Generally RC framed structures are designed without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions. These buildings are generally designed as framed structures without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls. They are considered as non- structural elements. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. Past earthquakes are evident that collapses due to soft storeys are most often in RC buildings. In the soft storey, columns are severely stressed and unable to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. . In this study, 3D analytical model of twelve storeyed buildings have been generated for different buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool 'ETABS'. To study the effect of infill, ground soft, bare frame and models with ground soft having concrete core wall and shear walls and concrete bracings at different positions during earthquake; seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure.
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...IDES Editor
Steel moment resisting frame with open first storey
(soft storey) is known to perform well compared with the RC
frames during strong earthquake shaking. The presence of
masonry infill wall influences the overall behavior of the
structure when subjected to lateral forces, when masonry infill
are considered to interact with their surrounding frames the
lateral stiffness and lateral load carrying capacity of structure
largely increase. In this paper, the seismic vulnerability of
building with soft storey is shown with an example of G+10
three dimensional (3D) steel frame. The open first storey is
an important functional requirement of almost all the urban
multi-storey buildings, and hence, cannot be eliminated.
Hence some special measures need to be adopted for this
specific situation. The under-lying principle of any solution
to this problem is in increasing the stiffness’s of the first
storey such that the first storey stiffness is at least 50% as
stiff as the second storey, i.e., soft first storeys are to be avoided,
and providing adequate lateral strength in the first storey. In
this paper, stiffness balancing is proposed between the first
and second storey of a steel moment resisting frame building
with open first storey and brick infills as described in models.
A simple example building is analyzed by modeling it with
nine different methods. The stiffness effect on the first storey
is demonstrated through the lateral displacement profile of
the building.
Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Fr...ijsrd.com
Generally RC framed structures are designed without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions. These buildings are generally designed as framed structures without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls. They are considered as non- structural elements. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. Past earthquakes are evident that collapses due to soft storeys are most often in RC buildings. In the soft storey, columns are severely stressed and unable to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. . In this study, 3D analytical model of twelve storeyed buildings have been generated for different buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool 'ETABS'. To study the effect of infill, ground soft, bare frame and models with ground soft having concrete core wall and shear walls and concrete bracings at different positions during earthquake; seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure.
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Multi-Storeyed R C Framed Structural System...IJERA Editor
Masonry infills are normally considered as non-structural elements and their stiffness contributions are generally ignored in practice. But they affect both the structural and non-structural performance of the RC buildings during earthquakes. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. A similar soft storey effect can also appear at top storey level if a storey used as a service storey. Hence a combination of two structural system components i.e. Rigid frames and RC shear walls leads to a highly efficient system in which shear wall resist the majority of the lateral loads and the frame supports majority of the gravity loads. To study the effect of masonry infill and different soft storey level, 11 models of R C framed building were analyzed with two types of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of bare frame and other building models have been compared, it is observed that model with swastika and L shape shear wall with core wall are showing efficient performance and hence reducing the effect of soft storey and also reducing the effect of water pressure in the top soft storey.
EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL AREA ON SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF MULTI STORIED BUILDINGS WITH...Ijripublishers Ijri
The advances in three-dimensional structural analysis and computing resources have allowed the efficient
and safe design of increasingly taller structures. These structures are the consequence of increasing urban
densification and economic viability. The trend towards progressively taller structures has demanded a shift
from the traditional strength based design approach of buildings to a focus on constraining the overall motion
of the structure. Structural engineers have responded to this challenge of lateral control with a myriad
of systems that achieve motion control while adhering to the overall architectural vision.
Reinforced Concrete (RC) wall-frame buildings are widely recommended for urban construction in areas
with high seismic hazard. Presence of structural walls imparts a large stiffness to the lateral-force resisting
system of the building. Proper detailing of walls can also lead to ductile behavior of such structures during
strong earthquake shaking. One of the major parameters influencing the seismic behavior of wall-frame
buildings is the wall-area ratio. Thus shear wall area ratio is set as a key parameter which needs to be investigated
in this analytical study.
Code approaches to seismic design of masonry infiled rc framesBinay Shrestha
Masonry infill (MI) increases the initial stiffness of reinforced concrete RC frames. Behavior of MI is difficult to predict because of significant variations in material properties and because of failure modes that are brittle in nature.
LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS OF SOFT STORY BUILDING AND IMPORTANCE OF MODELING MASON...ijsrd.com
Generally Masonry infills are considered as non-structural elements and their stiffness contributions are generally ignored in practice. But they affect both the structural and non-structural performance of the RC buildings during earthquakes. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. A similar soft storey effect can occur if first and second story used as service story. Hence a combination of two structural system components i.e. Rigid frames and RC shear walls leads to a highly efficient system in which shear wall resist the majority of the lateral loads and the frame supports majority of the gravity loads. To study the effect of masonry infill with different soft storey level, 7 models of Reinforced Concrete framed building were analyzed with two types of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of bare frame and other building models have been compared, it is observed that model with swastika and L shape shear wall are showing efficient performance and hence reducing the effect of soft storey in model 3, model 4 and model 5.
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...IDES Editor
Steel moment resisting frame with open first storey
(soft storey) is known to perform well compared with the RC
frames during strong earthquake shaking. The presence of
masonry infill wall influences the overall behavior of the
structure when subjected to lateral forces, when masonry infill
are considered to interact with their surrounding frames the
lateral stiffness and lateral load carrying capacity of structure
largely increase. In this paper, the seismic vulnerability of
building with soft storey is shown with an example of G+10
three dimensional (3D) steel frame. The open first storey is
an important functional requirement of almost all the urban
multi-storey buildings, and hence, cannot be eliminated.
Hence some special measures need to be adopted for this
specific situation. The under-lying principle of any solution
to this problem is in increasing the stiffness’s of the first
storey such that the first storey stiffness is at least 50% as
stiff as the second storey, i.e., soft first storeys are to be avoided,
and providing adequate lateral strength in the first storey. In
this paper, stiffness balancing is proposed between the first
and second storey of a steel moment resisting frame building
with open first storey and brick infills as described in models.
A simple example building is analyzed by modeling it with
nine different methods. The stiffness effect on the first storey
is demonstrated through the lateral displacement profile of
the building.
Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Fr...ijsrd.com
Generally RC framed structures are designed without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions. These buildings are generally designed as framed structures without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls. They are considered as non- structural elements. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. Past earthquakes are evident that collapses due to soft storeys are most often in RC buildings. In the soft storey, columns are severely stressed and unable to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. . In this study, 3D analytical model of twelve storeyed buildings have been generated for different buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool 'ETABS'. To study the effect of infill, ground soft, bare frame and models with ground soft having concrete core wall and shear walls and concrete bracings at different positions during earthquake; seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure.
Seismic Performance Evaluation of Multi-Storeyed R C Framed Structural System...IJERA Editor
Masonry infills are normally considered as non-structural elements and their stiffness contributions are generally ignored in practice. But they affect both the structural and non-structural performance of the RC buildings during earthquakes. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. A similar soft storey effect can also appear at top storey level if a storey used as a service storey. Hence a combination of two structural system components i.e. Rigid frames and RC shear walls leads to a highly efficient system in which shear wall resist the majority of the lateral loads and the frame supports majority of the gravity loads. To study the effect of masonry infill and different soft storey level, 11 models of R C framed building were analyzed with two types of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of bare frame and other building models have been compared, it is observed that model with swastika and L shape shear wall with core wall are showing efficient performance and hence reducing the effect of soft storey and also reducing the effect of water pressure in the top soft storey.
EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL AREA ON SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF MULTI STORIED BUILDINGS WITH...Ijripublishers Ijri
The advances in three-dimensional structural analysis and computing resources have allowed the efficient
and safe design of increasingly taller structures. These structures are the consequence of increasing urban
densification and economic viability. The trend towards progressively taller structures has demanded a shift
from the traditional strength based design approach of buildings to a focus on constraining the overall motion
of the structure. Structural engineers have responded to this challenge of lateral control with a myriad
of systems that achieve motion control while adhering to the overall architectural vision.
Reinforced Concrete (RC) wall-frame buildings are widely recommended for urban construction in areas
with high seismic hazard. Presence of structural walls imparts a large stiffness to the lateral-force resisting
system of the building. Proper detailing of walls can also lead to ductile behavior of such structures during
strong earthquake shaking. One of the major parameters influencing the seismic behavior of wall-frame
buildings is the wall-area ratio. Thus shear wall area ratio is set as a key parameter which needs to be investigated
in this analytical study.
Code approaches to seismic design of masonry infiled rc framesBinay Shrestha
Masonry infill (MI) increases the initial stiffness of reinforced concrete RC frames. Behavior of MI is difficult to predict because of significant variations in material properties and because of failure modes that are brittle in nature.
LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS OF SOFT STORY BUILDING AND IMPORTANCE OF MODELING MASON...ijsrd.com
Generally Masonry infills are considered as non-structural elements and their stiffness contributions are generally ignored in practice. But they affect both the structural and non-structural performance of the RC buildings during earthquakes. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. A similar soft storey effect can occur if first and second story used as service story. Hence a combination of two structural system components i.e. Rigid frames and RC shear walls leads to a highly efficient system in which shear wall resist the majority of the lateral loads and the frame supports majority of the gravity loads. To study the effect of masonry infill with different soft storey level, 7 models of Reinforced Concrete framed building were analyzed with two types of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of bare frame and other building models have been compared, it is observed that model with swastika and L shape shear wall are showing efficient performance and hence reducing the effect of soft storey in model 3, model 4 and model 5.
Effect of Stiffening System on Building Resistance to Earthquake ForcesIOSRJMCE
Multi-story steel buildings of various heights under the action of earthquake force are analyzed by using time-history analysis technique. The ground motion records of El Centro, California in 1940 are considered in this study. Different types of stiffening systems (bracing and shear walls) are used for the considered buildings. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the response of steel structures subjected to earthquake excitation and to investigate the effect of various stiffening systems in improving the response of these buildings. The finite element method of SAP 2000 V17program is used in the analysis. A static analysis is conducted to obtain an indication on the stiffness of the studied stiffening models in order to interpret the stiffness effect on the response of the structures under the seismic load. It is found that, the natural period of a structure is highly affected by the height of the structure and the used stiffeningsystem. It is inversely proportional with the stiffness and directly proportional with the height of the structure. It is concluded that the roof displacement andits maximum value at a specific momentdoes not give a clear indication for the behavior of building. Therefore the full time response of the building must be considered. Also it has been concluded that it is not necessarily when the stiffness of a building increases, the roof or any story displacement of the building decreases under earthquake load.
Behavioural Study of RC Flat Plate Multi-Storey Building Persuaded By Stiffne...IJERA Editor
With a very swift development in urban areas the framed structures which are infilled by brick masonry or
concrete blocks are widely used as partition walls and also exterior walls. Masonry infill walls are common
element in structural system which modifies the conduction of building under the lateral load. These structures
resist the moderate earthquakes and accomplish well in such a prime manner that even if they have no load
bearing function. Evidently, during the time of resolution of such a multi-storey structure, the infilled frame is
considered as bare frame, because IS codes do not provide any guide lines for the analysis and design of RC
frames with infill wall. This paper addresses the numerical study of G+10 RC flat plate framed building with
different cases i.e, soft story at ground level (Basement), with soft story at 5th floor level, without soft storey and
bare frame building by using ETABS as soft computing tool. All these cases are analyzed for equivalent static
method and Response spectrum method. By this, dynamic properties are evaluated and according to the results
obtained conclusions are drawn
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seismic performance of a rc frame with soft storey criteriaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Soft first storey is a typical feature in the modern multi-storey constructions in urban India. Social and functional need to provide parking space at ground level leads seismic vulnerability of such a building. The computer software usage in civil engineering has greatly reduced the complexities of different aspects in the analysis and design of projects. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the seismic behaviour of a multi-storey building with soft first storey. When subjected to seismic loads, it was observed that soft storey frames are less resistant when compared to infill frames.
Keywords: Masonry Infill (MI), Soft storey, relative stiffness, Diagonal strut, Base shear, response spectrum analysis, Time history analysis.
Seismic Drift Consideration in soft storied RCC buildings: A Critical ReviewIJERD Editor
Reinforced concrete frame buildings are becoming increasingly common in urban India. Many such
buildings constructed in recent times have a special feature – the ground storey is left open for the purpose of
parking, i.e., columns in the ground floor do not have any partition walls (of either masonry or
Reinforced concrete) between them. Such buildings are often called open ground storey buildings. The
relative horizontal displacement in the ground storey is much larger than storeys above it. The total horizontal
earthquake force it can carry in the ground storey is significantly smaller than storeys above it. The soft or weak
storey may exist at any storey level other than ground storey level. The presence of walls in upper storeys
makes them much stiffer than the open ground storey. Still Multi storey reinforced concrete buildings are
continuing to be built in India which has open ground storeys. It is imperative to know the behavior of
soft storey building to the seismic load for designing various retrofit strategies. Hence it is important to
study and understand the response of such buildings and make such buildings earthquake resistant based
on the study to prevent their collapse and to save the loss of life and property.
Comparison of performance of lateral load resisting systems in multi storey f...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper introduces the comparison between lateral load resisting systems in multi storey building. Multi storey building
composed of very special class of structure and therefore require special treatment. Hence to overcome the effects of seismic
forces, Flat slab system in which slab rests on drop or capital which is connected to column is induced with different load
resisting systems. The combined systems which is used to withstand seismic forces in this study are 1. Flat slab without lateral
load resisting system, 2. Flat slab with shear wall, 3. Flat slab with infill wall, 4. Flat slab with bracings, 5. Flat slab with shear
wall and bracings. ETABS software version is used to accomplish dynamic analysis and also building is investigated for nonlinear
static analysis in order to identify seismic demands. From the obtained results conclusions are drawn.
Keywords: Capital, Bracings, Dynamic, and Treatment etc…
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Importance of Modeling of Masonry Infill and Effect of Soft Storey on Seismic...ijsrd.com
RC framed high rise buildings are generally designed without considering the structural action of masonry infill walls present. These walls are widely used as partitions and considered as non-structural elements. But they affect both the structural and non-structural performance of the RC buildings during earthquakes. RC framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear, at intermediate storey level if a storey used as a service storey. The soft storey located in the lower part of the high rise building especially the ground storey is undesirable as it attracts severely large seismic forces. At the same time, the soft storey located in the upper part of the high rise building does not significantly affect. To study the effect of masonry infill and its modeling technique with different soft storey level, 6 Models of R C framed building were analyzed with two different techniques of modeling of masonry infill with one type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. Technique one is showing more strength and stiffness than two and an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Influence of Modeling Masonry Infill on Seismic Performance of Multi-Storeyed...ijsrd.com
Masonry infilled RC frames are the most common type of structures used for multi-storeyed constructions in the developing countries, even in those which are located in seismically active regions also. Masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase the stiffness and strength of R C framed buildings. R C framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear top storey level if it is used as service storey. The soft storey located in the upper part of the multistorey building does not significantly affect. To observe the effect of masonry infill panel, it is modeled as an equivalent double diagonal strut. In this study 7 models are taken were analyzed with two different techniques of modelling of masonry infill wall with L type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of masonry infill show more stiffness than the strut modeling technique. It is observed that, providing infill wall and shear wall improves earthquake resistant behavior of the structure and also the effect of water pressure, an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Effect of Stiffening System on Building Resistance to Earthquake ForcesIOSRJMCE
Multi-story steel buildings of various heights under the action of earthquake force are analyzed by using time-history analysis technique. The ground motion records of El Centro, California in 1940 are considered in this study. Different types of stiffening systems (bracing and shear walls) are used for the considered buildings. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the response of steel structures subjected to earthquake excitation and to investigate the effect of various stiffening systems in improving the response of these buildings. The finite element method of SAP 2000 V17program is used in the analysis. A static analysis is conducted to obtain an indication on the stiffness of the studied stiffening models in order to interpret the stiffness effect on the response of the structures under the seismic load. It is found that, the natural period of a structure is highly affected by the height of the structure and the used stiffeningsystem. It is inversely proportional with the stiffness and directly proportional with the height of the structure. It is concluded that the roof displacement andits maximum value at a specific momentdoes not give a clear indication for the behavior of building. Therefore the full time response of the building must be considered. Also it has been concluded that it is not necessarily when the stiffness of a building increases, the roof or any story displacement of the building decreases under earthquake load.
Behavioural Study of RC Flat Plate Multi-Storey Building Persuaded By Stiffne...IJERA Editor
With a very swift development in urban areas the framed structures which are infilled by brick masonry or
concrete blocks are widely used as partition walls and also exterior walls. Masonry infill walls are common
element in structural system which modifies the conduction of building under the lateral load. These structures
resist the moderate earthquakes and accomplish well in such a prime manner that even if they have no load
bearing function. Evidently, during the time of resolution of such a multi-storey structure, the infilled frame is
considered as bare frame, because IS codes do not provide any guide lines for the analysis and design of RC
frames with infill wall. This paper addresses the numerical study of G+10 RC flat plate framed building with
different cases i.e, soft story at ground level (Basement), with soft story at 5th floor level, without soft storey and
bare frame building by using ETABS as soft computing tool. All these cases are analyzed for equivalent static
method and Response spectrum method. By this, dynamic properties are evaluated and according to the results
obtained conclusions are drawn
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seismic performance of a rc frame with soft storey criteriaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Soft first storey is a typical feature in the modern multi-storey constructions in urban India. Social and functional need to provide parking space at ground level leads seismic vulnerability of such a building. The computer software usage in civil engineering has greatly reduced the complexities of different aspects in the analysis and design of projects. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the seismic behaviour of a multi-storey building with soft first storey. When subjected to seismic loads, it was observed that soft storey frames are less resistant when compared to infill frames.
Keywords: Masonry Infill (MI), Soft storey, relative stiffness, Diagonal strut, Base shear, response spectrum analysis, Time history analysis.
Seismic Drift Consideration in soft storied RCC buildings: A Critical ReviewIJERD Editor
Reinforced concrete frame buildings are becoming increasingly common in urban India. Many such
buildings constructed in recent times have a special feature – the ground storey is left open for the purpose of
parking, i.e., columns in the ground floor do not have any partition walls (of either masonry or
Reinforced concrete) between them. Such buildings are often called open ground storey buildings. The
relative horizontal displacement in the ground storey is much larger than storeys above it. The total horizontal
earthquake force it can carry in the ground storey is significantly smaller than storeys above it. The soft or weak
storey may exist at any storey level other than ground storey level. The presence of walls in upper storeys
makes them much stiffer than the open ground storey. Still Multi storey reinforced concrete buildings are
continuing to be built in India which has open ground storeys. It is imperative to know the behavior of
soft storey building to the seismic load for designing various retrofit strategies. Hence it is important to
study and understand the response of such buildings and make such buildings earthquake resistant based
on the study to prevent their collapse and to save the loss of life and property.
Comparison of performance of lateral load resisting systems in multi storey f...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper introduces the comparison between lateral load resisting systems in multi storey building. Multi storey building
composed of very special class of structure and therefore require special treatment. Hence to overcome the effects of seismic
forces, Flat slab system in which slab rests on drop or capital which is connected to column is induced with different load
resisting systems. The combined systems which is used to withstand seismic forces in this study are 1. Flat slab without lateral
load resisting system, 2. Flat slab with shear wall, 3. Flat slab with infill wall, 4. Flat slab with bracings, 5. Flat slab with shear
wall and bracings. ETABS software version is used to accomplish dynamic analysis and also building is investigated for nonlinear
static analysis in order to identify seismic demands. From the obtained results conclusions are drawn.
Keywords: Capital, Bracings, Dynamic, and Treatment etc…
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Importance of Modeling of Masonry Infill and Effect of Soft Storey on Seismic...ijsrd.com
RC framed high rise buildings are generally designed without considering the structural action of masonry infill walls present. These walls are widely used as partitions and considered as non-structural elements. But they affect both the structural and non-structural performance of the RC buildings during earthquakes. RC framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear, at intermediate storey level if a storey used as a service storey. The soft storey located in the lower part of the high rise building especially the ground storey is undesirable as it attracts severely large seismic forces. At the same time, the soft storey located in the upper part of the high rise building does not significantly affect. To study the effect of masonry infill and its modeling technique with different soft storey level, 6 Models of R C framed building were analyzed with two different techniques of modeling of masonry infill with one type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. Technique one is showing more strength and stiffness than two and an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Influence of Modeling Masonry Infill on Seismic Performance of Multi-Storeyed...ijsrd.com
Masonry infilled RC frames are the most common type of structures used for multi-storeyed constructions in the developing countries, even in those which are located in seismically active regions also. Masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase the stiffness and strength of R C framed buildings. R C framed building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during earthquakes. A similar soft storey effect can also appear top storey level if it is used as service storey. The soft storey located in the upper part of the multistorey building does not significantly affect. To observe the effect of masonry infill panel, it is modeled as an equivalent double diagonal strut. In this study 7 models are taken were analyzed with two different techniques of modelling of masonry infill wall with L type of shear wall when subjected to earthquake loading. The results of masonry infill show more stiffness than the strut modeling technique. It is observed that, providing infill wall and shear wall improves earthquake resistant behavior of the structure and also the effect of water pressure, an attempt is made to develop relationship between strength and stiffness ratios for linear trend line.
Out of Plane Behavior of Contained Masonry Infilled Frames Subjected to Seism...paperpublications3
Abstract: Brick masonry infill although considered as non-structural element largely affects the strength, stiffness and ductility of the reinforced concrete frames during the application of lateral loads due to wind or earthquake. Contained masonry refers here to the brick masonry which is used as infill in a reinforced concrete frame, wound round with 8mm diameter mild steel wires in vertical and horizontal directions and stitched to the brick masonry as well as to the reinforced concrete frames. This thesis focuses on the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures with contained masonry infill, with a particular interest in the development of rational procedures for the analysis and design of RC frames with contained masonry infill. The estimation of the natural frequencies of the structural system is the basic investigation in dynamic analysis of a structure. Therefore the analysis is primarily to find out the modal frequencies of the structure and to simulate the mathematical model to earthquake loads. The structure vibrates in different modes when the earthquake takes place. The methodology suggested is to carry out a detailed study on the influence of contained masonry infill including un-reinforced masonry infill in multi-storey Reinforced Concrete frames on the fundamental natural frequencies and response due to various earthquake excitation forces. Numerical Finite element analysis is carried out on two dimensional Reinforced Concrete Frames under different configurations of contained masonry infill in addition to plain masonry and bare frames. The RC frames were designed and detailed as per relevant Indian standard codes. The present work consists of study of the behaviour of five storeyed RC frames infilled with contained masonry and also infilled with plain masonry, subjected to various earthquake excitation forces. Three types of models are considered for analysis; five storey frames of 4m wide, 5m wide and 6m wide models having total height of 16m with plain masonry infill and contained masonry infill are considered.
Seismic performance of friction pendulum bearing by considering storey drift ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
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Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Frame with the Effect of Ground Soft Storey
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 09, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 251
Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-
Storeyed R.C Frame with the Effect of Ground Soft Storey
Ismail Sab1
Prof .S.M. Hashmi2
1
P.G student (Structural Engineering) 2
Associate professor
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering
1,2
K B N C E Gulbarga-585104
Abstract— Generally RC framed structures are designed
without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls
present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions.
These buildings are generally designed as framed structures
without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls.
They are considered as non- structural elements. RC frame
building with open first storey is known as soft storey,
which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking.
Past earthquakes are evident that collapses due to soft
storeys are most often in RC buildings. In the soft storey,
columns are severely stressed and unable to provide
adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. . In this
study, 3D analytical model of twelve storeyed buildings
have been generated for different buildings Models and
analyzed using structural analysis tool „ETABS‟. To study
the effect of infill, ground soft, bare frame and models with
ground soft having concrete core wall and shear walls and
concrete bracings at different positions during earthquake;
seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic
(response spectrum method) has been performed. The
analytical model of the building includes all important
components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and
deformability of the structure.
Key words: Concrete bracing, Masonry infill, shear wall,
soft storey
I. INTRODUCTION
In the present practice of structural design in India, masonry
infill panels are treated as non- structural element and their
strength and stiffness contribution are neglected. In fact the
presence of infill wall changes the behavior of the frame
action in to truss action, thus changing the lateral load
transfer mechanism. Performance of buildings in the past
earthquakes clearly illustrates that the presence of infill
walls has significant structural implications. Therefore, we
cannot simply neglect the structural contribution of infill
walls particularly in seismic regions where, the frame–infill
interaction may cause significant increase in both stiffness
and strength of the frame in spite of the presence of
openings.
Reinforced concrete (RC) structural walls,
conventionally known as shear walls are effective in
resisting lateral loads imposed by wind or earthquakes. They
provide substantial strength and stiffness as well as the
deformation capacity (capacity to dissipate energy) needed
for tall structures to meet seismic demand. It has become
increasingly common to combine the moment resisting
framed structure for resisting gravity loads and the RC shear
walls for resisting lateral loads in tall building structures.
The first approach is realized with the introduction of steel
and concrete braces in steel structures and in RC structures.
However, the use of steel bracing and concrete barcing
systems for RC buildings may have both practical and
economic advantages. In particular, this system offers
advantages such as the ability to accommodate openings and
the minimal added weight of the structure. Furthermore, if it
is realized with external steel systems (External Bracing) the
minimum disruption to the full operationally of the building
is obtained.
The consequence of the presence of a soft storey
either in the ground storey or in the upper storey, may lead
to a dangerous sway mechanism in the soft storey due to
formation of plastic hinges at the top and bottom end of the
columns, as these columns are subjected to relatively large
cyclic deformations.
The main Objectives of the present study is
To know the effect of infill in the frame.
To know the effect of concrete shear wall and
concrete bracings.
To know the effect of ground soft storey.
And also to know how shear wall and concrete
bracings system helps to reduce the effect of soft
ground storey.
II. DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURAL MODEL
For the study 8 different models of twelve (12) storey
building are considered the building has five bays in X
direction and five bays in Y direction with the plan
dimension 25 m × 20 m and a storey height of 3.5 m each in
all the floors with ground storey as 4m high.The building is
kept symmetric in both orthogonal directions in plan to
avoid torsional response. The orientation and size of column
is kept same throughout the height of the structure. The
building is considered to be located in seismic zone V. The
building is founded on medium strength soil through
isolated footing under the columns. Elastic moduli of
concrete and masonry are taken as 27386 MPa and 3500
MPa respectively and their poisons ratio as 0.20 and 0.15
respectively Response reduction factor for the special
moment resisting frame has taken as 5.0 (assuming ductile
detailing). The unit weights of concrete and masonry are
taken as 25.0 KN/m3
and 20.0 KN/m3
respectively the floor
finish on the floors is 1.5 KN/m2
. The live load on floor is
taken as 3.5 KN/m2
. In seismic weight calculations, 50 % of
the floor live loads are considered. Thickness of slab, shear
wall and masonry infill wall as 0.125m, 0.2 m and 0.23m
respectively.
III. MODEL CONSIDERED FOR ANALYSIS
Following eight (8) models are analyzed in ETABS9.7 as
special moment resisting frame using equivalent static
analysis, response spectrum analysis.
A. Model 1:
Building modelled as bare frame. However, masses of the
walls are included.
2. Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Frame with the Effect of Ground Soft Storey
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/059)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 252
B. Model 2:
Full infill masonry model, building has one full brick
masonry wall of 230mm thick in all the storey including the
ground storey.
C. Model 3:
Building has one full brick infill masonry wall in all storeys
except ground storey
D. Model 4:
Building model is as same as model 3, Further L type R.C
shear walls (200mm thick) is provided at the corners in X
and Y direction and a core wall at centre.
E. Model 5:
Building model is as same as model 3, Further C type R.C
shear walls (200mm thick) is provided in mid bay in
longitudinal and transverse direction with central core wall.
F. Model 6:
Building model is as same as model 3, Further Planar R.C
shear walls (200mm thick) is provided in mid bay in
longitudinal and transverse direction with central core wall.
G. Model 7:
Building model is as same as model 3, further concrete X
bracings (230mm X 230mm thick) is provided at corners in
longitudinal and transverse direction with central core wall.
H. Model 8:
Building model is as same as model 3, further concrete X
bracings (230mmX230mm thick) in C shaped is provided in
mid bay in longitudinal and transverse direction along with
central core wall.
Fig. 1: Plan and Elevation of different building models
Fig. 2: Plan and Elevation of different building models
IV. MODELING OF FRAME MEMBERS, AND SHEAR WALL
The frame elements are modelled as beam elements, slab is
modelled as rigid (in-plane) diaphragm and shear wall is
modelled with Mid-Pier frame.
V. MODELLING OF MASONRY INFILL IN ETABS
A. As Four Nodded Quadrilateral Shell Element
In this technique the masonry infill is modelled as four
nodded quadrilateral shell element (with in-plane stiffness)
of uniform thickness of 0.23mm. The four-node element
uses an Iso-parametric formulation that includes both
rotational and translational degrees of freedom. (Ref fig 1)
Fig. 3: Four Nodded Quadrilateral Element.
VI. ANALYSIS OF THE BUILDING
Equivalent static and response spectrum analyses has been
performed as per IS 1893 (part-1) 2002 for each model
using ETABS 9.7 software. Lateral load calculation and its
distribution along the height is done.
VII. FUNDAMENTAL TIME PERIOD
Fundamental time period(Sec)
Is Code 1893-2002 ETABS Analysis
Model No. Longi Trans
Longi Trans
1 1.25 1.25 1.6541 1.6541
2 0.765 0.855 0.5482 0.5482
3 0.765 0.855 0.7610 0.7610
4 0.765 0.855 0.4684 0.4684
5 0.765 0.855 0.4493 0.4493
6 0.765 0.855 0.4925 0.4925
7 0.765 0.855 0.5537 0.5537
8 0.765 0.855 0.5412 0.5412
Table 1 Comparison of time period between IS code method
and using ETABS for various models.
Fig. 4: Model Vs Time period for different building models
along longitudinal direction
3. Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Frame with the Effect of Ground Soft Storey
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/059)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 253
VIII. COMPARISON OF BASE SHEAR
Base shear (KN)
Model no
IS Code
ESA
(ETABS)
RSA
(ETABS)
Longitudinal Longitudinal Longitudinal
1 6823.153 5443.6 4707.35
2 11158.82 16322.65 12953.49
3 10956.12 15308.94 14113.05
4 10887.21 15552.04 12663.31
5 10870.68 15490.64 12402.31
6 10709.16 15564.35 12563.59
7 10643.07 15026.76 12523.01
8 10709.9 14724.61 12169.37
Table 2: Comparison of Base shear with IS Code Equivalent
Static (ESA) and Response Spectrum (RSA) Analysis Along
longitudinal direction..
Fig. 5: Comparison of Base shear with IS Code Equivalent
Static (ESA) and Response Spectrum (RSA) Analysis Along
longitudinal direction.
Base shear (KN)
Model no
IS Code
ESA
(ETABS)
RSA
(ETABS)
Transverse Transverse Transverse
1 6823.153 5443.6 4370.37
2 9996.442 16322.65 12922.27
3 9814.862 15308.94 11019.75
4 9753.128 15552.04 12636.01
5 9738.313 15490.64 12305.14
6 9593.622 15564.35 12502.48
7 9534.417 15026.76 12458.91
8 9594.286 14724.61 12155.35
Table 3: Comparison of Base shear with IS Code Equivalent
Static (ESA) and Response Spectrum (RSA) Analysis along
Transverse direction.
Fig. 6: Comparison of Base shear with IS Code Equivalent
Static (ESA) and Response Spectrum (RSA) Analysis along
Transverse direction.
IX. STOREY DISPLACEMENT
Table 4: Storey Displacement for various building models
along longitudinal direction
X. STOREY DRIFT
Table 5: Storey Drifts for various building models
Fig. 7: Comparison of storey Displacement for different
building models along longitudinal direction
4. Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Frame with the Effect of Ground Soft Storey
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/059)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 254
Fig. 8: Comparison of storey drift for different building
models along longitudinal direction
XI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
It is observed that the time periods obtained by IS code and
by ETABS analysis are differing. The table shows natural
period for bare frame model from ETABS is 24.4% is more
than the IS code method. For models with soft storey i.e.
models 3 obtained from ETABS are more than that of
obtained from IS code method. for models with shear walls
i.e. model 4,5, and 6 time period obtained from ETABS is
reduced by 38.8%, 41.26% and 35.62% respectively as
compared with IS code procedure. For concrete bracings
models i.e. Model 7 and 8 the time period obtained by
ETABS is reduced by 27.62% and 29.25% as compared
with time period obtained by Is Code procedure. For soft
storey Model the fundamental natural time period is
increased by 27.96% in case of EATBS analysis when
compared with full infill brick model. [Ref table 1 and Fig
4]
seismic base shear for various models are obtained
from IS Code ESA(ETABS) and RSA (ETABS) .From the
table it can be known that the seismic base shear for all
models except model 1 has larger values for models. The
increased percentage for models from 2 to 8 are 66.65%,
64.45%, 65.0%, 64.85%, 65.0%, 63.77% and 63.03%
respectively in ESA (ETABS). Similarly in case of RSA
.the percentage of increased for models from 2 to 8
are63.65%, 66.64%, 62.83%, 62.05%, 62.53%, 62.41%, and
61.13% respectively .Hence it can be concluded that
masonry infill has got structural importance and will impart
considerable strength and stiffness to the building
structures. [Ref table 2and 3 Fig 5 and 6]
Model 1 shows highest storey drift then the other
models. When masonry infill stiffness taken into
consideration, Model 2 (full brick infill) shows considerable
reduction in storey drift, For model 3(Ground soft storey),
The storey drift is increased by 75.18% in case of ESA and
78.73% in case of RSA as compared with full in filled
model at storey 1along longitudinal direction. Also it is
observed that models with concrete shear wall core wall and
concrete bracings gives lesser storey drift, For example
model4, model5, model6, model7 and model8, the
percentage of reduction in storey drift are 82.09%, 83.2%,
80.6%, 76.86% and 76.86% for ESA (ETABS) and 83.8%,
85.06%, 82.7%, 79.13% and 79.05% for RSA (ETABS)
along longitudinal direction as compared with bare frame
model. [Refer table 5 Fig 8].
Model 1(bare frame) model shows highest storey
displacement values in all different building models model 2
(full brick infill) shows considerable reduction in storey
displacement. When a comparison is made for building
model 2 and model3with bare frame model, the percentage
of reduction in storey displacement for top stories are
70.45% and 64.20% in case of ESA and 71.26% and
60.42% in case RSA respectively along longitudinal
direction. Also it is observed that the storey displacement is
considerably reduced for different models with concrete
core, shear walls and Different bracings systems. When a
comparison is made for different building models with shear
wall and bracings systems .i.e. model4, model5, model6,
model7 and model8. the percentage of reduction in storey
displacement for top stories are 78.86%, 80.30%, 77.0%,
71.15% and 71.64% respectively in case of ESA(ETABS)
and 78.95%, 80.57%, 77.2%, 71.2% and 71.5% respectively
in case of RSA(ETABS) in longitudinal direction. And the
some variation is there in transverse direction. [Refer table
4, Fig 7]
Thus it can be concluded that addition of infill and
concrete shear wall considerably decreases drift and
displacement in RC buildings
XII. CONCLUSIONS
Fundamental natural period decreases when effect
of infill wall, concrete shear wall and concrete
bracings are considered.
As the soft stories Exist at Ground storey, the
fundamental time period of the structure is
increases; hence existence soft storey can make the
structure to be flexible in nature
Seismic base shear considerably more for masonry
infill, shear wall and Concrete bracings models as
compared with bare frame model. Hence
consideration of masonry infill stiffness, shear wall
and Concrete bracings increases Strength of the
structure.
The presence of masonry infill influences the
overall behaviour of structures when subjected to
lateral forces. Joint displacements and storey drifts
are considerably reduced while contribution of
infill brick wall is taken into account.
When Shear wall and concrete bracings are
compared in the form of lateral load resisting
element, both system are giving desirable results,
depending upon the importance of design and
architectural requirements they can be incorporated
in the building.
X concrete bracings can be a good solution for
managing ground soft storey when they are located
at the periphery of plan in longitudinal and
transverse direction.
Models with soft stories have got highest storey
drift values at soft stories levels, which leads to
dangerous sway mechanism. Therefore providing
shear wall is essential so as to avoid soft storey
failure.
5. Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Frame with the Effect of Ground Soft Storey
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/059)
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The presence of concrete core wall at the centre has
not affected much on the overall behaviour of the
structure when subjected to lateral forces, as
compared to other models like shear wall at
corners.
Shear wall at outer periphery are showing great
performance during seismic loading.
REFERENCE
[1] Shaik Kamal Mohammed Azam and Vinod Hosur.
“Seismic behaviour of multi-storeyed buildings
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[2] Jaswant N. Arlekar, Sudhir K. Jain and C.V.R.
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[6] Dr. Vinod Hosur. “Earthquake resistant design of
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[7] IS 456: 2000. “Indian Standard Code of Practice
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[8] IS 1893(Part-I) 2002: Criteria for Earthquake
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[10]ETABS Non-linear 9.7.Computers and Structures
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