and developments include:
- The first general-purpose electronic computer, ENIAC, was constructed in 1943.
- The first stored-program computer, the Manchester Baby, was developed in 1948.
- The transistor was invented in 1947, paving the way for smaller and more powerful computers.
- Programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, and Pascal were developed between 1954 and 1971 to make programming easier.
- The microprocessor was invented in 1971, allowing computers to become smaller and cheaper. Popular early microprocessors included the Intel 4004 and 8008.
- In
period3_historyand flow_goodman
The document discusses inserting data into a microprocessor and the flow of information through its three main parts: fetch, decode, and execute. It also lists some examples of computer output forms like printing, monitors, and speakers. The end provides a brief history of computers from 1950-1955, including notable events like the first commercial computer and IBM shipping their first electronic computer.
Evolution3
Computer evolution began with early humans using tools like fingers, stones, and marks to calculate and has progressed through various eras and generations of increasingly advanced technologies. Early ancient devices included the abacus, Napier's bones, and the slide rule. Mechanical computers then provided more advanced calculation abilities. The electronic era began in 1946 and has progressed from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits and now includes artificial intelligence and future possibilities like molecular computers. The future of computing continues to expand capabilities but also raises questions about its threats and our readiness for further advancement.
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This document provides an overview of computers. It discusses what a computer is, its main components including the input unit, CPU, output unit, and memory. It describes how the arithmetic logical unit and control unit function. It also covers computer hardware, software, operating systems, and the evolution of computers from early counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It classifies computers according to their purpose, use, and technology.
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The document provides a brief history of modern computing from 1946 to the present. It describes many of the key events, inventions, companies and technologies that have shaped the evolution of computing over the decades, including the development of early computers in the 1940s-50s, the rise of software and programming languages in the 1950s-60s, the advent of personal computers and operating systems in the 1970s-80s, the creation of the Internet and World Wide Web in the 1980s-90s, and the explosion of Internet usage and new technologies from the 1990s onward. The history outlines the increasingly convergent path that computing has taken to the present day.
Evolution4
Computer evolution began with early humans using basic tools for calculation and progressed through ancient counting devices like the abacus. Mechanical computers then provided advances like Pascal's calculator and Babbage's analytical engine. The first computer programmer was Ada Lovelace. Early electronic computers used vacuum tubes and transistors, followed by integrated circuits and microprocessors. Future computers may use molecular computing and artificial intelligence poses both opportunities and threats that will impact our readiness and future progress.
History of computers
The document traces the history of computers from early mechanical aids like the abacus and slide rule, through early electromechanical computers like the Analytical Engine, ENIAC, and UNIVAC, to the development of integrated circuits, microprocessors, and personal computers which led to the age of modern computing we experience today. Key developments included the stored program concept, the invention of the transistor and microprocessor, advances in data storage from punch cards to magnetic tape and disks, and the rise of time-sharing and personal computing. These advances drove computers to become smaller, faster, and more accessible to larger groups of users over time.
Computer History
The first computers were human "computers", predominantly women, who performed calculations by hand. Early mechanical aids included the abacus and Napier's Bones. The first programmable digital computer was the Harvard Mark I, built in 1944. The ENIAC, completed in 1946, was the first fully electronic general-purpose computer. The integrated circuit, invented in 1958, led to smaller, more powerful computers and the development of the microprocessor in the 1970s enabled personal computers. Bill Gates left Harvard to start Microsoft and write software for the Intel-based IBM PC, launched in 1981, which popularized personal computing.
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Computer History Marivic S. Manlagnit - JMAMES -ICT Coordinator
Computer History Marivic S. Manlagnit - JMAMES -ICT Coordinator
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The document provides a history of the development of the Internet from its origins in the 1960s to the present day. It describes how the Internet began as a project of the US military called ARPANET to create a decentralized network that could withstand attacks. Key developments included the creation of email in 1972, the introduction of TCP/IP in the 1970s which allowed different networks to connect, the launch of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s, and the rise of popular services and technologies like search engines, browsers, social media, and ecommerce in the late 1990s. The document also discusses some of the ongoing issues surrounding the Internet like privacy, security, and the digital divide.
History of IT
The development of mathematics led to tools for computation. Blaise Pascal built the first calculating machine in the 17th century. Charles Babbage invented the analytical engine, the first computer, in the 1820s based on mechanical gears. Herman Hollerith used punch cards to help classify information for the 1890 US Census. The transistor was invented in 1943, greatly reducing the size and cost of computers. ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, was developed in 1946. Integrated circuits in the 1960s further drove down costs and size. Information technologies have progressed through premechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic stages of development.
COM 546, Week2
This document provides an overview of the history of computing technology and communications theories. It includes timelines of important developments in computing from ancient times to recent history. It also discusses several influential communications theories, including Shannon-Weaver's transmission model, Lasswell's communication formula, and Osgood and Schramm's circular model of communication. Quotations throughout history are included that show how perspectives on technologies like computers and telephones changed over time.
Back to the Future – The Way to a Personal Dynamic Medium for Creative Thought
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Presentation at reboot7 :: http://www.mprove.de/script/05/reboot/index.htmlTouch Research 1: Inspiration and History [Handouts]
Seven Master of Arts students from Constance at the University of Applied Sciences Communication Design faculty will be working on design research concerning multi-touch interfaces during summer term 2008. Faces and history.
THE ORIGINS OF THE INTERNET The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA...
The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA of the 1950s. The Cold War was at its height and huge tensions existed between North America and the Soviet Union. Both superpowers were in possession of deadly nuclear weapons, and people lived in fear of long-range surprise attacks. The US realized it needed a communications system that could not be affected by a Soviet nuclear attack.
At this time, computers were large, expensive machines exclusively used by military scientists and university staff.
These machines were powerful but limited in numbers, and researchers grew increasingly frustrated: they required access to the technology, but had to travel great distances to use it.
To solve this problem, researchers started ‘time-sharing’. This meant that users could simultaneously access a mainframe computer through a series of terminals, although individually they had only a fraction of the computer’s actual power at their command.
The difficulty of using such systems led various scientists, engineers and organizations to research the possibility of a large-scale computer network.
No one person invented the internet. When networking technology was first developed, a number of scientists and engineers brought their research together to create the ARPANET. Later, other inventors’ creations paved the way for the web as we know it today.
In 1965, Lawrence Roberts made two separate computers in different places ‘talk’ to each other for the first time. This experimental link used a telephone line with an acoustically coupled modem, and transferred digital data using packets.
When the first packet-switching network was developed, Leonard Kleinrock was the first person to use it to send a message. He used a computer at UCLA to send a message to a computer at Stanford. Kleinrock tried to type ‘login’ but the system crashed after the letters ‘L’ and ‘O’ had appeared on the Stanford monitor.
A second attempt proved successful and more messages were exchanged between the two sites. The ARPANET was born.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1958, bringing together some of the best scientific minds in the country. Their aim was to help American military technology stay ahead of its enemies and prevent surprises, such as the launch of the satellite Sputnik 1, happening again. Among ARPA’s projects was a remit to test the feasibility of a large-scale computer network.
Lawrence Roberts was responsible for developing computer networks at ARPA, working with scientist Leonard Kleinrock.
Roberts was the first person to connect two computers. When the first packet-switching network was developed in 1969, Kleinrock successfully used it to send messages to another site, and the ARPA Network—or ARPANET—was born.
Once ARPANET was up and running, it quickly expanded. By 1973, 30 academic, military and research institutions had joined the network, connecting locations including Hawaii, Norway and the UK.
As ARPANET grew
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Internet
The document provides information on the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how early research networks like ARPANET were developed in the 1960s and 1970s and the development of key protocols like TCP/IP. The document then summarizes the role of several pioneers in the development of early computer networks and the Internet, including Paul Baran who developed the concept of packet switching, Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn who created TCP/IP, and Tim Berners-Lee who invented the World Wide Web.
Chapter 15 Networks Read in this book Computer Science Illuminated, .pdf
Chapter 15 Networks Read in this book Computer Science Illuminated, Sixth Edition by Dale
and Lewis p.501-510 & 525, then answer the following:
1. What is a protocol in the context of computer networks?
2. Which LAN topology requires the most wiring: the ring, star, or bus? Explain your reasoning.
3. How do you think our lives would be different if Doug Engelbart’s contribution to computing
never happened?
Solution
1)PROTOCOL:
When computers communicate with each other, there needs to be a common set of rules and
instructions that each computer follows. A specific set of communication rules is called a
protocol. Because of the many ways computers can communicate with each other, there are
many different protocols -- too many for the average person to remember. Some examples of
these different protocols include PPP, TCP/IP, SLIP, HTTP, and FTP.
Protocol, in computer science, a set of rules or procedures for transmitting data between
electronic devices, such as computers. In order for computers to exchange information, there
must be a preexisting agreement as to how the information will be structured and how each side
will send and receive it. Without a protocol, a transmitting computer, for example, could be
sending its data in 8-bit packets while the receiving computer might expect the data in 16-bit
packets. Protocols are established by international or industry wide organizations. Perhaps the
most important computer protocol is OSI (Open Systems Interconnection), a set of guidelines for
implementing networking communications between computers. Among the most important sets
of Internetprotocols are TCP/IP, HTTPS, SMTP, and DNS.
2) Star topology requires the most wiring:
In the star topology, cable segments from each computer are connected to a centralized
component called a hub. Signals are transmitted from the sending computer through the hub to
all computers on the network. This topology originated in the early days of computing when
computers were connected to a centralized mainframe computer.
3) Douglas Carl Engelbart (January 30, 1925 – July 2, 2013) was an American engineer and
inventor, and an early computer and Internet pioneer. He is best known for his work on founding
the field of human–computer interaction, particularly while at his Augmentation Research Center
Lab in SRI International, which resulted in the invention of the computer mouse, and the
development of hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to graphical user interfaces.
These were demonstrated at The Mother of All Demos in 1968. Engelbart\'s Law, the
observation that the intrinsic rate of human performance is exponential, is named after him.
Engelbart created the first primitive windowing concept with NLS, but the main way I think his
idea was influential was in using a combination of input devices (keyboard with mouse) with a
graphical user interface whose primary role was allowing people to enter, structure, manipulate,
format, and share text combined with gra.
BASIC COMPUTER REPORT for Computer science subject in 1st year.pptx
Fortran was developed in 1954 as the first widely used high-level programming language, making scientific and engineering calculations easier. In 1956, the first hard drive was developed for mainframe computers, allowing for much larger data storage. Atlas, developed in the 1950s, had advanced features like virtual memory and contributed to computing advancement. The highly innovative Cray-1 supercomputer was developed in the 1970s and was known for its exceptional performance.
Activity 10 timeline history of internet
The document outlines major events in the development of the Internet from 1957 to 2012, including the launch of Sputnik, the invention of the modem, early research on packet switching, the development of ARPANET in the late 1960s, the creation of TCP/IP in the 1970s allowing networks to connect, the opening of ARPANET to the public in the 1980s and 1990s, and the rise of the World Wide Web in the 1990s bringing most of the world online.
History of the Internet
The document provides a timeline of key events in the development of the Internet from 1957-1990. It describes the launch of Sputnik which led to the creation of ARPA and early computer networking research. Important developments include the ARPANET being built in the late 1960s, the transmission of the first message between networked computers in 1969, and the publication of the TCP/IP protocol in 1974. The timeline also covers the expansion of networking internationally and the creation of technologies like email, DNS, and the World Wide Web.
History of computers
Charles Babbage invented the earliest mechanical computer to reduce errors in calculations. Alan Turing helped develop early computers to break codes in World War II. The first electronic, programmable computer was Colossus, built by Tommy Flowers to decrypt German messages. Later innovations included the stored-program concept by John von Neumann and the graphical user interface by Douglas Engelbart. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates then helped drive the personal computer revolution through their companies Apple and Microsoft. Modern computers are based on integrated circuits and microprocessors, beginning with the Intel 4004 microchip.
The Four Main Components And History Of Computers
The Four Main Components And History Of Computers discusses the history and components of computers. It describes the four main components - input devices, output devices, secondary storage, and the processor and primary storage. Input devices allow users to input data, like keyboards and mice. Output devices send data from the computer to the user, like monitors and printers. Secondary storage serves as additional storage beyond the primary storage and includes hard drives. The processor and primary storage temporarily hold data and files while the computer is running.
2002 0918 internet_history_and_growth
Leonard Kleinrock established the Network Measurement Center at UCLA which connected to the first Interface Message Processor, becoming the first node on the ARPANET and Internet. Lawrence Roberts led the overall ARPANET system design as the program manager and held a design session in 1967 that outlined standards for user identification, character transmission, and error checking which helped launch the ARPANET project. Paul Baran developed the concept of packet switching networks while at RAND which influenced Roberts and Kleinrock to adopt that technology for the ARPANET.
History
The document discusses the history and evolution of computer technology from mechanical computers in the 1600s to the development of integrated circuits, microprocessors, personal computing, and the internet. It covers the progression from machine language to assembly languages to high-level languages like FORTRAN, BASIC, and C to make programming easier. The five generations of computers are defined based on major technological breakthroughs in components like vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and parallel processing.
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