This document discusses the development of a novel keyboard interface unit for writing the Quran using a computer. It begins with an introduction discussing some of the difficulties of handwriting the Quran and the need for computerized solutions. Next, it reviews existing Latin, Arabic, and Quranic keyboards and fonts. Some key existing Quranic fonts discussed include AlQalam font from Cairo University and the King Fahd Glorious Quran Printing Complex font. However, the document notes that existing Arabic keyboards are not optimized for Quranic writing. The paper then examines techniques for developing customized Quranic keyboards to interface with Quranic fonts like Al-dani font, to facilitate accurate Quran text entry on computers. It
Programming languages allow humans to communicate instructions to computers. There are many programming languages that differ based on their level, model, and intended applications. Low-level languages like machine language and assembly language use binary codes and mnemonics that closely match the computer's architecture, making programs fast but difficult for humans. Higher-level languages have more abstract constructs that are translated into machine code, making programs easier for humans to write but slower to execute. Programming languages continue to evolve to balance expressiveness for programmers with efficiency of execution.
Computer languages can be categorized into high-level languages, low-level languages, and machine language. High-level languages are easier for humans to read and write but require compilers or interpreters, while low-level languages like assembly language are closer to machine language but still use symbolic instructions. Machine language uses only binary and is directly executable by computers. Languages have evolved through five generations from low-level machine and assembly languages to modern high-level languages.
High-level languages like C, FORTRAN, and Pascal allow programmers to write programs independently of a particular computer's architecture. They are considered "high-level" because they are more similar to human languages than machine languages. Examples are Python, C, Fortran, and Pascal, which have syntax that is closer to human languages and easier for humans to read compared to low-level languages like assembly, which are closer to machine languages.
What is Higher Language and Lower Language in programming.Questpond
This document differentiates between higher and lower languages. Higher languages are more abstract, user-friendly, and portable across platforms but slower, while lower languages are closer to machine language, faster but more difficult for humans to understand and require more expertise to use as they are closer to hardware.
This document discusses keyboards and internationalization. It provides examples of different keyboard layouts for languages like Hebrew, Russian, and Japanese. It explains that input methods editors (IMEs) are used for languages with large character sets, like Chinese, to map keyboard inputs to characters. Common Chinese IME types include pinyin romanization, component-based, and stroke-based methods. It also gives an overview of specific Chinese IMEs like Bopomofo, Changjie, and Dayi and how they map keyboard inputs to Chinese characters.
Programming languages allow humans to communicate instructions to computers. There are many programming languages that differ based on their level, model, and intended applications. Low-level languages like machine language and assembly language use binary codes and mnemonics that closely match the computer's architecture, making programs fast but difficult for humans. Higher-level languages have more abstract constructs that are translated into machine code, making programs easier for humans to write but slower to execute. Programming languages continue to evolve to balance expressiveness for programmers with efficiency of execution.
Computer languages can be categorized into high-level languages, low-level languages, and machine language. High-level languages are easier for humans to read and write but require compilers or interpreters, while low-level languages like assembly language are closer to machine language but still use symbolic instructions. Machine language uses only binary and is directly executable by computers. Languages have evolved through five generations from low-level machine and assembly languages to modern high-level languages.
High-level languages like C, FORTRAN, and Pascal allow programmers to write programs independently of a particular computer's architecture. They are considered "high-level" because they are more similar to human languages than machine languages. Examples are Python, C, Fortran, and Pascal, which have syntax that is closer to human languages and easier for humans to read compared to low-level languages like assembly, which are closer to machine languages.
What is Higher Language and Lower Language in programming.Questpond
This document differentiates between higher and lower languages. Higher languages are more abstract, user-friendly, and portable across platforms but slower, while lower languages are closer to machine language, faster but more difficult for humans to understand and require more expertise to use as they are closer to hardware.
This document discusses keyboards and internationalization. It provides examples of different keyboard layouts for languages like Hebrew, Russian, and Japanese. It explains that input methods editors (IMEs) are used for languages with large character sets, like Chinese, to map keyboard inputs to characters. Common Chinese IME types include pinyin romanization, component-based, and stroke-based methods. It also gives an overview of specific Chinese IMEs like Bopomofo, Changjie, and Dayi and how they map keyboard inputs to Chinese characters.
Este documento presenta información sobre la educación virtual. En 3 párrafos o menos, resume lo siguiente:
El documento introduce el tema de la educación virtual y sus objetivos de describir conceptos, enfoques pedagógicos, entornos virtuales de aprendizaje y roles en la educación virtual. Luego presenta la matriz de trabajo con 3 temas: conceptos y enfoques pedagógicos de la educación virtual, entornos virtuales de aprendizaje y roles y funciones en la educación virtual. Cada tema incluye enlaces a artículos que def
Master rad iz oblasti sistemi elektronskog plaćanja. Analizirati Maksekeskus sistem za online plaćanje. Specificirati model sistema za plaćanje na primeru web sajta na kojem posetilac plaća savete iz oblasti osiguranja uz oslonac na Maksekeskus sistem. Projektovati i implementirati definisani model uz oslonac na Laravel okruženje. Dokumentovati rešenje. Rad napisala Zlata Milošević.
The document discusses different approaches to learning and teaching, including teacher-centered vs learner-centered, and teacher-controlled vs learner-controlled vs group-controlled. It outlines strategies for each approach, such as lecture and demonstration for teacher-centered autocratic strategies, and group discussion/debate for learner-centered democratic strategies. Learning experiences are defined as those that positively shape behavior, and can be provided through formal curricular and co-curricular activities. Expository and inquiry approaches are also discussed, along with strategies for each like lecture and discussion for expository and concept formation for inquiry.
ITU News Issue 1 2007 - Sharing out spectrum for ENGRoger G Bunch
The new ITU leadership team, elected at the Plenipotentiary Conference in Antalya, takes office. The team, led by Secretary-General Hamadoun Touré, includes Deputy Secretary-General Houlin Zhao and the Directors of the three Bureaus. The leadership will focus on implementing ITU's strategic goals, bridging the digital divide, and facilitating international cooperation on key issues like cybersecurity and next-generation networks.
The document discusses the waves of Hungarian migration to Australia and surrounding regions in the 20th century following World War II and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. It describes the first two major waves which brought approximately 14,000 Hungarian displaced persons (DPs) between 1949-1951 and 15,000 "freedom fighters" who fled after the 1956 revolution from 1956-1958. It also discusses key reception centers for migrants like Bonegilla and the challenges of adaptation to Australian society for both groups. Notable successful Hungarian migrants highlighted include scientist George Bornemissza and businessman Stephen Forgacs in Australia, and engineer Thomas Paulay and diplomat Paul Szentirmay in New Zealand.
The document provides information about Amalthea 2016, the annual technical summit of IIT Gandhinagar. It discusses the history and mission of IIT Gandhinagar, and provides details about the various events at Amalthea 2016, including a conclave on "Technologizing Challenges", a symposium on "Technologies in Defense and Internal Security", and an exhibition on "Expediting Development Through Tech and Innovation". It also lists some distinguished guests and speakers at the summit and provides contact information for the Amalthea 2016 organizers.
A mediunidade em época de transição (saara nousiainen)Ricardo Akerman
Espiritismo, Doutrina espírita, Kardecismo ou Espiritismo kardecista é uma doutrina religiosa e filosófica mediúnica ou moderno espiritualista. Foi "codificada" (ou seja, tomou corpo de doutrina - pela universalidade dos ensinos dos espíritos) pelo pedagogo francês Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail, usando o pseudônimo Allan Kardec.
Apesar de ser uma religião completa e autônoma apenas no Brasil, o espiritismo tem se expandido e, segundo dados do ano 2005, conta com cerca de 15 milhões de adeptos espalhados entre diversos países, como Portugal, Espanha, França, Reino Unido, Bélgica Estados Unidos, Japão, Alemanha, Argentina, Canadá, e, principalmente, Cuba, Jamaica e Brasil, sendo que este último tem a maior quantidade de adeptos no mundo. No entanto, vale frisar que é difícil estipular a quantidade existente de espíritas, pois as principais estipulações sobre isso são baseadas em censos demográficos em que se é perguntado qual a religião dos cidadãos, porém nem todos os espíritas interpretam o Espiritismo como religião.
Effect of Food Source on Enzymatic Activity in C. maculatus [draft 2]Dylan Easterday
1. The study investigated the effect of food source (mung beans vs cowpeas) on enzymatic activity in Callosobruchus maculatus beetles, which are agricultural pests.
2. Experiments measured alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and beta-naphthyl acetate esterase (BNAE) activity in beetles fed each food source.
3. Statistical analysis using t-tests found no significant differences in ANAE or BNAE activity between the food sources, failing to support the hypothesis that food source affects enzymatic activity.
Este documento discute la posibilidad de una revolución educativa sin la integración de herramientas tecnológicas en el aula. El autor argumenta que una verdadera revolución tecnológica requiere implementar recursos y herramientas tecnológicas en las aulas para aprovechar a los estudiantes. Además, no sería posible un avance significativo sin la integración de estas herramientas en las aulas. Finalmente, el autor concluye que para lograr la revolución educativa deseada, sería totalmente imp
Este documento trata sobre convenciones colectivas de trabajo. Explica que una convención colectiva es un acuerdo entre trabajadores y empleadores que establece las condiciones laborales. Incluye normas económicas y sociales, obligaciones de ambas partes, y cláusulas para asegurar que se cumpla la convención. Las estipulaciones de la convención son obligatorias para todos los trabajadores cubiertos por ella.
The document discusses different types of computer programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are closer to hardware, and high-level languages like C++, Java, and Python that are easier for humans to read and write. It also covers basic programming concepts like variables, strings, statements, operators, and operands.
The document discusses various computer programming languages including:
- Low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are closer to hardware.
- High-level languages like C++, Java, and Python that are easier for humans to read and write but require translation.
- Early languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC that were developed for scientific, business, and educational use respectively.
The document discusses different types of programming languages: machine language uses binary; assembly language uses symbols but still maps to binary; and high-level languages are abstracted from hardware and use English-like syntax. It provides details on each type, including their advantages like efficiency for machine language or readability for high-level languages, and disadvantages like lack of portability or required translation.
This Slide will clear all the Question Regarding compiler development and will also help to understand how a compiler works and how the phases are connected to each one
There are four categories of computer languages: high-level languages, low-level languages, assembly language, and machine language. High-level languages are closer to human language and need translators to be understood by computers. Low-level languages are closer to machine language and do not need translators. Assembly language sits between high-level and machine language by using mnemonic codes. Machine language consists of binary and is the only language computers can directly understand. Translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers are used to convert between these language categories.
Lesson 1-3 Fundamentals of Programming.pptxDysRobles
Here are the conversions:
11001 - Binary to Decimal = 49
165 - Decimal to Binary = 10100001
Decimal to Octal = 251
Decimal to Hexadecimal = A5
566 - Decimal to Binary = 111000010
Decimal to Octal = 1322
Decimal to Hexadecimal = 23A
1CC2 - Hexadecimal to Decimal = 7322
Hexadecimal to Binary = 00011100010010110
Hexadecimal to Octal = 4322
Computer programming languages allow humans to communicate instructions to machines like computers. The earliest programming languages predated digital computers and were used to direct machines like looms and player pianos. There are thousands of programming languages today across many domains like computer science. Programming languages require specifying computation through imperative forms like sequences of operations or declarative forms. The description of a programming language is split into syntax which defines form and semantics which defines meaning. Some languages have specification documents while others use a dominant implementation as a reference.
A programming language is a vocabulary and set of rules that instructs a computer to perform tasks. High-level languages like BASIC, C, Java, and Pascal are easier for humans than machine language but still need to be converted. Conversion can be done through compiling, which directly translates to machine language, or interpreting, which executes instructions without compilation. Popular languages today include Python, C, Java, and C++.
Computer languages can be categorized into different generations based on their level of abstraction from machine language. First generation languages are machine languages that use binary, while assembly languages as second generation are closer to machine language with mnemonic codes. High-level languages of the third generation like FORTRAN and COBOL are easier for humans to read and write. Fourth generation languages attempt more natural language programming, and fifth generation use visual interfaces to generate code compiled by lower level languages. The key aspects of a program include variables, statements, keywords, instructions, and the ability to perform tasks through organized lists of commands.
This document provides an overview of compilers and their various phases. It begins by introducing compilers and their importance for increasing programmer productivity and enabling reverse engineering. It then covers the classification of programming languages and the history of compilers. The rest of the document details each phase of the compiler process, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation, and the role of the symbol table. It provides definitions and examples for each phase to explain how a source program is translated from a high-level language into executable machine code.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
Este documento presenta información sobre la educación virtual. En 3 párrafos o menos, resume lo siguiente:
El documento introduce el tema de la educación virtual y sus objetivos de describir conceptos, enfoques pedagógicos, entornos virtuales de aprendizaje y roles en la educación virtual. Luego presenta la matriz de trabajo con 3 temas: conceptos y enfoques pedagógicos de la educación virtual, entornos virtuales de aprendizaje y roles y funciones en la educación virtual. Cada tema incluye enlaces a artículos que def
Master rad iz oblasti sistemi elektronskog plaćanja. Analizirati Maksekeskus sistem za online plaćanje. Specificirati model sistema za plaćanje na primeru web sajta na kojem posetilac plaća savete iz oblasti osiguranja uz oslonac na Maksekeskus sistem. Projektovati i implementirati definisani model uz oslonac na Laravel okruženje. Dokumentovati rešenje. Rad napisala Zlata Milošević.
The document discusses different approaches to learning and teaching, including teacher-centered vs learner-centered, and teacher-controlled vs learner-controlled vs group-controlled. It outlines strategies for each approach, such as lecture and demonstration for teacher-centered autocratic strategies, and group discussion/debate for learner-centered democratic strategies. Learning experiences are defined as those that positively shape behavior, and can be provided through formal curricular and co-curricular activities. Expository and inquiry approaches are also discussed, along with strategies for each like lecture and discussion for expository and concept formation for inquiry.
ITU News Issue 1 2007 - Sharing out spectrum for ENGRoger G Bunch
The new ITU leadership team, elected at the Plenipotentiary Conference in Antalya, takes office. The team, led by Secretary-General Hamadoun Touré, includes Deputy Secretary-General Houlin Zhao and the Directors of the three Bureaus. The leadership will focus on implementing ITU's strategic goals, bridging the digital divide, and facilitating international cooperation on key issues like cybersecurity and next-generation networks.
The document discusses the waves of Hungarian migration to Australia and surrounding regions in the 20th century following World War II and the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. It describes the first two major waves which brought approximately 14,000 Hungarian displaced persons (DPs) between 1949-1951 and 15,000 "freedom fighters" who fled after the 1956 revolution from 1956-1958. It also discusses key reception centers for migrants like Bonegilla and the challenges of adaptation to Australian society for both groups. Notable successful Hungarian migrants highlighted include scientist George Bornemissza and businessman Stephen Forgacs in Australia, and engineer Thomas Paulay and diplomat Paul Szentirmay in New Zealand.
The document provides information about Amalthea 2016, the annual technical summit of IIT Gandhinagar. It discusses the history and mission of IIT Gandhinagar, and provides details about the various events at Amalthea 2016, including a conclave on "Technologizing Challenges", a symposium on "Technologies in Defense and Internal Security", and an exhibition on "Expediting Development Through Tech and Innovation". It also lists some distinguished guests and speakers at the summit and provides contact information for the Amalthea 2016 organizers.
A mediunidade em época de transição (saara nousiainen)Ricardo Akerman
Espiritismo, Doutrina espírita, Kardecismo ou Espiritismo kardecista é uma doutrina religiosa e filosófica mediúnica ou moderno espiritualista. Foi "codificada" (ou seja, tomou corpo de doutrina - pela universalidade dos ensinos dos espíritos) pelo pedagogo francês Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail, usando o pseudônimo Allan Kardec.
Apesar de ser uma religião completa e autônoma apenas no Brasil, o espiritismo tem se expandido e, segundo dados do ano 2005, conta com cerca de 15 milhões de adeptos espalhados entre diversos países, como Portugal, Espanha, França, Reino Unido, Bélgica Estados Unidos, Japão, Alemanha, Argentina, Canadá, e, principalmente, Cuba, Jamaica e Brasil, sendo que este último tem a maior quantidade de adeptos no mundo. No entanto, vale frisar que é difícil estipular a quantidade existente de espíritas, pois as principais estipulações sobre isso são baseadas em censos demográficos em que se é perguntado qual a religião dos cidadãos, porém nem todos os espíritas interpretam o Espiritismo como religião.
Effect of Food Source on Enzymatic Activity in C. maculatus [draft 2]Dylan Easterday
1. The study investigated the effect of food source (mung beans vs cowpeas) on enzymatic activity in Callosobruchus maculatus beetles, which are agricultural pests.
2. Experiments measured alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) and beta-naphthyl acetate esterase (BNAE) activity in beetles fed each food source.
3. Statistical analysis using t-tests found no significant differences in ANAE or BNAE activity between the food sources, failing to support the hypothesis that food source affects enzymatic activity.
Este documento discute la posibilidad de una revolución educativa sin la integración de herramientas tecnológicas en el aula. El autor argumenta que una verdadera revolución tecnológica requiere implementar recursos y herramientas tecnológicas en las aulas para aprovechar a los estudiantes. Además, no sería posible un avance significativo sin la integración de estas herramientas en las aulas. Finalmente, el autor concluye que para lograr la revolución educativa deseada, sería totalmente imp
Este documento trata sobre convenciones colectivas de trabajo. Explica que una convención colectiva es un acuerdo entre trabajadores y empleadores que establece las condiciones laborales. Incluye normas económicas y sociales, obligaciones de ambas partes, y cláusulas para asegurar que se cumpla la convención. Las estipulaciones de la convención son obligatorias para todos los trabajadores cubiertos por ella.
The document discusses different types of computer programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are closer to hardware, and high-level languages like C++, Java, and Python that are easier for humans to read and write. It also covers basic programming concepts like variables, strings, statements, operators, and operands.
The document discusses various computer programming languages including:
- Low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are closer to hardware.
- High-level languages like C++, Java, and Python that are easier for humans to read and write but require translation.
- Early languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC that were developed for scientific, business, and educational use respectively.
The document discusses different types of programming languages: machine language uses binary; assembly language uses symbols but still maps to binary; and high-level languages are abstracted from hardware and use English-like syntax. It provides details on each type, including their advantages like efficiency for machine language or readability for high-level languages, and disadvantages like lack of portability or required translation.
This Slide will clear all the Question Regarding compiler development and will also help to understand how a compiler works and how the phases are connected to each one
There are four categories of computer languages: high-level languages, low-level languages, assembly language, and machine language. High-level languages are closer to human language and need translators to be understood by computers. Low-level languages are closer to machine language and do not need translators. Assembly language sits between high-level and machine language by using mnemonic codes. Machine language consists of binary and is the only language computers can directly understand. Translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers are used to convert between these language categories.
Lesson 1-3 Fundamentals of Programming.pptxDysRobles
Here are the conversions:
11001 - Binary to Decimal = 49
165 - Decimal to Binary = 10100001
Decimal to Octal = 251
Decimal to Hexadecimal = A5
566 - Decimal to Binary = 111000010
Decimal to Octal = 1322
Decimal to Hexadecimal = 23A
1CC2 - Hexadecimal to Decimal = 7322
Hexadecimal to Binary = 00011100010010110
Hexadecimal to Octal = 4322
Computer programming languages allow humans to communicate instructions to machines like computers. The earliest programming languages predated digital computers and were used to direct machines like looms and player pianos. There are thousands of programming languages today across many domains like computer science. Programming languages require specifying computation through imperative forms like sequences of operations or declarative forms. The description of a programming language is split into syntax which defines form and semantics which defines meaning. Some languages have specification documents while others use a dominant implementation as a reference.
A programming language is a vocabulary and set of rules that instructs a computer to perform tasks. High-level languages like BASIC, C, Java, and Pascal are easier for humans than machine language but still need to be converted. Conversion can be done through compiling, which directly translates to machine language, or interpreting, which executes instructions without compilation. Popular languages today include Python, C, Java, and C++.
Computer languages can be categorized into different generations based on their level of abstraction from machine language. First generation languages are machine languages that use binary, while assembly languages as second generation are closer to machine language with mnemonic codes. High-level languages of the third generation like FORTRAN and COBOL are easier for humans to read and write. Fourth generation languages attempt more natural language programming, and fifth generation use visual interfaces to generate code compiled by lower level languages. The key aspects of a program include variables, statements, keywords, instructions, and the ability to perform tasks through organized lists of commands.
This document provides an overview of compilers and their various phases. It begins by introducing compilers and their importance for increasing programmer productivity and enabling reverse engineering. It then covers the classification of programming languages and the history of compilers. The rest of the document details each phase of the compiler process, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, intermediate code generation, code optimization, code generation, and the role of the symbol table. It provides definitions and examples for each phase to explain how a source program is translated from a high-level language into executable machine code.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
Computer languages can be categorized into high-level languages, low-level languages, and machine language. High-level languages are closer to human language and require compilers or interpreters, while low-level languages like assembly language are closer to machine language. Machine language is binary code that is directly executable by computers. There are also different generations of languages that evolved with advances in hardware and software.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming concepts including:
- A programming language is a set of rules that allows communication between humans and computers to perform operations. Different languages have evolved for different types of programs and problem domains.
- Programs are written in high-level languages then compiled or interpreted into machine-readable code. Common language types include procedural, object-oriented, functional, and declarative languages.
- The programming process involves understanding the problem, designing an algorithm, writing source code, compiling for errors, debugging, and executing the program. Flowcharts can help design the program logic.
Computer languages allow humans to communicate with computers through programming. There are different types of computer languages at different levels of abstraction from machine language up to high-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human language while low-level languages are closer to machine-readable code. Programs written in high-level languages require compilers or interpreters to convert them to machine-readable code that can be executed by computers.
The document discusses the BASIC programming language. It was one of the earliest high-level programming languages developed in the 1960s. It was designed to be simple and easy to learn, making it popular among non-experts. The language includes English keywords like INPUT and PRINT to make it accessible to those without programming experience. It has been widely used in business applications and helped launch the personal computer revolution.
The document provides information on computer concepts including hardware components, operating systems, and programming languages. It discusses:
1) Operating systems like Windows, DOS, UNIX that manage computer hardware and allow users to run programs. The most popular is Microsoft Windows.
2) The history of operating systems including the development of DOS by Microsoft in 1981 and newer versions of Windows.
3) Programming languages are classified as low-level like machine language and assembly language, which are close to hardware, or high-level like COBOL and BASIC, which are easier for humans.
4) Compilers translate high-level languages to machine code while interpreters translate each line immediately before executing.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming. It defines what a computer program and programming are, explaining that a program is a set of instructions that a computer executes to perform a task. Programming is the process of writing these instructions in a programming language. It then classifies programming languages into four main types from lowest to highest level: machine language, assembly language, high-level languages, and object-oriented/event-driven languages. High-level languages make programming easier by using English-like syntax compared to machine language's binary code. The document also outlines the typical steps in a program development process.
Language translators convert programming source code into machine language understood by computer processors. The three major types are compilers, assemblers, and interpreters. Compilers translate high-level languages into machine code in one or more passes, assemblers assemble assembly language into machine code, and interpreters analyze and execute each line of source code as the program runs without pre-translation.
The document discusses the history of programming languages from first to fifth generation. It defines a program as a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do. First generation languages used binary machine code, while assembly language as a second generation made programming easier by using letters. Third generation high-level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, and BASIC improved data management and were easier for non-professionals to use. Fourth and fifth generation languages attempted to make programming even more like natural languages through visual interfaces and English-like syntax.
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses the evolution of C from earlier languages like BCPL and B. C is described as a mid-level, structured programming language that is widely used and gives good machine efficiency while also being understandable by programmers. The document also defines key concepts like algorithms, flowcharts, pseudocode, ASCII/scan codes, and the differences between compilers and interpreters. It provides examples and questions to help learn about programming in C.
Similar to development of a novel keyboard interface unit for writing quran using computer (20)
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
This presentation is about Food Delivery Systems and how they are developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other methods. It explains the steps involved in creating a food delivery app, from planning and designing to testing and launching. The slide also covers different tools and technologies used to make these systems work efficiently.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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development of a novel keyboard interface unit for writing quran using computer
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-12, Dec- 2016]
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Development of a Novel Keyboard Interface Unit
for Writing Quran using Computer
Mussa A. Abudena1
, Shihab A. Hameed2
, Aisha H. Hashim3
, Othman O. Khalifa4
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, IIUM University, Malaysia
Abstract— There is a lot of computer keyboard layouts in
different languages were produced including Arabic
keyboards. Up to date, there is no any type of keyboards
which used to write holy Quran according to Uthmanic script
– that is the standard script to writing Quran. In North Africa
they are using special Quranic font called Al-dani. This paper
focus on designing and implementing special Quranic
keyboard based on Al-dani. To use this font with more
accurate positioning of the diacriticals over the letters or
below of them, and to achieve the optimum connectivity and
kerning between the letters, distinctive type of keyboard
should be used to interface with Al-dani Quranic font to
facilitate Quran text writing. This paper explains the
techniques used to development a keyboard interface unit for
writing Quran using computer. Sample of results for using of
this keyboard are presented.
Keywords— Arabic keyboards, Computer keyboards,
MountFocus Keyboard Designer, Quranic fonts.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Arabic script is used for many languages and is the
second most widely used script in the globe. Writing Quran
requires special Arabic fonts (known as Quranic fonts) differ
from the original one. There are many difficulties and
problems related to writing Quran by hand, and most
important are: First, the Quran written by one person may lead
to delays in the writing of the Quran, especially in the case of
illness or exposure to compelling circumstances prevent him
from completing his work. Second, difficult to correct errors
when writing the Quran handwritten on paper. Third,
regardless of the accuracy of the writer, there is a clear
deficiency in the consistency of words and lines. [1] However,
due to the complexity of producing high quality fonts, the
support for Arabic digital typography has been too weak.
Open Type is currently the de facto standard font technology.
It has many features to sustenance a wide variety show of
scripts, still has its limitation for Arabic. The most significant
restriction are probably the following two: First, the concept of
alphabetic character box seat connecting together via other
boxes of extension virgule is not suitable for highest quality
Arabic typesetting. Second, the limitation in using of pre-
stored glyphs for different ligatures. The Arabic alphabet,
although consisting of 28 letters, depends on 17 different
skeletons. The dots added above or below some of these
skeletons are the ways of differentiating one letter from
another. [2] After a brief period of the spread of computers
possible entry languages that use the Latin alphabet to the
computer first. Then emerged the idea of introducing other
languages after making multiple developments in the
installation of computer programming, and one of these
languages: Arabic language, but there were many problems
relating to the composition of the Arabic font within the
Computer. [3] There is a few of computer Quranic fonts, here
three of them. First, AlQalam font: It is a research project
carried out at the Electronics and Electrical Communications
Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University.
AlQalam is freely available system intended for typesetting
Quran (using script Al-khrraz), other traditional texts, and any
publications in the languages using the Arabic script. It aims
to achieve an “Naskh’’ font with quality close to that of
Arabic calligraphers, by modelling the pen nip and the way it
is used to draw curves as closely as possible using a font
description language -METAFONT. It is based on the TEX
and Metafont open source typesetting and font design systems.
[2] Second, King Fahd glorious Quran printing complex font:
One of the fonts of computer coding compatible with the
international Unicode, assigned to write the text of the Holy
Quran corresponding to the Uthmanic font of mushaf
prophetic city for narration (riwayat) HAFS. [4] Third, Al-dani
Quranic font: It is a research project carried out at the
Electrical and Computer Department, Faculty of Engineering,
IIUM University. It had designed and implemented using
FontCreator software [5]. This font basically assigned to write
the text of the Holy Quran corresponding to the Uthmanic font
(Al-dani) of mushaf Aljmahieriah for narration (riwayat)
Qaloon. [1] [6]
II. INVESTIGAION
Before we present of framework in detail, we briefly discuss
a summary of some published work in producing and
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-12, Dec- 2016]
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development of computer keyboard layouts. We identify the
key functionalities provided through the investigation that
serve as the preliminary functionality requirements for our
framework.
1. Latin Keyboards
1.1. Standard Keyboard Layouts
This section describes the physical layouts found on
commonly available keyboards.
1.1.1. Keyboard Sections
When discussing keyboard layouts, it is convenient to divide
the standard keyboard into distinct sections and to label each
row.
Fig. 1: The five general sections of a standard keyboard
These keyboard sections are:
-The Alphanumeric section: is the main part of the keyboard
and is where most of the keyboard variation occurs. When a
user selects a keyboard layout, it is the keys in this sections
that are most affected.
-The Control Pad and Arrow Pad sections: contain the arrow
keys and other editing keys.
-The Numpad (also known as the "numeric keypad" or
"number pad"): contains number and math keys to make it
easier to enter numeric data.
-Finally, the Function section: contains miscellaneous
function keys and special keys like Escape. To make it easier
to identify keys, the rows on the keyboard are named starting
with "A" for the bottom row up to "E" for the top row. The
row of keys in the Function section are considered to be in
row "K". These row names are consistent with those given in
[ISO9995-1]. Note that many keyboards (both modern and
legacy) have extra keys that do not fit neatly into the above
sections. [7]
1.1.2. Standard "101" Keyboard Layout
The standard "101" keyboard (commonly referred to as the
"US layout") is the only layout that has a "Backslash" key
(labelled |) above a single-row Enter key. All the other
layouts omit this key and expand the Enter key to occupy
two-rows.
Fig. 2: Standard "101" keyboard layout showing unmodified
US key values
Modern standard "101"-layout keyboards actually contain 104
keys: 61 keys in the alphanumeric section and 43 keys in the
numpad, control pad, arrow pad and function sections. The
"101" name for this keyboard layout dates to the time when
this standard keyboard did in fact contain 101 keys. The two
Meta keys (commonly given an OS-specific label), and the
Menu key were added later to bring the total to 104 keys.
1.1.3. Standard "102" Keyboard Layout
The standard "102" keyboard is common throughout Europe
and adds a key that doesn’t exist on the "101" layouts: The
"IntlBackslash" key (labelled | on a UK keyboard) next to the
left shift key.
A second key is also added (labelled #~ on a UK keyboard)
which is partially tucked under the Enter key. This key is
encoded as "Backslash", using the same code as the | key
found on the "101" keyboard layout. According to [USB-
HID], the US | and UK #~ are actually two separate keys
(named "Keyboard and |" and "Keyboard Non-US # and ~"),
but since these two keys never co-occur on the same keyboard
most platforms use the same scan code for both keys, making
them difficult to distinguish. It is for this reason that the code
"Backslash" is used for both of these keys.
Fig. 3: Standard "102" keyboard layout showing unmodified
UK key values
Modern "102"-layout keyboards contain 105 keys: 62 keys in
the alphanumeric section and 43 keys in the numpad, control
pad, arrow pad and function sections. [8]
2. Arabic Keyboards
The layout of the Arabic keyboard is derived from the Arabic
typewriter keyboard’s layout. In the 1970s and 1980s, many
computer companies developed more than 20 variants for this
layout. These various variants had consistent allocation for
some letters (namely ﻡ ﻝ ﻙ ﻕ ﻑ ﻍ ﻉ ﺽ ﺹ ﺵ ﺱ ﺥ ﺡ ﺝ ﺙ ﺕ ﺏ ﺍ
3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
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ﻥﻩﻱ ). However, they have differences in allocating the other
letters particularly the letters in the lower row (such as
ﺩ ﺃ ﺫ ﺇ ﻯ ﻭﺁء ﻁ ﺭ ﺉ ). Some of the famous keyboard layouts in
the late 1980s are the layouts of Microsoft Arabic Word,
Apple MAC, Sakher, AMEER, ALIS, and Nafitha.
To solve this chaos created by the existence of many Arabic
keyboard layouts, the Arab Standardization and Metrology
Organization (ASMO) developed a standard for the Arabic
keyboard layout shown in Figure4 (ASMO 1987) [
Fig. 4: ASMO 663 Arabic Keyboard
This keyboard standard supports the ASMO standard for the
7-bit Arabic characters code (ASMO 1985). However, this
keyboard standard was not used by the computer industr
the market adopted instead the currently used Arabic keyboard
layout shown in Figure5 [10].
Fig. 5: IBM Arabic Keyboard
This keyboard layout gained wide acceptance in PCs and
servers over other layouts when Microsoft adopted it for its
Arabized products. Another Arabic keyboard layout currently
in use is the layout shown in "Fig. 6".
Fig. 6: Apple MAC Arabic Keyboard
This layout is used in Apple MAC computers
Arabic keyboard layout is not optimized for performance and
also has many obvious drawbacks. For example, Letter Thal
""ﺫ is placed in an awkward place in the top
ineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
Infogainpublication.com)
). However, they have differences in allocating the other
letters particularly the letters in the lower row (such as ﻅ ﺯ ﺓ ﺅ
). Some of the famous keyboard layouts in
e layouts of Microsoft Arabic Word,
Apple MAC, Sakher, AMEER, ALIS, and Nafitha.
To solve this chaos created by the existence of many Arabic
keyboard layouts, the Arab Standardization and Metrology
Organization (ASMO) developed a standard for the Arabic
(ASMO 1987) [9].
ASMO 663 Arabic Keyboard
This keyboard standard supports the ASMO standard for the
bit Arabic characters code (ASMO 1985). However, this
keyboard standard was not used by the computer industry and
the market adopted instead the currently used Arabic keyboard
IBM Arabic Keyboard
This keyboard layout gained wide acceptance in PCs and
servers over other layouts when Microsoft adopted it for its
Arabized products. Another Arabic keyboard layout currently
Apple MAC Arabic Keyboard
This layout is used in Apple MAC computers the common
Arabic keyboard layout is not optimized for performance and
also has many obvious drawbacks. For example, Letter Thal
" is placed in an awkward place in the top-left corner of the
keyboard despite its frequent use. This letter is more
frequently used than other well
Letter Ghain “.”ﻍ Moreover, the two
Alif ""ﻻ has one key dedicated for it despite the fact that it is
not as frequent as other letter combi
3. Quranic Keyboards
For writing Quran using computer, we need two special
Quranic computer applications,
font, and the second is Quranic computer keyboard.
few of computer Quranic fonts, here three of them.
3.1. AlQalam font
It is a research project carried out at the Electronics and
Electrical Communications Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Cairo University. AlQalam is freely available
system intended for typesetting Quran (using script Al
khrraz), other traditional texts,
languages using the Arabic script. It aims to achieve an
“Naskh’’ font with quality close to that of Arabic
calligraphers, by modelling the pen nip and the way it is used
to draw curves as closely as possible using a font descr
language -METAFONT. It is based on the TEX and Metafont
open source typesetting and font design systems. [
3.2. King Fahd glorious Quran printing complex font
One of the fonts of computer coding compatible with the
international Unicode, assigned to w
Quran corresponding to the Uthmanic font of mushaf
prophetic city for narration (riwayat) HAFS. [
Al-dani Quranic font
It is a research project carried out at the Electrical and
Computer Department, Faculty of Engineering, IIU
University. It had designed and implemented using
FontCreator software [1]. This font basically a
the text of the Holy Quran corresponding to the Uthmanic
font (Al-dani) of mushaf Aljmahieriah for narration (riwayat)
Qaloon. [5] [6]
Table.1: Summary of Quranic fonts
No. Font
Developer
and Name
Year
Technique
1 Cairo
University
AlQalam
2005
TEX and
Metafont
[Vol-2, Issue-12, Dec- 2016]
ISSN : 2454-1311
Page | 2094
frequent use. This letter is more
frequently used than other well-positioned letters such as
Moreover, the two-letter combination Lam-
" has one key dedicated for it despite the fact that it is
not as frequent as other letter combinations. [11]
For writing Quran using computer, we need two special
applications, first is Quranic computer
font, and the second is Quranic computer keyboard. There is a
few of computer Quranic fonts, here three of them.
It is a research project carried out at the Electronics and
Electrical Communications Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Cairo University. AlQalam is freely available
system intended for typesetting Quran (using script Al-
khrraz), other traditional texts, and any publications in the
languages using the Arabic script. It aims to achieve an
“Naskh’’ font with quality close to that of Arabic
the pen nip and the way it is used
to draw curves as closely as possible using a font description
METAFONT. It is based on the TEX and Metafont
open source typesetting and font design systems. [2]
King Fahd glorious Quran printing complex font
One of the fonts of computer coding compatible with the
international Unicode, assigned to write the text of the Holy
Quran corresponding to the Uthmanic font of mushaf
prophetic city for narration (riwayat) HAFS. [4]
It is a research project carried out at the Electrical and
Department, Faculty of Engineering, IIUM
It had designed and implemented using
This font basically assigned to write
the text of the Holy Quran corresponding to the Uthmanic
of mushaf Aljmahieriah for narration (riwayat)
Summary of Quranic fonts
Technique Strong Limit
TEX and
Metafont
Multipurpose
font
For
Quran
(HAFS)
Botchery
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2 King Fahd
complex
KFGQPC
Uthmanic
HAFS
2009
Unicode
and
FontCreator
Good
quality
For
Quran
only
(HAFS)
No user
interface
3 IIUM
University
Al-dani
Quranic
font
2015
Unicode
and
FontCreator
Good
quality
With user
interface
For
Quran
only
(Qaloon)
However, there is no Quranic computer keyboard up to date
except Al-dani Quranic Keyboard that was implemented at
the Electrical and Computer Department, Faculty of
Engineering, IIUM University, that is the essence of this
paper.
III. AL-DANI QURANIC KEYBOARD
Fig. 7: Block Diagram for Al-dani Quranic keyboard
1. MountFocus Keyboard Designer:
The MountFocus Keyboard Designer is a tool for creating
virtual keyboards on the Windows platform. Keyboards
created using the MountFocus Keyboard Designer can be
used with any Windows application in a touch-screen or
normal environment. That makes it ideal for situations where
a physical keyboard is either not available or not desired.
The MountFocus Keyboard Designer was designed to allow
developers or users of Windows applications to design their
own on-screen virtual keyboards. The design was originally
made for Point of Sale applications, but it is suitable for other
uses as well. Infokiosks, remote customer terminals, or any
application where you do not want the user to have a physical
keyboard available, are ideal situations for the MountFocus
Keyboard. Multiple "pages" allow context sensitive keyboard
layout allowing the user to press "legal" keys only. OLE
support allows other applications to select pages and control
the appearance of the keyboard. Easy deployment of your
custom made keyboards. Single or multiple keystrokes can
be sent from a single key press. Multiple objects can be
placed on keys, the keyboard surface, page controls, and
panels. Graphics or text can be used. Copy keys from the
integrated key pool for fast and easy creation of new
keyboards. The most flexible and powerful virtual keyboard
designer available. Excellent for touch-screen, Point of Sale
and similar applications [12]. Al-dani Quranic keyboard was
designed and implemented using MountFocus Keyboard
Designer.
2. The Screenshots of MountFocus Keyboard Designer
appear in "Fig. 8"
Where: "Fig. 8a" is the Screenshot of MountFocus Keyboard
Designer. "Fig. 8b" is the Screenshot of key design. "Fig. 8c"
is the Screenshot of naming the key. "Fig. 8d" is the
Screenshot of assign Unicode for the key. "Fig. 8e" is the
Screenshot of complete Al-dani Quranic keyboard.
Fig. 8a: The Screenshot of MountFocus Keyboard
Designer.
Fig. 8b: The Screenshot of key design
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Fig. 8c: The Screenshot of naming the key
Fig. 8d: The Screenshot of assign Unicode for the key
Fig. 8e: The Screenshot of Al-dani Quranic keyboard.
3. Flowchart for design and implementation of
Quranic keyboard
"Fig. 9" illustrates this flowchart.
ineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
Infogainpublication.com)
naming the key
assign Unicode for the key
dani Quranic keyboard.
design and implementation of Al-dani
Start
Design and implement
the keys
Choose the right position
for each key
Program each key to
write its name on it
Key OK
End
Yes
Program each key by
assign a Unicode code
for it
Run the Keyboard
Interface Unit
Use the Keyboard
Interface Unit
Fig. 9: Flowchart for Keyboard Interface Unit
[Vol-2, Issue-12, Dec- 2016]
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Page | 2096
Design and implement
Choose the right position
for each key
Program each key to
write its name on it
No
Program each key by
assign a Unicode code
Run the Keyboard
Interface Unit
Use the Keyboard
Interface Unit
Flowchart for Keyboard Interface Unit
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IV. RESULTS
Using Al-dani Quranic keyboard, we
Quranic font very well, such that the marks and diacriticals
appear at the right position over or below the letters. For
example, observe the marks and the diacriticals over/below
these letters.
Fig. 10: Letters with diacriticals
Now, see letters how consist words when connected together.
Fig. 11: Words written by Al-dani Quranic
As a sample, these lines from Quran written by Al
Quranic keyboard.
Fig. 12: Sample of Al-dani Quranic font written by Al
Quranic keyboard.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we explained the types of computer
including Arabic keyboards. There are few
writing the Quran using computer, among them: AlQalam
font, King Fahd glorious Quran printing complex font, and
Al-dani Quranic font. These approaches
addition, we mentioned a summarized view about
MountFocus Keyboard Designer. Moreover,
explanation for design and implementation of Al
Quranic keyboard using MountFocus Keyboard Designer
This paper the intensify the importance of
keyboard to write Quran using Al-dani
future work, a complete keyboard design technique to write
the whole Quran with other narrations in
finalized.
ineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
Infogainpublication.com)
dani Quranic keyboard, we employ Al-dani
Quranic font very well, such that the marks and diacriticals
n over or below the letters. For
example, observe the marks and the diacriticals over/below
Letters with diacriticals
Now, see letters how consist words when connected together.
dani Quranic keyboard.
As a sample, these lines from Quran written by Al-dani
dani Quranic font written by Al-dani
CONCLUSIONS
computer keyboards
. There are few attempts for
er, among them: AlQalam
King Fahd glorious Quran printing complex font, and
These approaches are discussed. In
a summarized view about
. Moreover, we gave a short
design and implementation of Al-dani
MountFocus Keyboard Designer.
the importance of Al-dani Quranic
Quranic font. As a
design technique to write
other narrations in less time will be
REFERENCES
[1] Abudena, Mussa A., and Shihab A. Hameed.
"Toward a Novel
Quran’s Full-Script Writing."
[2] Ameer M. Sherif, Hossam A.H. Fahmy, “Meta
designing parameterized
TUGboat, Volume 29 (2008), P 435
[3] Hussein Al-Zahrani, “How to create Arabic fonts in
Computer”, 2004.
[4] King Fahd Complex for Printing the Holy Quran web
site
WWW.qurancomplex.org
[5] Abudena, M. A., Hameed, S. A., Hashim, A. H., &
Khalifa, O. O. (2016). Unicode Encryption and its
Role in
Facilitating Writing Quran using
[6] Abudena, M. A. (2015). Proposal to encode Quranic
marks used in Quran published in Libya, L2/15
329, Complete
UTC Document Register.
[7] Gary Kacmarcik; Travis Leithead.
August 2016. WD. URL:
https://www.w3.org/TR/uievents/
[8] Gary Kacmarcik; Travis Leithead.
KeyboardEvent key Values
URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/uievents
[9] Arab Standardization and Metrology Organization
(ASMO). 1985. Standard 449: 7
Arab League,
Cairo, Egypt.
[10]Arab Standardization and Metrology Organization
(ASMO). 1987. Standard663: Arabic Keyboard
Layout. Arab League,
Cairo, Egypt.
[11]Tareq M. Malas, Sinan S. Taifour, and Gheith A.
Abandah, “Toward optimal Arabic keyboard layout
using genetic algorithm”.
Eastern Multiconference on Simulation and
Modeling (MESM 2008), Aug 26
Jordan.
[12]MountFocus Information Systems,
MountFocus Keyboard
[Vol-2, Issue-12, Dec- 2016]
ISSN : 2454-1311
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