This document discusses issues related to processing the Uyghur language on the web. It describes how early efforts involved downloading fonts or using images since platforms did not support Uyghur input or fonts. In 2002, the author developed the first Uyghur Unicode font and input methods, addressing issues like inconsistent fonts and lack of standards. The font ensured all necessary letter shapes were supported. This helped popularize the Unicode standard for Uyghur and improved processing.
CONSTRUCTION OF AMHARIC-ARABIC PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR NEURAL MACHINE TRANSL...gerogepatton
Many automatic translation works have been addressed between major European language pairs, by taking advantage of large scale parallel corpora, but very few research works are conducted on the Amharic-Arabic language pair due to its parallel data scarcity. However, there is no benchmark parallel Amharic-Arabic text corpora available for Machine Translation task. Therefore, a small parallel Quranic text corpus is constructed by modifying the existing monolingual Arabic text and its equivalent translation of Amharic language text corpora available on Tanzile. Experiments are carried out on Two Long ShortTerm Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) using Attention-based Encoder-Decoder architecture which is adapted from the open-source OpenNMT system. LSTM and GRU based NMT models and Google Translation system are compared and found that LSTM based OpenNMT outperforms GRU based OpenNMT and Google Translation system, with a BLEU score of 12%, 11%, and 6% respectively.
Construction of Amharic-arabic Parallel Text Corpus for Neural Machine Transl...gerogepatton
Many automatic translation works have been addressed between major European language pairs, by
taking advantage of large scale parallel corpora, but very few research works are conducted on the
Amharic-Arabic language pair due to its parallel data scarcity. However, there is no benchmark parallel
Amharic-Arabic text corpora available for Machine Translation task. Therefore, a small parallel Quranic
text corpus is constructed by modifying the existing monolingual Arabic text and its equivalent translation
of Amharic language text corpora available on Tanzile. Experiments are carried out on Two Long ShortTerm Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) using
Attention-based Encoder-Decoder architecture which is adapted from the open-source OpenNMT system.
LSTM and GRU based NMT models and Google Translation system are compared and found that LSTM
based OpenNMT outperforms GRU based OpenNMT and Google Translation system, with a BLEU score
of 12%, 11%, and 6% respectively.
CONSTRUCTION OF AMHARIC-ARABIC PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR NEURAL MACHINE TRANSL...ijaia
Many automatic translation works have been addressed between major European language pairs, by taking advantage of large scale parallel corpora, but very few research works are conducted on the Amharic-Arabic language pair due to its parallel data scarcity. However, there is no benchmark parallel Amharic-Arabic text corpora available for Machine Translation task. Therefore, a small parallel Quranic text corpus is constructed by modifying the existing monolingual Arabic text and its equivalent translation of Amharic language text corpora available on Tanzile. Experiments are carried out on Two Long ShortTerm Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) using Attention-based Encoder-Decoder architecture which is adapted from the open-source OpenNMT system. LSTM and GRU based NMT models and Google Translation system are compared and found that LSTM based OpenNMT outperforms GRU based OpenNMT and Google Translation system, with a BLEU score of 12%, 11%, and 6% respectively
Exploring Twitter as a Source of an Arabic Dialect CorpusCSCJournals
Given the lack of Arabic dialect text corpora in comparison with what is available for dialects of English and other languages, there is a need to create dialect text corpora for use in Arabic natural language processing. What is more, there is an increasing use of Arabic dialects in social media, so this text is now considered quite appropriate as a source of a corpus. We collected 210,915K tweets from five groups of Arabic dialects Gulf, Iraqi, Egyptian, Levantine, and North African. This paper explores Twitter as a source and describes the methods that we used to extract tweets and classify them according to the geographic location of the sender. We classified Arabic dialects by using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) data analytic tool which contains many alternative filters and classifiers for machine learning. Our approach in classification tweets achieved an accuracy equal to 79%.
CONSTRUCTION OF AMHARIC-ARABIC PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR NEURAL MACHINE TRANSL...gerogepatton
Many automatic translation works have been addressed between major European language pairs, by taking advantage of large scale parallel corpora, but very few research works are conducted on the Amharic-Arabic language pair due to its parallel data scarcity. However, there is no benchmark parallel Amharic-Arabic text corpora available for Machine Translation task. Therefore, a small parallel Quranic text corpus is constructed by modifying the existing monolingual Arabic text and its equivalent translation of Amharic language text corpora available on Tanzile. Experiments are carried out on Two Long ShortTerm Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) using Attention-based Encoder-Decoder architecture which is adapted from the open-source OpenNMT system. LSTM and GRU based NMT models and Google Translation system are compared and found that LSTM based OpenNMT outperforms GRU based OpenNMT and Google Translation system, with a BLEU score of 12%, 11%, and 6% respectively.
Construction of Amharic-arabic Parallel Text Corpus for Neural Machine Transl...gerogepatton
Many automatic translation works have been addressed between major European language pairs, by
taking advantage of large scale parallel corpora, but very few research works are conducted on the
Amharic-Arabic language pair due to its parallel data scarcity. However, there is no benchmark parallel
Amharic-Arabic text corpora available for Machine Translation task. Therefore, a small parallel Quranic
text corpus is constructed by modifying the existing monolingual Arabic text and its equivalent translation
of Amharic language text corpora available on Tanzile. Experiments are carried out on Two Long ShortTerm Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) using
Attention-based Encoder-Decoder architecture which is adapted from the open-source OpenNMT system.
LSTM and GRU based NMT models and Google Translation system are compared and found that LSTM
based OpenNMT outperforms GRU based OpenNMT and Google Translation system, with a BLEU score
of 12%, 11%, and 6% respectively.
CONSTRUCTION OF AMHARIC-ARABIC PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR NEURAL MACHINE TRANSL...ijaia
Many automatic translation works have been addressed between major European language pairs, by taking advantage of large scale parallel corpora, but very few research works are conducted on the Amharic-Arabic language pair due to its parallel data scarcity. However, there is no benchmark parallel Amharic-Arabic text corpora available for Machine Translation task. Therefore, a small parallel Quranic text corpus is constructed by modifying the existing monolingual Arabic text and its equivalent translation of Amharic language text corpora available on Tanzile. Experiments are carried out on Two Long ShortTerm Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) based Neural Machine Translation (NMT) using Attention-based Encoder-Decoder architecture which is adapted from the open-source OpenNMT system. LSTM and GRU based NMT models and Google Translation system are compared and found that LSTM based OpenNMT outperforms GRU based OpenNMT and Google Translation system, with a BLEU score of 12%, 11%, and 6% respectively
Exploring Twitter as a Source of an Arabic Dialect CorpusCSCJournals
Given the lack of Arabic dialect text corpora in comparison with what is available for dialects of English and other languages, there is a need to create dialect text corpora for use in Arabic natural language processing. What is more, there is an increasing use of Arabic dialects in social media, so this text is now considered quite appropriate as a source of a corpus. We collected 210,915K tweets from five groups of Arabic dialects Gulf, Iraqi, Egyptian, Levantine, and North African. This paper explores Twitter as a source and describes the methods that we used to extract tweets and classify them according to the geographic location of the sender. We classified Arabic dialects by using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) data analytic tool which contains many alternative filters and classifiers for machine learning. Our approach in classification tweets achieved an accuracy equal to 79%.
Transliteration/Romanization of Urdu Processing by Rashida sharif Rashida Sharif
This document discusses transliteration of Urdu text into the Roman (English) script. It begins by introducing transliteration as the systematic mapping of text from one writing system to another. It then reviews previous work on transliterating Urdu, noting various systems that were developed but had limitations. The document proposes a new reversible transliteration scheme for mapping Urdu letters to English letters based on both letter conversions and phonetic approaches. It presents mapping tables and concludes the new scheme allows for recursive transliteration between English and Urdu without ambiguity issues seen in prior systems.
Abstract- Localizing on-screen keyboard for communication in Igbo Language has brought about the existence of
various Igbo keyboard on Android Operating System Platforms. Thus, the development of an Igbo Keyboard in
Standard Orthography for Android mobile devices called AmandaX, which incorporates both the English Alphabet in
QWERTY layout and the full Igbo alphabets in WERTY layout displayed in two different interfaces. This thesis made
use of the ASCII (American standard code for information interchange) and Unicode Character sets to represent the
development of the Igbo alphabets. It is hosted using the Android software development tool kit. Programming tools
employed are Android Studio, Android software Development Kit, Android Virtual Device Manager (AVD), Eclipse
Integrated Development Environment, Java Development Kit (JDK), and Adobe XD and Photoshop for the graphics.
The result gives a user-friendly virtual keyboard which encompasses all the Igbo alphabets, their accents, and the
diagraph consonants. One of the key benefits of AmandaX include masking passwords by allowing the user to use
these Igbo accent characters for strong password creation. Also, individuals can now write quickly and communicate
freely using this AmandaX.
Index Terms- Android, Igbo, Keyboard, Orthography, RAD
This work describes a construction of PADAS “Phonetics Arabic Database Automatically segmented” based on a data-driven Markov process. The use of a segmentation database is necessary in speech synthesis and recognizing speech. Manual segmentation is precise but inconsistent, since it is often produced by more than one label and require time and money. The MAUS segmentation and labeling exist for German speech and other languages but not in Arabic. It is necessary to modify MAUS for establish a segmental database for Arab. The speech corpus contains a total of 600 sentences recorded by 3 (2 male and 1 female) Arabic native speakers from Tunisia, 200 sentences for each.
Dictionary Entries for Bangla Consonant Ended Roots in Universal Networking L...Waqas Tariq
The Universal Networking Language (UNL) deals with the communication across nations of different languages and involves with many different related discipline such as linguistics, epistemology, computer science etc. It helps to overcome the language barrier among people of different nations to solve problems emerging from current globalization trends and geopolitical interdependence. We are working to include Bangla language in the UNL system so that Bangla language can be converted to UNL expressions. As a part of this process currently we are working on Bangla Consonant Ended Verb Roots and trying to develop lexical or dictionary entries for the Consonant Ended Verb Roots. In this paper, we have presented our work by describing Bangla verb, Verb root, Verbal Inflections and then finally showed the dictionary entries for the consonant ended roots.
Arabic words stemming approach using arabic wordnetIJDKP
The big growth of the Arabic internet content in the last years has raised up the need for an effective
stemming techniques for Arabic language. Arabic stemming algorithms can be ranked, according to three
category, as root-based approach (ex. Khoja); stem-based approach (ex. Larkey); and statistical approach
(ex. N-Garm). However, no stemming of this language is perfect: The existing stemmers have a low
efficiency. In this paper, we introduce a new stemming technique for Arabic words that also solve the
problem of the plural form of irregular nouns in Arabic language, which called broken plural. The
proposed stem extractor provides very accurate results in comparisons with other algorithms.
Consequently the search effectiveness improved.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This paper is not to compare between the Arabic language and the English language as natural languages.
Instead, it focuses on the comparison among them in terms of their challenges in building text based
Conversational Agents (CAs). A CA is an intelligent computer program that used to handle conversations
among the user and the machine. Nowadays, CAs can play an important role in many aspects as this work
figured. In this paper, different approaches that can be used to build a CA will be differentiated. In each
approach, the comparison aspects among the Arabic and English languages will be debated with the
respect to the Arabic language.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This document discusses the challenges of building conversational agents (CAs) in Arabic compared to English. It outlines three main approaches to building CAs - natural language processing, sentence similarity measures, and pattern matching - and explores how each approach presents different challenges for Arabic versus English. Some key challenges for Arabic include its complex morphology system involving roots, affixes and patterns; omission of short vowels leading to ambiguity; and diglossia between modern standardized Arabic, classical Arabic, and various dialects. The document argues these features make it harder to understand and analyze user utterances in Arabic CAs compared to English CAs.
A New Approach to Romanize Arabic WordsIJERA Editor
Romanization of Arabic words has been acquired the interest of the researchers due to its importance in many
fields such as security and terrorism fighting, translation, religious purposes, etc.
In this paper, a proposed method was presented to solve the drawbacks of available methods such as lack of
reverse recognition, using of extra letters and punctuation characters, and neglecting the correlation of the letters
in a word.
This method was implemented and tested using a sample of 100 undergraduate Iraqi students and 150 Arabic
words which romanized using five well-known methods in addition to the proposed one. The test showed that
the proposed method dominants the rest method from the recognition and reverse recognition process in
considerable ratio.
The classification of the modern arabic poetry using machine learningTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent years, working on text classification and analysis of Arabic texts using machine learning
has seen some progress, but most of this research has not focused on Arabic poetry. Because of some
difficulties in the analysis of Arabic poetry, it was required the use of standard Arabic language on which
“Al Arud”, the science of studying poetry is based. This paper presents an approach that uses machine
learning for the classification of modern Arabic poetry into four types: love poems, Islamic poems, social
poems, and political poems. Each of these species usually has features that indicate the class of
the poem. Despite the challenges generated by the difficulty of the rules of the Arabic language on which
this classification depends, we proposed a new automatic way of modern Arabic poems classification to
solve these issues. The recommended method is suitable for the above-mentioned classes of poems. This
study used Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machines, and Linear Support Vector for the classification
processes. Data preprocessing was an important step of the approach in this paper, as it increased
the accuracy of the classification.
CONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH-BODO PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR STATISTICAL MACHINE TRA...ijnlc
Corpus is a large collection of homogeneous and authentic written texts (or speech) of a particular natural language which exists in machine readable form. The scope of the corpus is endless in Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Parallel corpus is a very useful resource for most of the applications of NLP, especially for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). The SMT is the most popular approach of Machine Translation (MT) nowadays and it can produce high quality translation
result based on huge amount of aligned parallel text corpora in both the source and target languages.
Although Bodo is a recognized natural language of India and co-official languages of Assam, still the
machine readable information of Bodo language is very low. Therefore, to expand the computerized
information of the language, English to Bodo SMT system has been developed. But this paper mainly
focuses on building English-Bodo parallel text corpora to implement the English to Bodo SMT system using
Phrase-Based SMT approach. We have designed an E-BPTC (English-Bodo Parallel Text Corpus) creator
tool and have been constructed General and Newspaper domains English-Bodo parallel text corpora.
Finally, the quality of the constructed parallel text corpora has been tested using two evaluation techniques
in the SMT system.
Rule-Based Standard Arabic Phonetization at Phoneme, Allophone, and Syllable ...CSCJournals
Phonetization is the transcription from written text into sounds. It is used in many natural language processing tasks, such as speech processing, speech synthesis, and computer-aided pronunciation assessment. A common phonetization approach is the use of letter-to-sound rules developed by linguists for the transcription from grapheme to sound. In this paper, we address the problem of rule-based phonetization of standard Arabic. 1The paper contributions can be summarized as follows: 1) Discussion of the transcription rules of standard Arabic which were used in literature on the phonemic and phonetic level. 2) Improvements of existing rules are suggested and new rules are introduced. Moreover, a comprehensive algorithm covering the phenomenon of pharyngealization in standard Arabic is proposed. Finally, the resulting rules set has been tested on large datasets. 3) We present a reliable automatic phonetic transcription of standard Arabic at five levels: phoneme, allophone, syllable, word, and sentence. An encoding which covers all sounds of standard Arabic is proposed, and several pronunciation dictionaries have been automatically generated. These dictionaries have been manually verified yielding an accuracy higher than 99 % for standard Arabic texts that do not contain dates, numbers, acronyms, abbreviations, and special symbols. The dictionaries are available for research purposes.
CONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH-BODO PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR STATISTICAL MACHINE TRA...kevig
Corpus is a large collection of homogeneous and authentic written texts (or speech) of a particular natural language which exists in machine readable form. The scope of the corpus is endless in Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Parallel corpus is a very useful resource for most of the applications of NLP, especially for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). The SMT is the most popular approach of Machine Translation (MT) nowadays and it can produce high quality translation result based on huge amount of aligned parallel text corpora in both the source and target languages. Although Bodo is a recognized natural language of India and co-official languages of Assam, still the machine readable information of Bodo language is very low. Therefore, to expand the computerized information of the language, English to Bodo SMT system has been developed. But this paper mainly focuses on building English-Bodo parallel text corpora to implement the English to Bodo SMT system using Phrase-Based SMT approach. We have designed an E-BPTC (English-Bodo Parallel Text Corpus) creator tool and have been constructed General and Newspaper domains English-Bodo parallel text corpora. Finally, the quality of the constructed parallel text corpora has been tested using two evaluation techniques in the SMT system.
Arabic language is the most spoken languages in the Semitic languages group, and one of the most common languages in the world spoken by more than 422 million. It is also of paramount importance to Muslims, it is a sacred language of the Islamic Holly Book (Quran) and prayer (and other acts of worship) in Islam is performed only by mastering some of Arabic words. Arabic is also a major ritual language of a number of Christian churches in the Arab world and it is also used in writing several intellectual and religious Jewish books in the Middle Ages. Despite this, there is no semantic Arabic lexicon which researchers can depend on. In this paper we introduce Azhary as a lexical ontology for the Arabic language. It groups Arabic words into sets of synonyms called synsets, and records a number of relationships between words such as synonym, antonym, hypernym, hyponym, meronym, holonym and association relations. The ontology contains 26,195 words organized in 13,328 synsets. It has been developed and contrasted against AWN which is the most common available Arabic lexical ontology.
This document defines and summarizes key terms in corpus linguistics. It discusses bootstrapping, the Brill tagger, competence-performance dichotomy, computational linguistics, computer assisted language learning, corpus linguistics, extensible markup language, Penn Treebank, Kolhapur Corpus, Hyderabad Corpus, Text Encoding Initiative, Unicode, Linguistic Data Consortium, and alignment.
Machine Translation And Computer Assisted TranslationTeritaa
Machine translation and computer-assisted translation are new ways of translating that utilize technology. The demand for translations has increased due to factors like the Cold War, cultural independence, and the internet providing universal access to information. The history of machine translation began in the 1930s and involved researchers developing methods using editors and computers to analyze words and convert them between languages. In the 1950s and 1960s, early machine translation programs used bilingual dictionaries and rules for word order but faced issues. Later developments included various machine translation systems in universities, companies, and the European Union from the 1980s onward. Computer-assisted translation tools now help translators through resources like dictionaries, terminology databases, translation memories, and analyzing previous translations.
A SURVEY OF LANGUAGE-DETECTION, FONTDETECTION AND FONT-CONVERSION SYSTEMS FOR...IJCI JOURNAL
A large amount of data in Indian languages stored digitally is in ASCII-based font formats. ASCII has 128
character-set, therefore it is unable to represent all the characters necessary to deal with the variety of
scripts available worldwide. Moreover, these ASCII-based fonts are not based on a single standard
mapping between the character-codes and the individual characters, for a particular Indian script, unlike
the English language fonts based on the standard ASCII mapping. Therefore, it is required that the fonts for
a particular script must be available on the system to accurately represent the data in that script. Also, the
conversion of data in one font into another is a difficult task. The non-standard ASCII-based fonts also pose
problems in performing search on texts in Indian languages available over web. There are 25 official
languages in India, and the amount of digital text available in ASCII-based fonts is much larger than the
text available in the standard ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information Interchange) or Unicode formats.
This paper discusses the work done in the field of font-detection (to identify the font of the given text) and
font-converters (to convert the ASCII-format text into the corresponding Unicode text).
T URN S EGMENTATION I NTO U TTERANCES F OR A RABIC S PONTANEOUS D IALOGUES ...ijnlc
ext segmentation task is an essential processing task for many of Natural Language Processing (NLP)
such as text summarization, text translation, dialogue language understanding, among others. Turns
segmentation consi
dered the key player in dialogue understanding task for building automatic Human
-
Computer systems. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to turn segmentation into utterances for
Egyptian spontaneous dialogues and Instance Messages (IM) using Machine
Learning (ML) approach as a
part of automatic understanding Egyptian spontaneous dialogues and IM task. Due to the lack of Egyptian
dialect
dialogue
corpus
the system evaluated by our
corpus
includes 3001 turns, which
are collected,
segmented, and annotat
ed manually from Egyptian call
-
centers. The system achieves F
1
scores
of 90.74%
and accuracy of 95.98%
STANDARD ARABIC VERBS INFLECTIONS USING NOOJ PLATFORMijnlc
This article describes the morphological analysis of a standard Arabic natural language processing, as a
part of an electronic dictionary-constricting phase. A fully 3-lettered inflected verbs model are formalized
based on a linguistic classification, using NOOJ platform, the classification gives certain representative
verbs that will considered as lemmas, this verbs form our dictionary entries, they are also conjugated
according to our inflection paradigm relying on certain specific morphological properties. This dictionary
will be considered as an Arabic resource, which will help NLP applications and NOOJ platform to analyse
sophisticated Arabic corpora.
development of a novel keyboard interface unit for writing quran using computerINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document discusses the development of a novel keyboard interface unit for writing the Quran using a computer. It begins with an introduction discussing some of the difficulties of handwriting the Quran and the need for computerized solutions. Next, it reviews existing Latin, Arabic, and Quranic keyboards and fonts. Some key existing Quranic fonts discussed include AlQalam font from Cairo University and the King Fahd Glorious Quran Printing Complex font. However, the document notes that existing Arabic keyboards are not optimized for Quranic writing. The paper then examines techniques for developing customized Quranic keyboards to interface with Quranic fonts like Al-dani font, to facilitate accurate Quran text entry on computers. It
Development of arabic sign language dictionary using 3D avatar technologiesnooriasukmaningtyas
The paper considers the problem of protecting the Internet of things infrastructure against denial-of-service (DoS) attacks at the application level. The authors considered parameters that affect the network gateway workload: message frequency, payload size, number of recipients and some others. We proposed a modular structure of the attack detection tool presented by three classifiers that use the following attributes: username, device ID, and IP-address. The following types of classifiers have been the objects for the research: multilayer perceptron, random forest algorithm, and modifications of the support vector machine. Some scenarios for the behavior of network devices have been simulated. It was proved that for the proposed feature vector on simulated training and test data sets, the best results have been shown by a multilayer perceptron and a support vector machine with a radial basis function of the kernel and optimization with SMO algorithm. The authors also determined the conditions under which the selected classifiers have the best quality of recognizing abnormal and legitimate traffic in MQTT networks.
Mehmud Abliz is a PhD student in Computer Science at the University of Pittsburgh with a 3.6 GPA. He received BS degrees in Computer Science and Applied Geophysics from Jilin University in China, graduating with 3.7 and 3.6 GPAs respectively. His experience includes teaching positions at the University of Pittsburgh and an English course in China. His research focuses on distributed architectures for mitigating DDoS attacks.
Transliteration/Romanization of Urdu Processing by Rashida sharif Rashida Sharif
This document discusses transliteration of Urdu text into the Roman (English) script. It begins by introducing transliteration as the systematic mapping of text from one writing system to another. It then reviews previous work on transliterating Urdu, noting various systems that were developed but had limitations. The document proposes a new reversible transliteration scheme for mapping Urdu letters to English letters based on both letter conversions and phonetic approaches. It presents mapping tables and concludes the new scheme allows for recursive transliteration between English and Urdu without ambiguity issues seen in prior systems.
Abstract- Localizing on-screen keyboard for communication in Igbo Language has brought about the existence of
various Igbo keyboard on Android Operating System Platforms. Thus, the development of an Igbo Keyboard in
Standard Orthography for Android mobile devices called AmandaX, which incorporates both the English Alphabet in
QWERTY layout and the full Igbo alphabets in WERTY layout displayed in two different interfaces. This thesis made
use of the ASCII (American standard code for information interchange) and Unicode Character sets to represent the
development of the Igbo alphabets. It is hosted using the Android software development tool kit. Programming tools
employed are Android Studio, Android software Development Kit, Android Virtual Device Manager (AVD), Eclipse
Integrated Development Environment, Java Development Kit (JDK), and Adobe XD and Photoshop for the graphics.
The result gives a user-friendly virtual keyboard which encompasses all the Igbo alphabets, their accents, and the
diagraph consonants. One of the key benefits of AmandaX include masking passwords by allowing the user to use
these Igbo accent characters for strong password creation. Also, individuals can now write quickly and communicate
freely using this AmandaX.
Index Terms- Android, Igbo, Keyboard, Orthography, RAD
This work describes a construction of PADAS “Phonetics Arabic Database Automatically segmented” based on a data-driven Markov process. The use of a segmentation database is necessary in speech synthesis and recognizing speech. Manual segmentation is precise but inconsistent, since it is often produced by more than one label and require time and money. The MAUS segmentation and labeling exist for German speech and other languages but not in Arabic. It is necessary to modify MAUS for establish a segmental database for Arab. The speech corpus contains a total of 600 sentences recorded by 3 (2 male and 1 female) Arabic native speakers from Tunisia, 200 sentences for each.
Dictionary Entries for Bangla Consonant Ended Roots in Universal Networking L...Waqas Tariq
The Universal Networking Language (UNL) deals with the communication across nations of different languages and involves with many different related discipline such as linguistics, epistemology, computer science etc. It helps to overcome the language barrier among people of different nations to solve problems emerging from current globalization trends and geopolitical interdependence. We are working to include Bangla language in the UNL system so that Bangla language can be converted to UNL expressions. As a part of this process currently we are working on Bangla Consonant Ended Verb Roots and trying to develop lexical or dictionary entries for the Consonant Ended Verb Roots. In this paper, we have presented our work by describing Bangla verb, Verb root, Verbal Inflections and then finally showed the dictionary entries for the consonant ended roots.
Arabic words stemming approach using arabic wordnetIJDKP
The big growth of the Arabic internet content in the last years has raised up the need for an effective
stemming techniques for Arabic language. Arabic stemming algorithms can be ranked, according to three
category, as root-based approach (ex. Khoja); stem-based approach (ex. Larkey); and statistical approach
(ex. N-Garm). However, no stemming of this language is perfect: The existing stemmers have a low
efficiency. In this paper, we introduce a new stemming technique for Arabic words that also solve the
problem of the plural form of irregular nouns in Arabic language, which called broken plural. The
proposed stem extractor provides very accurate results in comparisons with other algorithms.
Consequently the search effectiveness improved.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This paper is not to compare between the Arabic language and the English language as natural languages.
Instead, it focuses on the comparison among them in terms of their challenges in building text based
Conversational Agents (CAs). A CA is an intelligent computer program that used to handle conversations
among the user and the machine. Nowadays, CAs can play an important role in many aspects as this work
figured. In this paper, different approaches that can be used to build a CA will be differentiated. In each
approach, the comparison aspects among the Arabic and English languages will be debated with the
respect to the Arabic language.
ARABIC LANGUAGE CHALLENGES IN TEXT BASED CONVERSATIONAL AGENTS COMPARED TO TH...ijcsit
This document discusses the challenges of building conversational agents (CAs) in Arabic compared to English. It outlines three main approaches to building CAs - natural language processing, sentence similarity measures, and pattern matching - and explores how each approach presents different challenges for Arabic versus English. Some key challenges for Arabic include its complex morphology system involving roots, affixes and patterns; omission of short vowels leading to ambiguity; and diglossia between modern standardized Arabic, classical Arabic, and various dialects. The document argues these features make it harder to understand and analyze user utterances in Arabic CAs compared to English CAs.
A New Approach to Romanize Arabic WordsIJERA Editor
Romanization of Arabic words has been acquired the interest of the researchers due to its importance in many
fields such as security and terrorism fighting, translation, religious purposes, etc.
In this paper, a proposed method was presented to solve the drawbacks of available methods such as lack of
reverse recognition, using of extra letters and punctuation characters, and neglecting the correlation of the letters
in a word.
This method was implemented and tested using a sample of 100 undergraduate Iraqi students and 150 Arabic
words which romanized using five well-known methods in addition to the proposed one. The test showed that
the proposed method dominants the rest method from the recognition and reverse recognition process in
considerable ratio.
The classification of the modern arabic poetry using machine learningTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent years, working on text classification and analysis of Arabic texts using machine learning
has seen some progress, but most of this research has not focused on Arabic poetry. Because of some
difficulties in the analysis of Arabic poetry, it was required the use of standard Arabic language on which
“Al Arud”, the science of studying poetry is based. This paper presents an approach that uses machine
learning for the classification of modern Arabic poetry into four types: love poems, Islamic poems, social
poems, and political poems. Each of these species usually has features that indicate the class of
the poem. Despite the challenges generated by the difficulty of the rules of the Arabic language on which
this classification depends, we proposed a new automatic way of modern Arabic poems classification to
solve these issues. The recommended method is suitable for the above-mentioned classes of poems. This
study used Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machines, and Linear Support Vector for the classification
processes. Data preprocessing was an important step of the approach in this paper, as it increased
the accuracy of the classification.
CONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH-BODO PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR STATISTICAL MACHINE TRA...ijnlc
Corpus is a large collection of homogeneous and authentic written texts (or speech) of a particular natural language which exists in machine readable form. The scope of the corpus is endless in Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Parallel corpus is a very useful resource for most of the applications of NLP, especially for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). The SMT is the most popular approach of Machine Translation (MT) nowadays and it can produce high quality translation
result based on huge amount of aligned parallel text corpora in both the source and target languages.
Although Bodo is a recognized natural language of India and co-official languages of Assam, still the
machine readable information of Bodo language is very low. Therefore, to expand the computerized
information of the language, English to Bodo SMT system has been developed. But this paper mainly
focuses on building English-Bodo parallel text corpora to implement the English to Bodo SMT system using
Phrase-Based SMT approach. We have designed an E-BPTC (English-Bodo Parallel Text Corpus) creator
tool and have been constructed General and Newspaper domains English-Bodo parallel text corpora.
Finally, the quality of the constructed parallel text corpora has been tested using two evaluation techniques
in the SMT system.
Rule-Based Standard Arabic Phonetization at Phoneme, Allophone, and Syllable ...CSCJournals
Phonetization is the transcription from written text into sounds. It is used in many natural language processing tasks, such as speech processing, speech synthesis, and computer-aided pronunciation assessment. A common phonetization approach is the use of letter-to-sound rules developed by linguists for the transcription from grapheme to sound. In this paper, we address the problem of rule-based phonetization of standard Arabic. 1The paper contributions can be summarized as follows: 1) Discussion of the transcription rules of standard Arabic which were used in literature on the phonemic and phonetic level. 2) Improvements of existing rules are suggested and new rules are introduced. Moreover, a comprehensive algorithm covering the phenomenon of pharyngealization in standard Arabic is proposed. Finally, the resulting rules set has been tested on large datasets. 3) We present a reliable automatic phonetic transcription of standard Arabic at five levels: phoneme, allophone, syllable, word, and sentence. An encoding which covers all sounds of standard Arabic is proposed, and several pronunciation dictionaries have been automatically generated. These dictionaries have been manually verified yielding an accuracy higher than 99 % for standard Arabic texts that do not contain dates, numbers, acronyms, abbreviations, and special symbols. The dictionaries are available for research purposes.
CONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH-BODO PARALLEL TEXT CORPUS FOR STATISTICAL MACHINE TRA...kevig
Corpus is a large collection of homogeneous and authentic written texts (or speech) of a particular natural language which exists in machine readable form. The scope of the corpus is endless in Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Parallel corpus is a very useful resource for most of the applications of NLP, especially for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). The SMT is the most popular approach of Machine Translation (MT) nowadays and it can produce high quality translation result based on huge amount of aligned parallel text corpora in both the source and target languages. Although Bodo is a recognized natural language of India and co-official languages of Assam, still the machine readable information of Bodo language is very low. Therefore, to expand the computerized information of the language, English to Bodo SMT system has been developed. But this paper mainly focuses on building English-Bodo parallel text corpora to implement the English to Bodo SMT system using Phrase-Based SMT approach. We have designed an E-BPTC (English-Bodo Parallel Text Corpus) creator tool and have been constructed General and Newspaper domains English-Bodo parallel text corpora. Finally, the quality of the constructed parallel text corpora has been tested using two evaluation techniques in the SMT system.
Arabic language is the most spoken languages in the Semitic languages group, and one of the most common languages in the world spoken by more than 422 million. It is also of paramount importance to Muslims, it is a sacred language of the Islamic Holly Book (Quran) and prayer (and other acts of worship) in Islam is performed only by mastering some of Arabic words. Arabic is also a major ritual language of a number of Christian churches in the Arab world and it is also used in writing several intellectual and religious Jewish books in the Middle Ages. Despite this, there is no semantic Arabic lexicon which researchers can depend on. In this paper we introduce Azhary as a lexical ontology for the Arabic language. It groups Arabic words into sets of synonyms called synsets, and records a number of relationships between words such as synonym, antonym, hypernym, hyponym, meronym, holonym and association relations. The ontology contains 26,195 words organized in 13,328 synsets. It has been developed and contrasted against AWN which is the most common available Arabic lexical ontology.
This document defines and summarizes key terms in corpus linguistics. It discusses bootstrapping, the Brill tagger, competence-performance dichotomy, computational linguistics, computer assisted language learning, corpus linguistics, extensible markup language, Penn Treebank, Kolhapur Corpus, Hyderabad Corpus, Text Encoding Initiative, Unicode, Linguistic Data Consortium, and alignment.
Machine Translation And Computer Assisted TranslationTeritaa
Machine translation and computer-assisted translation are new ways of translating that utilize technology. The demand for translations has increased due to factors like the Cold War, cultural independence, and the internet providing universal access to information. The history of machine translation began in the 1930s and involved researchers developing methods using editors and computers to analyze words and convert them between languages. In the 1950s and 1960s, early machine translation programs used bilingual dictionaries and rules for word order but faced issues. Later developments included various machine translation systems in universities, companies, and the European Union from the 1980s onward. Computer-assisted translation tools now help translators through resources like dictionaries, terminology databases, translation memories, and analyzing previous translations.
A SURVEY OF LANGUAGE-DETECTION, FONTDETECTION AND FONT-CONVERSION SYSTEMS FOR...IJCI JOURNAL
A large amount of data in Indian languages stored digitally is in ASCII-based font formats. ASCII has 128
character-set, therefore it is unable to represent all the characters necessary to deal with the variety of
scripts available worldwide. Moreover, these ASCII-based fonts are not based on a single standard
mapping between the character-codes and the individual characters, for a particular Indian script, unlike
the English language fonts based on the standard ASCII mapping. Therefore, it is required that the fonts for
a particular script must be available on the system to accurately represent the data in that script. Also, the
conversion of data in one font into another is a difficult task. The non-standard ASCII-based fonts also pose
problems in performing search on texts in Indian languages available over web. There are 25 official
languages in India, and the amount of digital text available in ASCII-based fonts is much larger than the
text available in the standard ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information Interchange) or Unicode formats.
This paper discusses the work done in the field of font-detection (to identify the font of the given text) and
font-converters (to convert the ASCII-format text into the corresponding Unicode text).
T URN S EGMENTATION I NTO U TTERANCES F OR A RABIC S PONTANEOUS D IALOGUES ...ijnlc
ext segmentation task is an essential processing task for many of Natural Language Processing (NLP)
such as text summarization, text translation, dialogue language understanding, among others. Turns
segmentation consi
dered the key player in dialogue understanding task for building automatic Human
-
Computer systems. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to turn segmentation into utterances for
Egyptian spontaneous dialogues and Instance Messages (IM) using Machine
Learning (ML) approach as a
part of automatic understanding Egyptian spontaneous dialogues and IM task. Due to the lack of Egyptian
dialect
dialogue
corpus
the system evaluated by our
corpus
includes 3001 turns, which
are collected,
segmented, and annotat
ed manually from Egyptian call
-
centers. The system achieves F
1
scores
of 90.74%
and accuracy of 95.98%
STANDARD ARABIC VERBS INFLECTIONS USING NOOJ PLATFORMijnlc
This article describes the morphological analysis of a standard Arabic natural language processing, as a
part of an electronic dictionary-constricting phase. A fully 3-lettered inflected verbs model are formalized
based on a linguistic classification, using NOOJ platform, the classification gives certain representative
verbs that will considered as lemmas, this verbs form our dictionary entries, they are also conjugated
according to our inflection paradigm relying on certain specific morphological properties. This dictionary
will be considered as an Arabic resource, which will help NLP applications and NOOJ platform to analyse
sophisticated Arabic corpora.
development of a novel keyboard interface unit for writing quran using computerINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document discusses the development of a novel keyboard interface unit for writing the Quran using a computer. It begins with an introduction discussing some of the difficulties of handwriting the Quran and the need for computerized solutions. Next, it reviews existing Latin, Arabic, and Quranic keyboards and fonts. Some key existing Quranic fonts discussed include AlQalam font from Cairo University and the King Fahd Glorious Quran Printing Complex font. However, the document notes that existing Arabic keyboards are not optimized for Quranic writing. The paper then examines techniques for developing customized Quranic keyboards to interface with Quranic fonts like Al-dani font, to facilitate accurate Quran text entry on computers. It
Development of arabic sign language dictionary using 3D avatar technologiesnooriasukmaningtyas
The paper considers the problem of protecting the Internet of things infrastructure against denial-of-service (DoS) attacks at the application level. The authors considered parameters that affect the network gateway workload: message frequency, payload size, number of recipients and some others. We proposed a modular structure of the attack detection tool presented by three classifiers that use the following attributes: username, device ID, and IP-address. The following types of classifiers have been the objects for the research: multilayer perceptron, random forest algorithm, and modifications of the support vector machine. Some scenarios for the behavior of network devices have been simulated. It was proved that for the proposed feature vector on simulated training and test data sets, the best results have been shown by a multilayer perceptron and a support vector machine with a radial basis function of the kernel and optimization with SMO algorithm. The authors also determined the conditions under which the selected classifiers have the best quality of recognizing abnormal and legitimate traffic in MQTT networks.
Mehmud Abliz is a PhD student in Computer Science at the University of Pittsburgh with a 3.6 GPA. He received BS degrees in Computer Science and Applied Geophysics from Jilin University in China, graduating with 3.7 and 3.6 GPAs respectively. His experience includes teaching positions at the University of Pittsburgh and an English course in China. His research focuses on distributed architectures for mitigating DDoS attacks.
The document provides a preliminary report on the standardization of geographical names in China. It outlines the origins and implementation of the Romanization system for Uyghur geographical names in China, as well as briefly characterizing the Uyghur script and romanization process. The system is used in China and in international cartographic products.
The Uighur are a Turkic people from northwestern China with significant communities in Central Asia. In Kazakhstan, they represent less than 1% of the population and only 15% still speak the Uighur language. While traditionally shepherds and farmers, many now work in businesses. Islam is the dominant religion, though missionary efforts seek to introduce Christianity, as only around 100 Uighur are known to have converted despite translation of the Bible and other resources into their language. Prayer is requested for openness to the gospel, missionaries, the church, and religious freedom in the country.
This document summarizes the history and influence of radical Uyghur groups in Central Asia. It discusses how Uyghurs originated in Siberia and migrated to Xinjiang, China. It then analyzes the surge in separatist activity by the Xinjiang Independence Movement in the late 1990s and the international response. The document also examines perspectives from China, Central Asian countries, Russia, Western nations, and Islamic fundamentalists on the Uyghur separatist issue and its impact on regional stability and development.
Tohti Tunyaz is an Uighur historian and writer from China who was arrested in 1998 and sentenced to 11 years in prison for "inciting national disunity" and "stealing state secrets". He had been researching Uighur history and ethnic relations. It is believed the charges stem from his research and publications on Uighur history and ethnic relations. PEN Canada believes his detention violates his freedom of expression and calls for his unconditional release.
Uyghurs are one of the ancient nationalities of China who established kingdoms in the 7th-9th centuries. They celebrate the spring festival of Nowruz, which originated in ancient Mesopotamia and is not a religious holiday but a celebration of the renewal of nature. During Nowruz, Uyghurs gather in public places wearing traditional clothes and engage in singing, dancing, games, and performances to entertain the crowds. Special foods are also cooked and shared as part of the celebrations.
The document discusses evidence from the Quran and hadiths that prohibit music. It provides multiple verses from the Quran that are interpreted by Islamic scholars to refer to singing or musical instruments being a distraction from Allah's path. It also discusses hadiths where the Prophet or companions expressed disapproval of music. The document analyzes these religious sources to conclude that music is haram in Islam.
This document summarizes research on work and gender among Uighur villagers in southern Xinjiang. It discusses:
1) Pre-1949 divisions of labor showed a sharp distinction between male and female domains, with men engaging in agriculture and women responsible for domestic work and food processing. However, sources indicate women also participated in some agricultural work.
2) Control over household finances varied, but sources suggest women often managed domestic budgets, especially in wealthier households.
3) While ideals portrayed women as housebound, in reality divisions of labor depended on factors like social class, with poorer women more involved in field work and domestic service.
This document presents a collection of Cyrillic-based language alphabets including over 50 languages. It uses a Unicode-like coded font to render the Cyrillic texts with the aim of creating a universal Cyrillic font for TeX and Omega projects. The introduction discusses Cyrillic alphabets and additional characters needed beyond standard computer encodings. Tables provide language names in English and Russian along with ISO and Ethnologue codes. Notes explain the real and virtual fonts used along with the Cyrillic character set in Unicode.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptx
P1120625101
1. Uyghur language processing on the Web
Dr. Waris Abdukerim Janbaz , Prof. Imad Saleh
Paragraphe Laboratory, University of Paris VIII, France
warisabdukerim@yahoo.com, isaleh@wanadoo.fr
http://paragraphe.univ-paris8.fr
Abstract navigators) and correctly displaying Uyghur characters
In this paper, we discuss some important issues related to presented huge difficulties. In spite of the fairly passive
web processing of an agglutinative Turkic language – attitude of Government authorities to the development of
Uyghur. Especially, we will discuss the advent of Uyghur information technology, many individuals started
grassroots efforts on Uyghur Unicode font developing, creating Uyghur websites using the three above
Uyghur character displaying, font embedding and mentioned script. ASU, used by the most populous
Uyghur character inputting method within Uyghur- segment of XUAR Uyghurs caused special coding
support-less environment. We will also introduce a problems given that it uses a non-standard set of Arabic-
multiscript conversion application to further use the based glyphs.
Unicode standard for Uyghur language processing.
2. Background
Keywords: Unicode, Font, Turkic Language, multiscript, For ASU, before 2002, either of the two following
transliteration, Arabic-Script Uyghur, Cyrillic-Script methods became very common on web publishing in
Uyghur, Latin-Script Uyghur. Uyghur: 1) font downloading; and/or 2) image format.
There is no need to explain the inconvenience of the
1. Introduction second method. More interesting but complex problems
The Uyghurs are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group, occurred in the case of the first one. The major problem
officially about nine million, inhabiting in Central Asia came from the fact that every web site owner created and
including today’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region named his/her own fonts, and users/visitors had to
(hereafter: XUAR, also called Chinese Turkistan) as well download a specific font (or different fonts) for almost
as parts of Kazakhstan and urban regions in the Ferghana every single website. No one accepted the font name and
valley. The official writing system of the XUAR Uyghurs coding of the other, and no common standard was created.
is Arabic-Script Uyghur 1 (hereafter: ASU) whereas the Most of the fonts created during this period, either
Cyrillic-Script Uyghur2 (hereafter: CSU ) is still in used replaced the ASCII characters or replaced the Unicode
by the Uyghurs of the ex-Soviet Union Republics Arabic characters (0x600-0x6FF) with Uyghur characters,
(USSR). The newly introduced transliteration 3 – Latin- without replacement agreement. Since the number of the
Script Uyghur 4 (hereafter: LSU) has become widely Arabic letters in the code rage 0x600-0x6FF is larger
accepted among Uyghurs and Uyghurologists is a than the number of ASU letters, people made different
commonly used standard for the transliteration for both choices as they replaced some Arabic characters with
ASU and CSU. ASU characters. Therefore, multiplication of the font
The influence of web publishing started appearing in names and the growth of coding differences (for the same
Uyghur society in the last 10 years. Since the existing glyphs) among the fonts became an obstacle to the
platforms don’t supply any Uyghur input method nor any development of ASU computer processing and web
fonts that including all the glyphs of the ASU alphabet, publishing. A large number of issues regarding non-
inputting Uyghur text into interactive web pages (in the standard fonts and their use were addressed in many
different ways to the individual computer scientists.
Meanwhile, many of these problems were circumvented
1
See annex 2 by using methods unrelated to the Unicode standard. As a
2
See annex 1 result, web site creators eventually expressed their strong
3
Using one writing system to represent words in another is desire to further use the Unicode standard for Uyghur
called transliteration. language processing.
4
called Uyghur Kompyutér Yéziqi (UKY) or Uyghur Latin
Yéziqi (ULY) in Uyghur, meaning “Uyghur Computer Writing”
In June 2002, the author developed the first Uyghur
or “Latin-Script Uyghur”. See Unicode font and implemented both system-level and
http://www.ukij.org/teshwiq/UKY_Heqqide(KonaYeziq).htm browser-level Input Method Editors for Windows. It
2. became a revolutionary accomplishment, owing mostly The creation of a Unicode based Uyghur font has became
to the new method and applications that are fully a necessity for the progress of Uyghur information
Unicode-compliant (as opposed to occasionally processing since the existing platforms do not include
compatible). Hence, a campaign was launched to (supply) any Uyghur font. Existing fonts (both Arabic
popularize and adapt the Unicode standard for Uyghur fonts and other fonts which include Arabic letters) do not
fonts. In this paper, we present the entire process that we include all the necessary shapes of Uyghur letters (see
have been following and developing for three years. The annex 2), and therefore some substitution sequences
following subsections will cover four major parts of the mislead display problems. For example:
entire implementation procedure. 1. ﺋﺎﻟەﻣﺪىﻜﻰ هەﻣﻤە ﺋىﻨﺴﺎن ﻗەﺑىﻪ ﺋەﻣەس
2. ﺋﺎﻟﻪﻣﺪﯨﻜﻰ ھﻪﻣﻤﻪ ﺋﯩﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﻪﺑﯩﻬ ﺋﻪﻣﻪﺱ
3. Uyghur Unicode font developing (Not all human beings in the world are evil)
Uyghur (ASU) letters have been developed on the basis The first sentence above is considered illegal character
of the Arabic alphabet from Arabic. The ASU alphabet combination if it uses existing fonts (ex: Times New
has 8 vowels5 and 24 consonants (see annex1). Uyghur, Roman, Traditional Arabic) because the cursive shapes of
just like Arabic, is written from right to left, each letter ﺋﻪ ,ھ ,ﻯare not correct according to the ASU alphabet
having different shapes depending on its position in a (see annex 2). It should appear as in sentence 2 in which
word. The Uyghur letters have initial, median, final and
the letters use a specific font — UKIJ Tuz Tom. In order
isolated forms; some letters have conjunct forms6. In total,
to create right cursive connection forms for Uyghur, it
the Uyghur alphabet has 126 different glyphs. The 108
was necessary to take special measures for three
basic glyphs 7 of the Uyghur letters have already been
problem-letters ﺋﻪ ,ھ , ﻯand two “glottal stop signs ”ﺌ , ﺉ
accepted by the Unicode Consortium/ISO, and 18 glyphs8
out of the 20 glyphs for composed forms were added in (supported hamze), during the creation of Uyghur fonts.
1998. Unfortunately, two conjunct median forms (of the The absence of such measures would make it impossible
Uyghur letters ﺋﯥand 9ﺌﯧ )ﺋﻰand 01ﺌﯩare still absent11 in to display the cursive forms of the three letters correctly
in browsers and other application software.
the Unicode Standard’s table 12 – Arabic Presentation
: 31 ﻯUyghur letter i as in ishik ( ,ﺋﯩﺸﯩﻚdoor). The 8
forms-A. This lack renders the Unicode Consortium/ISO
as it stands incomplete and this has forced people to different forms are listed in the table 1 below. For the
supplement it through borrowing from FBD1 and FBD2 initial′ and median′ forms ( )ﯨ , ﯩof this letter we use the
the “supported hamze” which is then combined with the initial and median forms of the Arabic letter ;9460 ﻯfor
median′ form of ﺋﯥand ﺋﻰto generate two synthetic the final′ and isolated′ forms ( )ﻯ , ﻰwe use the final and
combined letters. isolated forms of the Farsi letter 60 ﻯCC, respectively.
The 20 conjunct glyphs can also be expressed as a
:41ﺋﻪUyghur letter e as in eyneklerde ( ,ﺋﻪﻳﻨﻪﻛﻠﻪﺭﺩەin the
sequence of two existing Unicode glyphs (as it is the case
now for the two missing conjunct glyphs). But this kind mirrors). This letter uses the final and isolated glyph s(, ﻩ
of usage may cause problems like reducing text inputting )ﻪof the Arabic letter (7460 ھh), in the same way as
speed, increasing data storage redundancy, complicating Persian does. This causes a special problem due to the
data sorting operations etc. fact that the glyphs of Arabic (7460 51ھh) in the initial
and median positions( )ھ , ﻬcorrespond to those of Uyghur
5
The Arabic alphabet only has 3 letters and for long vowels ( ھh as in ھﯧﻠﯩﻬﻪﻡhélihem, even now; ﮔﯘﻧﺎھgunah, sin or
uses .ﺍ ﻭ ﻱThe others are not noted in normal writing. Given its
offense; ﻗﻪﺑﯩﻬqebih, odious), which, in turn, has different
phonetic characteristics, Uyghur notes down all vowels: ،ﺋﺎ، ﺋﻪ
, ﺋﻮ، ﺋﯘ، ﺋﯚ، ﺋﯜ، ﺋﯥ، ﺋﻰusing derivates of traditional Arabic
final and isolated glyphs( .)ھ , ﻬIn order to deal with this
letters. inconsistency, we have chosen to use 06D5 for the
6
The initial form and, under some circumstances, the median Uyghur letter ﺋﻪand 06BE for the Uyghur letter .ھ
form of all vowels is preceded by one “glottal stop sign ﺉor ”ﺌ iso.′ fin.′ med.′ ini.′ iso. fin. med. ini.
(supported hamze) with which they form a common letter ﺍ ﺎ ﯫ ﯪ
(treated by Uyghur as a single letter, see annex 2). ﻝfollowed
ﻩ ﻪ ﯭ ﯬ
by ﺍforms ﻼor ﻻdepending on their position.
7 ﻭ ﻮ ﯯ ﯮ
See http://www.oyghan.com/images/UyghurUnicodeTable.gif
8
See Arabic Presentation Forms-A, glyph code range: FBEA – ﯗ ﯘ ﯱ ﯰ
FBFB. See also table 1. ﯙ ﯚ ﯳ ﯲ
9
Character name for the Unicode Standard: ARABIC
LIGATURE YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE WITH E
ﯛ ﯜ ﯵ ﯴ
MEDIAN FORM. Ex: ( ﺑﺎﻏﺌﯧﺮﯨﻖBaghériq).
10
Character name for the Unicode Standard: ARABIC
LIGATURE UIGHUR KIRGHIZ YEH WITH HAMZA 13
Character name for the Unicode Standard: ARABIC
ABOVE WITH ALEF MAKSURA MEDIAN FORM. Ex: LETTER UIGHUR KAZAKH KIRGHIZ ALEF MAKSURA
( ﻗﻪﺗﺌﯩﻲcertainly, doubtlessly) (represents YEH-shaped letter with no dots in any positional
11
The XUAR’s delegation members, Prof. Hoshur Islam and form), 0649.
14
Yasin Imin, who have submitted the proposition also admit this Character name for the Unicode Standard:ARABIC LETTER
fault. See also Arabic Presentation Forms-A (code range: FBEA AE (Uighur, Kazakh, Kirghiz), 06D (isolated form is .)ە
15
– FBFB). See http://www.unicode.org/standard/where/ , Variant shapes
12
http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf of the Arabic character hah.
3. ې ﯥ ﯧ ﯦ ﯶ ﯷ ﺌﯧ ﯸ and RTL (right to left mark; 200F), is also recommended
ﻯ ﻰ ﯩ ﯨ ﯹ ﯺ ﺌﯩ ﯻ in any Uyghur font. The rest of the time-consuming
repetitive font developing task is absolutely the same as
ھ ﻬ ﻬ ھ
when creating an Arabic script font 20 . Some Uyghur
Table 1. Uyghur vowels and the three problem-letters (the one Arabic
character ھhah has four different basic shapes, which correspond to the
Unicode fonts are available for free at the UCSA website.
four shapes of two different letters in Uyghur).
Our recommended font creating tools are: Font Creator21
and Fontographer 22 . Glyph substitutions, positioning
ﺉand :61ﺌthe glottal stop: this is a phoneme which is not lookups and shaping features and Open Type tables of
listed separately in the ASU alphabet but still covered by Arabic fonts can be added with the help of software like
its spelling rules. In Uyghur words, the glottal stop is not Microsoft VOLT.
as strongly pronounced as it is in Semitic languages or in
Uzbek, for example, and it has weakened to become no 4. Font embedding and character displaying
more than a hiatus. Marked in ASU by a hamza on top of Web pages can be rendered without downloading or
a “tooth”, it appears usually in words of Arabic origin installing any specific fonts if: 1) the fonts used in the
and replaces an original ‘ain ( )عor a hamza ( )ءin a pages are available on user’s computer, and 2) if the
median or final position (e.g. ﺋﺎﻟﻪﻡfrom Arabic ,ﻋﺎﻟﹶﻢ browsers provide native support for the fonts and
ﺳﺎﺋﻪﺕfrom Arabic ﺧﺎﺋﯩﻦ ,ﺳﺎ َﺔfrom Arabic ﺳﻮﺋﺎﻝ , ﺧﺎﺋِﻦ
ﻋ languages used. The second condition has already been
from Arabic .)ﺳ َالIn initial position, the same sign is
ُﺆ met but unfortunately the first one has not yet, as there
considered as part of the initial form of a vowel and does are no Uyghur fonts available on the existing platforms
not have any phonetic value 17 . They correspond to the that are installed on the users’ computers. Therefore, to
initial and median forms of the Arabic letter .6260 ئ ensure that Uyghur texts are displayed correctly in web
These Arabic glyphs are not considered as different browsers, users must find a way to install in their
shapes of any independent letter in the Uyghur alphabet computers the fonts that are used in the web pages. The
(cf. annex 2). Since one glyph of each of the two letters same holds true for all the other “forgotten languages” on
ﺋﯥand ( ﺋﻰshown in light red in the table above) are still different platforms. The font installation requirement
either causes difficulties for people who don’t have much
missing in Unicode, we can use a sequence of either of technical experience, or discourages others from
these glyphs ( ﺉor )ﺌfollowed by the final, isolated, attempting to read the text.
median′ or final′ forms of vowels ﺋﯥand ( ﺋﻰshown in These difficulties can be overcome by embedding fonts
blue in the table above). More precisely, the other into the web pages. When a page is downloaded into a
conjunct forms can be obtained combining with the browser via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, any
Arabic letter 6260 ئand a vowel respectively. embedded fonts in the page are also downloaded without
In spite of the above mentioned limitations (two glyphs any need for the user to intervene. The Microsoft Web
instead of one conjunct glyph for ﺋﯥand )ﺋﻰthe above Embedding Fonts Tool—WEFT 23 makes it possible to
mentioned conventions have now been widely accepted create embedded font objects that can be linked to web
by the Uyghur Computer Science Association(UCSA18), pages. The following steps let web pages developers
and at a later date, by the Xinjiang University branch of create embedded fonts and link them to a web page:
the 863 Research Group19. • Create embedded fonts using Microsoft WEFT
After having learnt the specificities of those letters, it is • Prepare the web page using any fonts that are
easy to create Uyghur fonts using existing font creating installed on the platform, and
software. The inclusion of non-spacing combining marks, • Link the embedded fonts to the web page.
such as ZWJ (zero width joiner 200C), ZWNJ (zero Microsoft WEFT generates 1) embedded fonts for every
width non-joiner; 200D), LTR (left to right mark; 200E), web site with a different extension (.EOT), and 2) a script
that links an embedding font to a web page. The
16 disadvantage of the WEFT generated embedded fonts is
Character name for the Unicode Standard: ARABIC
LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE <initial> and that the fonts are compatible only with Internet Explorer.
<median> 0626. This makes it highly desirable for more efforts to be
17
It is often said that the decision of Uyghur linguists to add invested in providing a cross-platform functionality for
this sign as part of the initial form of letters is a link with the this kind of software.
old Uyghur writing system, in which all initial vowels were
preceded by a tooth. The Arabic alphabet has 3 letters, و ,اand
يwhich can be used to indicate long vowels. Short vowels can
be indicated through the use of vowel marks above or under the
consonants but which are dispensed of in normal writing. Given
its phonetic characteristics, Uyghur notes down all vowels: ،ﺋﺎ
,ﺋﻪ، ﺋﻮ، ﺋﯘ، ﺋﯚ، ﺋﯜ، ﺋﯥ، ﺋﻰusing derivates of traditional Arabic 20
See
letters. http://www.microsoft.com/typography/OpenType%20Dev/arabi
18
UCSA – The Uyghur Computer Science Association (or c/intro.mspx for more information about developing OpenType
UKIJ – Uyghur Kompyutér Ilimi Jem’iyiti in Uyghur) is a non- Fonts for Arabic Script
21
profit association, founded by the author in Jan 2004. Web site: http://www.high-logic.com/fontcreator.html
22
http://www.ukij.org http://www.fontlab.com/Font-tools/Fontographer
19 23
A National High-Tech Research Group, financed by the PRC Free software at
government. The XJU branch is specialized in multilingual http://www.microsoft.com/typography/web/embedding/default.
software development. htm
4. 5. Creation of a browser-level virtual input events” module frees the hook immediately after the user
method decides to switch the inputting language to another one.
As mentioned in the introduction, the existing platforms This method has been implemented using JavaScript and
do not supply any system-level Uyghur language VBScript language, tested on different browsers and
inputting service. Late in 2003, the first system-level commonly used in some Uyghur web sites25.
Uyghur Unicode IME for Windows was developed by the
author and distributed free of charge24. Six month later, 6. Multiscript converting
the Xinjiang University branch of the 863 Research Due to the co-existence of different writing systems
Group and some individuals started joining the Uyghur (Arabic-Script Uyghur, Cyrillic-Script Uyghur and Latin-
Unicode Popularization campaign by distributing their Script Uyghur) for the Uyghur language, research on a
Unicode-supported IME. Nevertheless, it still can not be conversion tool with which people can toggle between
said that all or even most Uyghur internet users are the three scripts is forthcoming for future information
equipped with Uyghur inputting tools. Therefore, the sharing. The fact that there is one-to-one
browser-level inputting method still fills a great need correspondence 26 between the letters of these three
since it enables people to input Uyghur letter into any writing systems is certainly a major helping factor. For
text-inputting field on a web page without having to better understanding, we take an example of the Uyghur
install a system-level Uyghur IME. The basic structure of proverb “working for free is better than doing nothing” in
the browser-level Uyghur text inputting tool is three scripts: ﺑﯩﻜﺎﺭ ﻳﯜﺭﮔﯩﭽﻪ ﺑﯩﻜﺎﺭ ﺋﯩﺸﻠﻪ
represented as in figure 1: бикар йүргичə бикар ишлə
bikar yürgiche bikar ishle
The following basic workflow explains the basic
Keyboard and mouse events conversion process:
Source text in source script
Input Uyghur?
no
yes Pre-processing
Capture K.&M. Events
Character mapping
Code – Char. Mapping
Character converting
Dispatch Events
Disambiguation
no
Switch Lang.?
no
Conversion end.?
yes
yes
Release K.&M. Events
Result in destination script
Figure 1. workflow of the browser-level inputting method Figure 2. script converting
As we can see from the workflow above, once the user The functionalities of each module may require some
selects the Uyghur Inputting option, the “capture clarification:
keyboard and mouse events” module creates a hook to Pre-processing: this is an important step in converting. It
monitor the keyboard and mouse activities. The “code- involves preserving elements that should remain
char. mapping” module creates a keycode-to-Uyghur- unchanged27 after the conversion. For example, when
Character matrix to get the right Uyghur character that converting LSU text “Men Photoshop ni yaxshi körimen”
corresponds to the key code (ex: 109 .)ﻡThe “dispatch (I love Photoshop) into ASU, we should be able to obtain
events” module sends Uyghur characters from the map to “ ﻧﻰ ﻳﺎﺧﺸﻰ ﻛﯚﺭﯨﻤﻪﻥPhotoshop ”ﻣﻪﻥand vice-versa.
the active text inputting field on a web page. This process
repeats itself until the “release keyboard and mouse 25
See www.ukij.org , www.biliwal.com, www.oyghan.com,
www.uyghurdictionary.org etc.
26
The only exception is j (as in jurnal) in LSU
24 27
More than 200,000 downloads counted since Dec 2003 from This is the case of hypertext links, HTML tags and proper
www.oyghan.com and www.bizuyghur.com/oyghan . names.
5. Character mapping: creates an “A_is_B” matrix for The embeddable web fonts, generated by third-party
every script pair, or three matrices in total. software WEFT, are compatible only with Internet
Character converting: uses the three matrices in order to Explorer. Therefore, we are truly looking forward to
convert between the different scripts. more efforts by the computer software industry to expand
Disambiguation: this module is necessary when compatibility. We expect to improve the pre-processing
converting from LSU to ASU and/or CSU, because of module of the converting tool to make it more user-
spelling mistakes or, more importantly, because of the friendly. There are undoubtedly other theoretical issues to
problems due to the difficulty encountered in typing the resolve especially in the disambiguating of LSU
LSU diacritical makes on many keyboards: very misspelled words.
commonly, the letters Ö, Ü, É, ö, ü and é are replaced by Another important problem related to Uyghur is the
O, U, E, o, u and e. This may cause fatal errors. For major impediment to developing a spell-check
example: öltürüsh (to kill) olturush(to sit, party), functionality caused by its agglutinative language,
térim yer (cultivable land) terim yer (who eats my coupled with associated spelling changes in root words.
sweat), yétim(orphan) yetim(spelling mistake). This work is going to be the focus of our attention in a
Besides, spelling mistakes due to the poor grasp of LSU next stage of development.
rules are significant problem. All these problems require Finally, we call on software companies not to omit the
intensive language processing. This functionality of the Uyghur from their supported language list in the future.
multiscript converting tool28 that we have released on the
internet is still under development. The following images 8. References
will help you understand our converting tools which use [1] Waris A. Janbaz, Online Uyghur Unicode processing
above mentioned methods. technique and its implementation (publication in
Chinese), Xinjiang University Press, China, 2002.
[2] Abdurehim, Waris A. Janbaz, Orthographic rules of
the Latin-Script Uyghur (in Uyghur) , 2004,
http://www.ukij.org/teshwiq/UKY_Heqqide(KonaYe
ziq).htm.
[3] The Unicode Consortium The Unicode Standard,
Version 4.0, Addison-Wesley Professional, ISBN:
0321185781, USA, 2003.
[4] Xinjiang University, Proceedings 2000 International
Conference on Multilingual Information Processing.
Ürümchi (publication in Chinese), China, 2000.
[5] The Unicode Consortium Website
Image 1. Offline plug-in version for Microsoft Word http://www.unicode.org
[6] Reinhard F. Hahn, Spoken Uyghur. Washington: the
University of Washington Press, ISBN: 0-295-
97015-4, USA, 1991.
Annex 1: Arabic-Script Uyghur, Cyrillic-
Script Uyghur and Latin-Script Uyghur
Alphabets
ﺥ چ ﺝ ﺕ پ ﺏ ﺋﻪ ﺋﺎ ASU
x ch j t p b e a LSU
x ч җ т п б ə а CSU
ﻑ ﻍ ﺵ ﺱ ژ ﺯ ﺭ ﺩ ASU
f gh sh s j (zh) z r d LSU
Image 2. Online demo version
ф ғ ш c ж з р д CSU
7. Conclusions and future work ھ ﻥ ﻡ ﻝ ڭ گ ﻙ ﻕ ASU
Our work to date has focused mainly on the design and LSU
implementation issues related to creating Uyghur h n m l ng g k q
Unicode fonts, as well as on browser-level input method һ н м л ң г k қ CSU
and multi-script converting application. According to ASU
ﻱ ﺋﻰ ﺋﯥ ۋ ﺋﯜ ﺋﯚ ﺋﯘ ﺋﻮ
user feedback, we feel fairly satisfied with the results of
this first ever research on Uyghur language processing. y i é w ü ö u o LSU
й и e в ү ө у o CSU
28
Online demo version is available at Additional Cyrillic letters : ы ё ц э ю я
http://www.uyghurdictionary.org/tools.asp, offline plug-in
version for Microsoft Word is available at
http://oyghan.com/OTB/index.html