This document summarizes the history and influence of radical Uyghur groups in Central Asia. It discusses how Uyghurs originated in Siberia and migrated to Xinjiang, China. It then analyzes the surge in separatist activity by the Xinjiang Independence Movement in the late 1990s and the international response. The document also examines perspectives from China, Central Asian countries, Russia, Western nations, and Islamic fundamentalists on the Uyghur separatist issue and its impact on regional stability and development.
Pakistan – the problems and solutions regarding terrorism and 4thGWZaid Hamid
4th Generation War is the latest weapon being deployed against the Muslim world to dismember Muslim countries in the greater middle east. This mode of War fare is least understood by the policy makers, leaders, and the media. Here BrassTacks brings a comprehensive presentation for the policy makers on this illusive subject.
past security policies of Pakistan during its formative phase.Geo strategics environment of Pakistan during its formation.objectives of Pakistan policy.Afghan war and Pakistan policies.
Pakistan – the problems and solutions regarding terrorism and 4thGWZaid Hamid
4th Generation War is the latest weapon being deployed against the Muslim world to dismember Muslim countries in the greater middle east. This mode of War fare is least understood by the policy makers, leaders, and the media. Here BrassTacks brings a comprehensive presentation for the policy makers on this illusive subject.
past security policies of Pakistan during its formative phase.Geo strategics environment of Pakistan during its formation.objectives of Pakistan policy.Afghan war and Pakistan policies.
Modern Russian–Iranian Relations: Challenges and OpportunitiesRussian Council
This working paper was prepared as part of the Russian International Affairs Council’s (RIAC) project Modern Russian–Iranian Relations. These two nations have great potential for bilateral cooperation, but that potential has not yet been fully realized. Incipient progress in negotiations on Iran’s nuclear programme and a prospective easing of the sanctions against Iran open up new possibilities for fostering and strengthening ties between Russia and Iran. This working paper analyses the current state of these two countries’ trade and economic ties; potential areas of cooperation in the Caspian region, Central Asia and the Middle East; and Russia’s future role in resolving the situation with Iran’s nuclear programme. The authors outline several specific areas and recommendations for bilateral dialogue, as well as actions that could bring cooperation to a new and higher level.
This week shows a shocker in Pakistan with a new Prime Minister at the behest of the Supreme Court in what may be round one of the ongoing political battle, stasis in Nepal and hopes of revival of economy in India with a change in the finance minister in the offing.
Modern Russian–Iranian Relations: Challenges and OpportunitiesRussian Council
This working paper was prepared as part of the Russian International Affairs Council’s (RIAC) project Modern Russian–Iranian Relations. These two nations have great potential for bilateral cooperation, but that potential has not yet been fully realized. Incipient progress in negotiations on Iran’s nuclear programme and a prospective easing of the sanctions against Iran open up new possibilities for fostering and strengthening ties between Russia and Iran. This working paper analyses the current state of these two countries’ trade and economic ties; potential areas of cooperation in the Caspian region, Central Asia and the Middle East; and Russia’s future role in resolving the situation with Iran’s nuclear programme. The authors outline several specific areas and recommendations for bilateral dialogue, as well as actions that could bring cooperation to a new and higher level.
This week shows a shocker in Pakistan with a new Prime Minister at the behest of the Supreme Court in what may be round one of the ongoing political battle, stasis in Nepal and hopes of revival of economy in India with a change in the finance minister in the offing.
Solved Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Full Project(Comprehensive Project, Ratio An...Dan John
I assure you that this project of mine will fetch you a very good score.
Good Luck!!
Go to the links below for the following...
Solved Comprehensive Project Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-comprehensive-project-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Accounting Ratios with Balance Sheet(vertical) and Statement of Profit and Loss - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-accounting-ratios-with-balance-sheetvertical-and-statement-of-profit-and-loss-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
Solved Cash Flow Statements with Balance Sheet (vertical) and Notes to Accounts - Cbse Class 12 Accountancy Project
http://www.slideshare.net/dankjohn/solved-cash-flow-statements-with-balance-sheet-vertical-and-notes-to-accounts-cbse-class-12-accountancy-project
The paper deals with the changing nature and manifestation of the ‘World Order’. The focus has been on nthe South Asian region. China has been undertaken the driver of this ‘New World Order’, and it is discussed that how it has become a challenge to the Indian Foreign Policy in the recent times – both regionally and globally. Chinese policies and India’s responses has been discussed. It further deals with the inherent weaknesses in the Chinese model and discusses that how the post-Cold war, globalized world is essentially a multi-polar world and no one country can establish itself as the superpower. The paper
attempts to deal with the various facets – from hard to soft power – and explains the nuances of the recent developments in the region and its implications at the global level and vice versa.
https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR401-China-and-Myanmar-Peace-Process.pdf
About the Report
This Special Report examines China’s role and interests in
Myanmar’s peace process. Funded by the United States
Institute of Peace (USIP) and integral to USIP’s Asia Center
programming, the report is based on more than eighty
interviews with officials in China and representatives from
ethnic armed groups in Myanmar.
About the Author
Yun Sun is a senior associate with the East Asia Program at
the Henry L. Stimson Center and a nonresident fellow at the
Brookings Institution.
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAE154.pdf
MARCH 20, 2012
This publication was produced by Management Systems International (MSI) for review by
the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Dr. Christina
Fink for MSI.
Christina Fink:
Professor of Practice of International Affairs; Director, M.A. Program in International Development Studies
Office: Room 501 H
Address: Elliott School of International Affairs
1957 E Street, N.W.
Phone: 202-870-7916
Email: finkc@gwu.edu
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Unsubscribed: Combat Subscription Fatigue With a Membership Mentality by Head...
Microsoft Word - mso4F
1. Radical Uyghur Groups and Their lnfluence
on Central Asian Development
█ Fu, Jen Kun
Abstract
The Uighur, which literally means "allied" or "united", can be epitomized as a
Turkic people. Their origins can be traced back to Turkish nomads who lived in the
Siberia region. They became the independent race of the Turks and created the
Ugu’Kndmi 74 D bt e fr doev t ihm l dn 4 A .t
i r i o n 4 A ,uw r oc tl eh r o e n i80 D I
h s g e e a e a
was then that most of them immigrated to western China, to what was called The
Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR).
Key word: Uighurs, Turk, China, Xinjiang, Central Asia, Silk Road.
1
2. Radical Uyghur Groups and Their lnfluence
on Central Asian Development
█ Fu, Jen Kun
The assessment of dangers of Xinjiang movement
A cri tfr g osre ,f r a Sa Pn’da it sr g f 97
cod go oe n be r a eD n i i s et nh pi o 19,
n i vs t o g h e n
there was a surge in the activity of Xinjiang Independence Movement (XIM). This
development attracted foreign obe e ’ tn o. ui t A gs o 19,n
sr r aet n D r g h uut f 98 i
vs t i n e
the Xinjiang province of PRC, the number of fresh unrests sparked between Uighurs
and Hans on grounds of interethnic differences had created a worldwide response.
American, Russian, EU (European Union), Canadian, Australian, Turkey and other
l d g on i ’ eipoi dnt toe g o t s i i n .
e i cute m d rv e i a cvr e fh en d t
an rs a d sn a e ces
In one excerpt, the Hong-Kong-bsd V i o A e c’r s ie:i r et
ae ‘o e f m r at nm td “ e n
c i a t n c
days, there had been an increase in interethnic tensions and clash between the
Ugus n H n iK sgr La D nt H a o H n-K n’T D pr et
i rad asn aha . i u, e ed f og og V ea m n
h ” n h s t ,
who worked in Turkey and other countries during 1997, did a report on the XIM.
He held a presentation of an actual movie depicting armed attempts by the followers
of the XIM trying to establish their authority. The movie also reflected the fact that
Moslems had established a rather powerful organization in support of the movement.
1
There were various opinions on the issue of this movement for independence.
Some believed the movement represented a preparation for deployment of a
large-scale movement for independence in the new century. Others saw the
movement for Xinjiang independence as rather weak, voicing only political
declarations and hence unable to exercise any real influence on the political climate
in Xinjiang. Sharing the latter view, the Professor of Xinjiang University Su Beyhay
2
blvdt spr is m vm n o Xn agpsdn r lhet o C i ,
eee h ea tt oe et f i i
i e as ’ jn oe o e t a fr h a
a r n
since the central leadership enjoyed the support of numerous Hans settlers in XUAR
who were capable of preventing, at any time, any attempt to declare independence in
Xinjiang.
In addition, it was known that among all ethnic minorities, Kazakhs occupied the
largest territory in Xinjiang. At the same time, Kazakhs were not inclined to
separatism. Thirdly, the deployment of industrial and construction facilities in
1
Jen-Kun Fu. Discovering Central Asia. – Taipei, 2005. –p.164.
2
П о есрС Бй а п ихлвС нця в14 гд; ае ип л я ояан сьнчлн к ш аа
рф со у эхй р еа и ьзн 90 оу зтм сонл бзн от ааьиа тб.
Н вдн е п рда С нцяе рвд лс п ео нтуц я
аееи ояк в и ьзн п оои оь о г и срким
(Professor Su Baihuei went to Xinjiang in 1940; He completed his responsibility as commander of the command
center. Under his leadership, order was maintained in Xinjiang.)
2
3. Xinjiang by the People Liberation Army of China facilitated solution to the problem
of the independence movement, since the concentration of a military and technical
peec i t r i w u dt ay ea tt ae p , i ot ai t sn
r nen h e o ol e r n spr is tm t wt u hv g o ed
s e gn d e as ’ t s h n
in reinforcements and resorting to severe repressions. Fourth, the Russian
government, recently working towards unity in its own country, expressed serious
concern toward sparks of separatism in Xinjiang.
Western attitude towards the Xinjiang issue
Xn ag i u dsre c srnpco,ae o t fl wn asm t n:
i i ’ s e ee d l ei et nbsd nh o o i s p os
jn s s v o s i e l g u i
The separatist movement of ethnic minority in the country posed the core
problem for China;
Russia condemned the separatist trends of Xinjiang, fearing the spread of the
self-identity idea of national minorities within the entire Central Asia region;
The development during recent years in Eurasian region including declaration of
independence by Central Asia republics, civil war in Afghanistan, and Russian
w rnC ehy,nm n r pc l ddhp t t spot s f i i gs
a i hcna i ay e ete e oe o h upr r o Xn a ’
s n e e jn
independence, prompting more activities from them;
Only a limited number of states of all Moslem countries openly supported
spr is Al dm ns o w r cm ui i spot o Xn ags
ea tt l e ad f ol o m n y n upr f i i ’
as . d t jn
independence are limited by pure political slogans and calls for human rights
protection. At the same time, the threat of spreading the Islam fundamentalism
posed the main obstacle for real assistance;
recent years, China markedly strengthened its cooperation with Central Asian
In
countries, leading Beijing to coordinate its actions toward Xinjiang. On the other
hand, growing cooperation amongst Central Asian republics had a benevolent
effect on the situation in the area, by preventing infiltration of outside forces into
Xinjiang territory, and preventing the organization of underground bases from
carrying out undermining activity.
Modern Xinjiang established stable relations with the outside world through
various factors, such as the existence of major oil reserves, or the opportunity to
use its area for cargo transportation. Today, it was worldly recognized that
Central Asia and its neighboring countries were bound to become one of the
w r ’ splr o ee yr or s nt 2st century. For this reason, the
ol s up e f nr e uc i h 1
d is g s e e
world powers will defend their strategic interests in the region. Presently, one can
observe a clash on the part of Russia, China and the Moslem world with the USA,
Canada, EU and other countries.
the Xinjiang Uighur issue was not resolved in the near future, it would
If
seriously affect the stability and security in all of Eurasia.
3
4. U si e s t a Xn ag hd bcm ei n r et ,t og c
E ’ n r t o r i i
te w d jn a eo e v et e n y h uh l
d c l r ose
monitoring of the development in China and its relations with neighboring
countries of Central Asia. In Canada, the Xinjiang development aroused concern
regarding future bilateral relations with China in economy and trade, particularly
in the supply of energy raw materials. According to Canadian specialists, the
support for separatist movement from abroad may pose a certain threat for the
P Cl dr i ad h gaul ekn g fh cn aat rys o e i t
R e e h n t r aw aei o t et lu oi ’pw rn h
a sp e d n e r h t e
peripheral parts of the country.
USA closely monitored the development in Russia, China, Central Asia, as well
a R s a r co i l h o t Xn ag ee p et us epc d R ’
s us ’ e t n n i t fh i i dvl m n R s a xet P Cs
is a i g e jn o . i e
peaceful handling of the Xinjiang issue could succeed in promoting and
establishing the stability and economic development of the region. Thus, Russia
stood against terrorism or any manifestations of separatism and religious
instigations from abroad. Russia feared the unification of the Moslem world,
which could provoke Russian-speakers of Tartarstan to manifest their own
national sentiments.
Currently, there are frequent problems arising from national self-identity and
spr i i vr u pr o t w r . n sc ea p iC i ’ Xn ag
ea tm n a os a s fh ol O e uh xm l s h a i i
as i t e d e n s jn
province. Regarding this trend, the world community faces a difficult dilemma
between self and world reality. Integrity of the territorial state is regarded as the
top priority.
Hence, if the XIM chooses to pursue based on the principles of peace, security,
and stability, as well as with respect to various forms of social structure, positive
results may be achieved.
The internalization and the ways for peaceful solution of the issue
Regarding the Tibet issue, despite its peculiarity, succeeded in attracting the
w r cm ui ’ aet n D l L m ad h government in emigration
ol o m n y tn o. a y a a n i
d ts t i a s
received the assistance of international organizations and leading states of the world.
As to the XIM, until 1995, it received assistance mainly from Saudi Arabia. Only
after the collapse of USSR did it attain support from Central Asia. In 1995, Isa – the
spiritual leader of Uighur movement, died in Turkey while in exile. As a result, the
movement was left without a world-recognized leader. For this reason, and the lack
of an efficient opposition to the PRC authority, the Xinjiang issue failed to attract the
w r cm ui ’ aet n This led to a manifold reduction of international
ol o m n y tn o.
d ts t i 3
assistance to the XIM in comparison to the one in Tibet.
After the delimitation process of the common border with neighboring countries
3
Xinjiang Separatist Movement Continues Heating Up // Inside China Mainland, Vo.20, No.11. - Taiwan: Institute of
Current China Studies, 1998.
4
5. was completed, China turned its effort to fight against terrorism. Under the slogan of
creation, the mechanism of collective security in Central Asia succeeded. From four
neighboring states, the guaranty for joint struggle against separatists and Islamism
radicals was established. The XIM was depicted as a variety of international
terrorism. This move led to the essential weakening of support from the outside
world. It also provided Chinese authorities with additional advantages in dealing
with oppositional organizations without resorting to punishing measures.
A t sm t e C i ’ hr-l eplyi Xn agl t t m vm n s
th a e i , h a a i o c n i i e o h oe et
e m ns d n i jn d e ’
internationalization. The emphasis made on the peaceful solution of the issue echoed
i t nwi e r ao o t “oe i t term. After the NATO intervention in
n h e n r e t n fh S vr g y
e t p ti e en”
the Kosovo issue, many Christian countries sympathized with the Kosovo Moslems.
This inspired leaders of the Uighur movement in emigration. For a long time, the
movement had gained no concession from China. While by thew r ’nr sa ol s om , n
d
extended period of human rights violation, as within the XUAR, was unacceptable.
In line with those trends, the foreign-based organizations sought to illustrate a
peaceful image of movement, seeking the help and attention to the Uighur issue
from the world community.
Rapprochement of Uighur separatists with Islamic fundamentalists
A m n oe aoe s c 19, h a at ri hree t i ply
s et nd bv, i e 97 C i ’ u oie a nd h r o c
i n n s h ts d e i
toward Xinjiang separatists, while simultaneously strengthening their relations with
R s a K zks n K rys nadTj ia. nl h o P Csat n i t
us , aaht , ygzt n ak t I i t f R ’ cos n h
i a a is n g i e
recent years, the XIM turned to rapprochement with Islamic fundamentalists and
posed a new turning point worthy of special attention.
Regarding recent events, one can suspect that the Xinjiang separatists based in
various corners of the globe enlisted with the Islamic fundamentalists. In August of
2000, around two thousand Islamic fighters, headed by Namangani, 1/4th of which
were Uighurs, intruded from northern Afghanistan through Tajikistan into Batkent
oblast of Kyrgyzstan aiming to cross into Uzbekistan. Over 130 fighters were killed
in clashes with Kyrgyz army special forces. Oppositional forces were concentrated
at the Tajik border. By summer of 2001, the parties of Uzbek Islamists enemies of
Islam Karimov regime planned to launch an offensive for seizing areas around
Fergana valley for establishing the Islam Republic there.
Entrenched in Afghanistan, Bin Laden, the premier leader of all Islamic
fundamentalists, sent 400 fighters to Chechnya as reinforcement in the sacred war
against infidels. One hundred of those fighters were members of the XIM. Since
Talibs lended their support to Uighur separatists, some of Xinjiang Uighurs moved
5
6. to north Afghanistan and fought alongside Talibs.4 According to certain reports, the
total number of Uighurs from Xinjiang in Afghan-fighter ranks already reached
20. o eo e Bn ae’fr s h e t rj nd ze Ia is n l a
00S m j nd i L dn oc w i o e o e U bk s m s ad o l
i s e l hs i l t c
groups.
There was a lasting concept of China t etnC n a A i Mayr i n o
’ h a i et l s . n e d t f
s r r a ses
the countries in this region expected that if Xinjiang gained independence, it may
become the buffer zone between China and Central Asia. Even though the Central
A i cute’ oe m n l ddt ispot China and refused to support
s n on i gvr ete e h r uprto
a rs n n e
spr ist nt nlt fr snhs cute w ri sl a twt t lt.
ea tt h aoas ’oc i t e on i e n o dry i h ae
as , e i is e o rs e i i h e tr
At the same time, the terrorist activity of international Islamic extremists
udr i d h e iec o C i ’at n aa sthe Movement. In this light, the
ne n t fc ny f h a cos gi t
m e e fi ns i n
alliance of XIM with Islamic fundamentalists posed a serious problem for China.
The prospects for Uighur independence or autonomy were bleak. Uighurs disliked
the media spotlight of their southern neighbors, the Tibetans, even though they
themselves had gradually garnered more international attention. For instance, Erkin
Alptekin, an Uighur, was elected as the General Secretary of the Unrepresented
Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) in early 2001, a post he had held for an
interim basis since October of 1999. While a Uighur diaspora numbering well over
half a million resided in nearby Central Asian republics, China had used political
and economic incentives to persuade these countries - most prominently Kazakhstan
and Kyrgyzstan - to reject Uighur separatism. Moreover, in early October of 2001,
Beijing announced a new campaign against Uighur "splittism" (the government's
vague term for any self-determination movement) with the front that Uighur
separatists were engaging in terrorist activities. Broader repression had increased in
the XUAR under the pretense of the international war against terrorism; this also
meant that separatist-inspired violence would continue, since neither side offered
any peaceful resolution or conflict regulating mechanism.5
Central Asia’Uighurs activity ─ in a case of Kazakhstan
s
O t dw o t K zks n i eedne t Ugu ogn aosad
n h a n fh aaht ’ n pnec,h i r rai t n n
e e as d e h zi
societies had also risen. Among those:
Uighur Culture Center;
Ugu a oii “ t r n”
i rs c t n Mo e ad;
h s ao hl
United National Revolutionary Front for Liberation of Eastern Turkestan ;
Organization for Liberation of Uighuristan;
Interregional Association of Uighurs of CIS;
4
И и трь с . утм м/ . атхвА гнкй зм у-2 / о тнн.2001. - №9 4)
з невю А Д су о Е П суо. ф аси иу рд /К ни ет– (7.
(rmi e i o A D s m n E Ps hfA ga’E e l // Kontinent. -2001. - №9 4)
Fo n r e f . ut a / . at o. fhns m r d
tv w o u a -2 (7.)
5
Sean L Yom. Uighurs flex their muscles. January 23, 2002
6
7.
International Antinuclear Movement of Uighurs;
International Organization of Moslem-Women.
Some of the organizations dealt with the development of their national culture
and education. While others, for example, the United National Revolutionary
Front for Liberation of Eastern Turkestan, Organization for Liberation of
Uighuristan and Interregional Association of Uighurs of CIS countries, carried out
political activity in support of Xinjiang independence.
The Interregional Uighurs Association, currently chaired by Kakharman
Kozhanberdiev, a scholar of the Uighurology Institute, was established in January of
1992. The formation came about after various Uighur associations held their Session
in Almaty, in which more than 300 delegates from 5 Central Asia states attended.6
The Session appealed to the President and Parliament of Kazakhstan, as well as the
government of other Central Asia republics, for assistance to Uighurs in their
national liberation movement.
On June 20th, 1992, the founding congress of the Organization for Liberation of
Uighuristan was held in Almaty. It attracted over 70 delegates, including
representatives of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, as well as
guests from Turkey, Germany and China. Held with open doors, the congress elected
a central committee, and adopted a Charter and Program. Ashir Vakhidi, the former
scholar of the Orientology Institute of Kazakh Academy of Science, was appointed
a t ca m n T e rai t n m i gaw sh l e t n f i u pol
sh hi a. h O gn ao’ a ol a t i r i o Ug r ep
e r zi s n e b ao h e
and establishment of independent Uighuristan within the Xinjiang Uighur
Autonomous Region of China.7
In May of 1995, 34 Uighurs residing in Almaty published a letter protesting
aginst China’colonialism towards ethnic minorities of Xinjiang in the newspaper,
s
“o eo E s r T ret ” The letter described the planned birth rate control
V i f at n uks n.
c e a
policy and also the massed resettlement of Hans in XUAR. Additionally, the letter
described the wish of the Uighurs to actively participate in the struggle for the
liberation of Eastern Turkestan.8
In June of 1995, an Imam of Uighur Moslems in Kazakhstan broadcasted a
message to all Moslems. The message urged Islamic countries to unite and stand
together against an arbitrary China, and also to as t at nT ret ’liberation
s sE s r uks n
i e as
f m “ tr o G et a cav i , r i oth i i l adl e t no
r f t s f r H n hui s da n u t n d s n i r i f
o ee a nm w g e fe b ao
ac nl d f i uia”
ni ta o Ug rt .
e n h sn 9
6
Г лс отчоо уксаа0. . 9. (The Voice of Eastern Turkestan, 02.02.1992.)
оо В сонг Т ретн,2 2 92
01
7
Х ю и В Го оии екйтеглн кК зхтн иа-Р си: рш о инсощ еп гаи н йп олм .
л п н . еп лтчси руоьи ааса-К тй ося по ле атя е орн ч о рбе ы -
Ме днрд ы ерзйкй нттт кн м чси и оии екх слдвн й 19. С21
ж уаон й ваи си и сиу эо о и екх п л тчси исеоаи ,99- . . 1
(Helopin V. Geopolitics Triangle: Kazakhstan-Russia-China: Past and Present Problems. –International Eurasian
Institute of Economic and Political Studies, 1999. –p.211)
8
Г лс отчоо уксаа№162. . 9. (The Voice of Eastern Turkestan, No156, 25.05.1995.)
оо В сонг Т ретн, 5,5 5 95
01
9
У г р вз, 5, ю ь19. c.15. (Uigur Avas, No157, June, 1995. –
йы А аи №17и н,95- p.15)
7
8. In 1996, the Secretary of United National Revolution Front of Eastern Turkestan
pointed out that completing the construction of the new Silk Way through Xinjiang
“ h e ni i fr g s t , wlse r e o b o o t “i T ret ”
…w i er h g oe n te i hd i r f l d fh b uks n
l cn i as l vs o e g a
peoples, for no peoples of Easter T ret a wln tg e p.
n uks n r ii o i u”
a e lg v 10
According to some foreign publications, the massed protests in Xinjiang during
May of 1995 were covertly inspired by United National Revolutionary Front of
Eastern Turkestan with Kazakhstan-based headquarters.11 In 1996, the Russian
media12 also pointed out that armed conflicts between Xinjiang separatists and
Chinese authorities originated from Kazakhstan.
Actions of Kazakhstan authorities
Following the establishment of diplomatic relations with PRC, the Kazakh
government faced a difficult task –to define its attitude toward the XIM. On one
hand, by normal legality, it was difficult to define just how dangerous the
organizations operating in the Kazakhstan territory were. The prohibitionist
measures are in contradiction with Articles 20 and 23 of the Kazakhstan Constitution
ga n e g“ r dm o sec adf eo fr G fudt n.Moreover,
ur t i …f eo fpeh n r dm o N O onao”
a en e e i 13
it was ko nt t i i g Ugus n K zks
nw h Xn a ’ i r ad aah shared a commonality in their
a jn s h
spiritual connections. Also, methods practiced by the Chinese authorities toward
ethnic minorities of Xinjiang aroused criticism in Kazakhstan.
As to the strategic prospects for strengthening the movement, if Xinjiang gained
independence, it would serve as a shield protecting Kazakhstan from possible threats
in the east.
On the other hand, the purpose for the formation of Uighur organizations in
Kazakhstan was for the unification of Uighurs in support of establishing an
independent state in the Xinjiang – PRC province, which would affect
Kazakhstan-China relations. For this reason, the idea of employing radical methods
promoted by some Uighur organizations (based in Kazakhstan as well) could arouse
discontent in China. It would be a threat to peace, not only in K zks n bre ,
aaht ’ odr
as s
but all over the region as well. Moreover, it was in contradiction with the foreign
policies of Kazakhstan.
In June of 19,dr g Te Te i ’ v i i K zks n Pei n
96 ui n sn sm n s it n aaht , r d t
g s a se
Nazarbayev once again confirmed Kazakhstani attitude towards Xinjiang. He
declared that Kazakhstan firmly pursued the policy of noninterference into domestic
affairs of other countries, including China. In addition, he would prevent any
10
К рвн 12.07.1996. (Karavan, 12.07.1996.)
ааа,
11
Х аяь и а, 20.06.1996. (Hualeungzhibao, 20.06.1996.)
улнж бо
12
И вси,4 8 96 (Ezvistia, 04.08.1996)
зетя0. . 9.
01
13
К нттц я епбии ааса,
о сиуи Рсул к К зхтн c.20, 23. (Constitution of Republic of Kazakhstan, Article 20, 23)
8
9. anti-China activity carried out by the Organization of Eastern Turkestan in
Kazakhstan, which would undermine Kazakhstan-China relations.14
Finally, it should be noted that in early April of 1996 and 1997, the Chinese
government held meetings with Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan
leaders. The goal of which was to gain their agreement on curbing t rrt e oi’
r ss
movement both within Xinjiang and abroad. In particular, Kazakhstan assured China
that it would provide neither support nor refuge to spr isgop. proof, the
ea tt rus As
as ’ 15
Kazakhstan government banned all governmental bodies and non-governmental
institutions from providing open or covert support to any radical activity of Uighurs,
which included: closing dw a a o Ugu’newspapers; and transforming the
o n pr f i r
t h s
Institute of Uighurology, which can be seen as the ban on every activity of Uighurs
in Kazakhstan. However, in reality, even today, there still existed cultural and other
Ugu’ogn ao t to p e wtK zks nl s
i r rai t nh cm ls i aaht ia within Kazakhstan.
h s zi a i h a w
Conclusion
Central Asian specialists believe that the Xinjiang unrests would provoke a new
surge in the Chechen war, and also induce an influx of Xinjiang Uighurs into Russia,
leading to numerous new problems in the country.16 Within the context of its
international policy, Central Asian countries spot R ’ psi adB in’
uprP Cs oio n ei s tn jg
course toward the development of the XUAR economy: fight against the separatists
but see the dialogue with the opposition as necessary; stand against terrorism and
any calls for secession; and against slogans on political, social and economy
freedom practiced by the supporters of secession.
For centuries, the Uighur had been an important link between China and
Central Asia. Not only did they occupy more than 46% of the 15 million people in
the XUAR population, but there were also about one million Uighurs residing in the
Central Asia region. The Uighur lived along the Silk Road and worked as caravan
drivers, transporting goods from the east and west. The strategic location of their
homes enabled them to become the "middlemen" between the Orient and Europe.
Their status was highly regarded by the international communities. Despite being
characterized by various political, religious, and ethnic conflicts throughout their
history, the Uighur were nevertheless described as a "proud, happy, and independent
people." They possessed their own unique blend of cultural elegance. Such a rare
mixture of simplicity and sophistication had given the Uighur a unique charm,
worthy of much discussion.
14
К зхтнкя рва0. . 9. ( aaht Pad.5 7 96
аасаса п ад,5 7 96 K zks n r a0. . 9)
01 a v 01
15
Zhongqi, P. and Xiaomei, T. Ethnic Conflict in China: Characteristics, Causes, and Countermeasures // Issues & Studies. –1999.
- No.5. - p.165.
16
Н звсм я аеа18.08.1998.
еаии а гзт, (Independent newspaper, 18.08.1998.)
9
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11