Materials of Nutrition and Digestive System

1. NURUL ATHIRAH ARBI
111 4040 168
ICP A 2011
English Subject Matter : Microteaching

2. The Function of NutritiousThe Function of Nutritious
FoodsFoods
 There are many kinds of food that you eat
everyday. Food contains different vitamins. The
function of those vitamins are also different.
 To stay alive and to be able to do many
activities, the organisms needs foods.

3.  The foods that enter into the body will be oxidized to
produce energy. The foods also has some other
function, those are:
 For the growing and the formation of the body
 To replace broken body cells
 To maintain body metabolism
 To defend the body against many kinds of diseases
 To keep the body homeostasis
The Function of Nutritious
Foods

4. The foods that you eat must be nutritious. What is
meant by nutritious is that the food contains some
base goods, those are, carbohydrates, fat, protein,
vitamins, minerals and water.
The Requirements of Nutritious
Food

5. The food containing all of the starting material in a
balanced number is called balanced food. Beside
nutritious, food has to be easy to digest and hygienic.
The hygienic foods are the foods that do not have any
disease and dangerous substance for the body in it.
The Requirements of Nutritious
Food

6. Types of NutrientsTypes of Nutrients
 Micronutrients- vitamins, minerals, & water
 Macronutrients- proteins, lipids, carbohydrates,
etc…

7. GI (gastrointestinal) tract = alimentary canal

9. Digestive System OrganizationDigestive System Organization
• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract
– Tube within a tube
– Direct link/path between organs
– Structures
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large Intestine
• Anus

10. In the MouthIn the Mouth
 Digestion actually begins
in the mouth.
 The teeth break the
food into smaller pieces,
and the tongue moves
the pieces around so that
saliva can be mixed with
them.
 This begins the
digestion.
 Then swallow, and the
journey begins!

11. MouthMouth
Teeth mechanically
break down food into
small pieces. Tongue
mixes food with saliva
(contains amylase,
which helps break
down starch).
Epiglottis is a flap-like
structure at the back of
the throat that closes
over the trachea
preventing food from
entering it.

12. EsophagusEsophagus
Approximately 10” long
Functions include:
1. Secrete mucus
2.Moves food from the
throat to the stomach
using muscle movement
called peristalsis
If acid from the stomach
gets in here that’s
heartburn.

13. StomachStomach
J-shaped muscular bag that stores
the food you eat, breaks it down
into tiny pieces.
Mixes food with digestive juices
that contain enzymes to break down
proteins and lipids.
Acid in the stomach kills bacteria.
Food found in the stomach is called
chyme.
13

14. Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Small intestines are roughly 7
meters long
Lining of intestine walls has
finger-like projections called villi,
to increase surface area.
The villi are covered in microvilli
which further increases surface
area for absorption.

16. Small IntestineSmall Intestine
 Nutrients from the food pass
into the bloodstream through the
small intestine walls.
 Absorbs:
◦ 80% ingested water
◦ Vitamins
◦ Minerals
◦ Carbohydrates
◦ Proteins
◦ Lipids
• Secretes digestive enzymes

17. Large IntestineLarge Intestine
About 5 feet long
Accepts what small intestines don’t
absorb
Rectum (short term storage which
holds feces before it is expelled).

18. Large IntestineLarge Intestine
 Functions
◦ Bacterial digestion
 Ferment
carbohydrates
 Protein breakdown
– Absorbs more water
– Concentrate wastes

19. RectumRectum
 Last section of colon
(large intestines)
◦ eliminate feces
 undigested materials
 extracellular waste
 mainly cellulose
from plants
 roughage or fiber
 masses of bacteria

20. AnusAnus
 Solid waste is then
stored in the rectum
until it is excreted via
the anus.

21. Accessory OrgansAccessory Organs
Not part of the
path of food, but
play a critical role.
Include: Liver, gall
bladder, and
pancreas

22. LiverLiver
 Directly affects digestion by
producing bile
◦ Bile helps digest fat
• filters out toxins and waste
including drugs and alcohol

23. Gall BladderGall Bladder
Stores bile from the
liver, releases it into
the small intestine.
Fatty diets can cause
gallstones

24. PancreasPancreas
Produces digestive
enzymes to digest fats,
carbohydrates and
proteins
Regulates blood sugar
by producing insulin

25. Actions of Digestive (GI) TractActions of Digestive (GI) Tract
 Ingestion
◦ Occurs when material
enters via the mouth
 Mechanical Processing
◦ Crushing / Shearing –
makes material easier to
move through the tract
 Digestion
◦ Chemical breakdown of
food into small organic
compounds for
absorption
 Absorption
◦ Movement of organic
substrates, electrolytes,
vitamins & water across
digestive epithelium

26. Digestive Homeostasis DisordersDigestive Homeostasis Disorders
ULCERS – erosion of the surface of
the alimentary canal generally
associated with some kind of irritant

27. Digestive Homeostasis DisordersDigestive Homeostasis Disorders
CONSTIPATIONCONSTIPATION – a
condition in which the
large intestine is emptied
with difficulty.
Too much water is
reabsorbed
 and the solid waste
hardens

28. Digestive Homeostasis DisordersDigestive Homeostasis Disorders
 DIARRHEA – a gastrointestinal
disturbance characterized by
decreased water absorption and
increased peristaltic activity of the
large intestine.
 This results in increased, multiple,
watery feces.
 This condition may result in severe
dehydration, especially in infants

29. Digestive Homeostasis DisordersDigestive Homeostasis Disorders
 APPENDICITIS – an inflammation of the
appendix due to infection
 Common treatment is removal of the appendix
via surgery

30. Digestive Homeostasis DisordersDigestive Homeostasis Disorders
 GALLSTONES – an accumulation of hardened
cholesterol and/or calcium deposits in the
gallbladder
 Can either be “passed” (OUCH!!) or surgically
removed

31. Digestive Homeostasis DisordersDigestive Homeostasis Disorders
 ANOREXIA NERVOSA - a psychological condition
where an individual thinks they appear overweight
and refuses to eat.
 Weighs 85% or less than what is developmentally
expected for age and height
 Young girls do not begin to menstruate at the
appropriate age.

32. Digestive Homeostasis DisordersDigestive Homeostasis Disorders
 HEART BURN – ACID from the stomach backs up
into the esophagus.

33. Digestive Homeostasis UlcerativeDigestive Homeostasis Ulcerative
ColitisColitis
 Inflammation & ulceration of the colon, beginning
in rectum or sigmoid and extending proximally
 Only mucosa is involved
 Uniform involvement of the area, no segments or
patches of healthy tissue
 Etiology, diagnostic test, treatment: like Crohn’s
Disease

34. Digestive Homeostasis HepatitisDigestive Homeostasis Hepatitis
 Acute viral etiology is most common
◦ Hepatitis A: infectious hepatitis
◦ Hepatitis B: via human secretions or feces
◦ Hepatitis C: less common, often becomes chronic,
quiescent for decades
◦ Hepatitis D: delta hepatitis
◦ Hepatitis E: rare in US, feces-contaminated water
◦ Hepatitis G: blood-borne illness

35. Digestive Homeostasis InfantileDigestive Homeostasis Infantile
ColicColic
 Paroxysmal abdominal pain or cramping
 First 3 months of life
 Etiology:
◦ Excessive fermentation & gas production, overeating, air
swallowing, rapid feeding, inadequate burping
 S/S: crying, drawing up legs
 Diagnostics: Rule of Three’s (1st
3 months of life, crying 3
hrs/day, 3 days/week, at least 3 weeks.)
 Treatment: calming child, feeding techniques, etc.

36. Digestive Tract – Beef CattleDigestive Tract – Beef Cattle
Esophagus
Rumen
Omasum
Reticulum
Abomasum
Pancreas
Liver
Gall
bladder
Cecum
Small intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum

37. Organs of the Digestive SystemOrgans of the Digestive System
– Ruminants –– Ruminants –
Mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, gall bladder,
small intestine, and large intestine have
functions similar to monogastrics.
 Stomach
►Structure and function of the stomach is the
major difference between monogastrics and
ruminants.
►Multi-compartmented stomach – rumen,
reticulum, omasum, abomasum.

38. Parts of the Ruminant StomachParts of the Ruminant Stomach
 Rumen:
►Large, anaerobic fermentation vat.
Rumen Capacity
Species Normal capacity Maximum capacity
Cow (1000 lb) 25-30 gallons 55-60 gallons
Ewe (150 lb) 3-5 gallons 5-10 gallons

39. Parts of the Ruminant StomachParts of the Ruminant Stomach
 Rumen (continued):
►Houses microorganisms.
Protozoa – 100,000 per gram of rumen fluid.
Bacteria/fungi – 100 million per gram of rumen fluid.
►Functions of microorganisms.
Digest roughages to make Amino Acids.
►Amino Acids absorbed in rumen.

40. Parts of the Ruminant Stomach
 Rumen (continued):
►Lined with millions of
papillae (short
projections on wall of
rumen) needed for
absorption.
“Shag carpet” appearance

41. Parts of the Ruminant StomachParts of the Ruminant Stomach
Taken from “Digestive Physiology of Herbivores”
http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/
Rumen (continued):
► Rumen saturated with
gases and in constant
motion.
► Contractions occur at a
rate of 1-3 per minute.
Serve to mix contents,
aid in mixing of gases,
and move fluid and
fermented feedstuffs
into the omasum.

42. Parts of the Ruminant StomachParts of the Ruminant Stomach
 Rumination:
►Ruminants are well known for “cud chewing”.
►Rumination involves:
Bolus of previously eaten foodstuff carried back into the
mouth.
Fluid in bolus is squeezed out with the tongue and
reswallowed. May be up to 6-7 times per Bolus
Bolus is rechewed and reswallowed.
►Rumination may occupy about 1/3
of a ruminant’s day

43. Parts of the Ruminant StomachParts of the Ruminant Stomach
►Fermentation of foodstuffs in the rumen generates
enormous quantities of gas.
30-50 liters per hour in adult cattle.
5-7 liters per hour in adult sheep or goats.
►Belching is how ruminants get rid of fermentation
gases:
Anything that causes a hindrance to belching can be life
threatening.
Bloating can result in death from asphyxiation.

44. Parts of the Ruminant StomachParts of the Ruminant Stomach
 Reticulum:
►Contains microorganisms (like the rumen).
►Provides additional area for fermentation.
►As fermentation by microorganisms proceed and
feedstuffs are digested, smaller and more dense
material is pushed into the reticulum (from which
it along with microbe-laden liquid is ejected into
the omasum).

45. Parts of the Ruminant StomachParts of the Ruminant Stomach
 Reticulum (continued):
►Lining has a honeycomb
structure.
Catches and holds hardware
consumed by animal.
Hardware can be removed
with rumen magnate.

46. Ruminant Stomach
esophagus
abomasum
omasum
reticulum
rumen
Together the Rumen and the Reticulum make up over 85
percent of the Rumen Stomach

47. Parts of the Ruminant StomachParts of the Ruminant Stomach
 Omasum:
►A heavy, hard organ with a
lining that has many folds
(leaves).
► Function: Contains papillae
responsible for grinding
roughage.
► Description: Round, muscular part
of stomach with many layers of
tissue that squeezes feed and
removes some liquid.

48. Parts of the Ruminant StomachParts of the Ruminant Stomach
 Abomasum:
►The true, glandular stomach.
Secretes acids and functions very
similarly to monogastric stomach.
►Unique feature is that it
secretes lysozyme.
Enzyme that efficiently breaks down
bacterial cell walls.
Needed to break down the large
quantities of bacteria that pass from
the rumen.