The digestive system consists of organs involved in food breakdown, regulated by specialties like gastroenterology and proctology. Major components include accessory organs and the gastrointestinal tract, with vital processes such as digestion, absorption, and elimination. Common disorders range from peritonitis to conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcers, each with distinct symptoms and treatments.

1. DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Presented by: TRUPTHI B V

2. Digestive system
• The organs involved in the breakdown of food—collectively
called the digestive system.
• The medical specialty that deals with the structure, function,
diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the stomach and intestines
is called gastroenterology.
• The medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment
of disorders of the rectum and anus is called proctology

4. The digestive system is divided into two groups of organs
The Accessory Digestive Organs
 Teeth
 Tongue
 Salivary Glands
 Liver
 Gallbladder
 Pancreas
The Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)
 Mouth
 Oropharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small Intestine
 Large Intestine
 Rectum
 Anus

5. Digestive system secretes
around 7L of water, buffer,
enzymes into the lumen
The food is mixed with digestive
secretions. The movement of
food in GIT is termed as
peristalsis movement
Stages of the digestive process
Process of eating food or
water by mouth
Mechanical digestion- breaking down
of food particles by teeth to mixing
with digestive enzymes
Chemical digestion – carbohydrates,
proteins, fats are breakdown into micro
molecules by digestive enzymes
The absorbed substances
pass into blood or lymph and
circulate to cells throughout
the body.
The unabsorbed food
particles are eliminated from
body through the process of
defecation through anus.
Ingestion Secretion Mixing and
propulsion
Digestion
Absorption Defecation

7. Disorders of
Digestive
System

8. Peritonitis: A common cause of peritonitis, an acute inflammation of
the peritoneum, is contamination of the peritoneum by infectious
microbes, which can result from accidental or surgical wounds in the
abdominal wall, or from perforation or rupture of abdominal organs.
Mumps: it is an inflammation and enlargement of the parotid glands
accompanied by moderate fever, malaise (general discomfort), and
extreme pain in the throat, especially when swallowing sour foods or
acidic juices.
Pyloric stenosis: It is a narrowing of the pyloric sphincter that must
be corrected surgically. The hallmark symptom is vomiting the spraying
of liquid vomitus some distance from the infant.

9. Gastroesophageal reflux disease: If the lower esophageal sphincter
fails to close adequately after food has entered the stomach, the stomach
contents can reflux into the inferior portion of the esophagus. This
condition is known as Gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd).
Hydrochloric acid (hcl) from the stomach contents can irritate the
esophageal wall, resulting in a Burning sensation that is called heartburn
because it is experienced in a region very near the heart.
Liver cirrhosis: Cirrhosis of liver refers to inflammation and damage of
parenchyma of liver. It results in degeneration of hepatic cells and
dysfunction of liver.
Pancreatitis:Inflammation of the pancreas, as may occur in association
with alcohol abuse or chronic gallstones, is called pancreatitis

10. Gallstones: If bile contains either insufficient bile salts or lecithin or excessive
cholesterol, the cholesterol may crystallize to form gallstones. As they grow in
size and number, gallstones may cause obstruction to the flow of bile from the
gallbladder into the duodenum.
Diarrhea: Symptoms of diarrhea include frequent, loose, watery stools (feces)
which are usually accompanied by an urgent need to go to the toilet. Abdominal
pain or cramping may also occur, and sometimes nausea or vomiting. Viruses or
bacterial infection also leads diarrhea.
Vomiting: vomit is the contents of the stomach are
forcefully expelled through the mouth, usually involuntarily.
Infection from bacteria, viruses or micro-organisms causes
of vomiting

12. Crohn's disease: Crohn’s disease is a chronic bowel disease that causes
patches of inflammation in the GI tract anywhere between the mouth and the
anus, although the area where the small intestine joins the large intestine is
most commonly affected. Symptoms may include diarrhea that persists for
several weeks, abdominal pain and weight loss.
Ulcerative colitis: it affects only the innermost lining of the colon. Although
the colon is the only part of the bowel affected, the whole of the colon is
inflamed. Symptoms are similar to Crohn’s disease and include diarrhea, rectal
bleeding or bloody stools, abdominal pain, tiredness, and loss of appetite.
Malabsorption syndrome: it refers to a number of different conditions in
which the small intestine is unable to absorb nutrients, such as proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins or minerals.

13. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD): Peptic ulcer disease is an used to describe both
gastric and duodenal ulcers, which are small holes that can occur in the lining of
stomach (gastric ulcer) or upper part of small intestine (duodenal ulcers).
The most common cause is an infection with a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori.
Overuse of anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or diclofenac,
excessive acid production in the stomach, and smoking are also common causes.
Symptoms typically include abdominal pain and heartburn.
Haemorrhoids: Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels
that line the anal opening. They are caused by chronic excess
pressure from straining during a bowel movement, persistent
diarrhea, or pregnancy.

14. Appendicitis: Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a finger-
shaped pouch that projects from your colon on the lower right side of
your abdomen. Appendicitis causes pain in your lower right abdomen.
Hernia: A hernia is the abnormal exit of tissue or an
organ, such as the bowel, through the wall of the
cavity in which it normally resides. Hernias come in a
number of types. Most commonly they involve the
abdomen, specifically the groin. Groin hernias are
most commonly of the inguinal type but may also be
femoral

15. Drugs acting
on digestive
system

16. DRUGS FOR PEPTIC ULCER

18. DRUGS FOR IBS

19. DRUGS FOR DIARRHOEA

20. LAXATIVES

21. THANK YOU