The document discusses making organic poultry feed more sustainable by dehulling homegrown protein crops like peas and beans. It conducted nutritional analyses of entire, dehulled, and hull fractions of peas and beans which showed dehulling increases protein and amino acids while decreasing fiber. Using a least cost formulation program, it calculated the "opportunity price" - the price at which dehulled grains become competitive alternatives. Largest benefits were for turkey and broiler diets requiring higher protein. Access to affordable dehulling machinery could allow higher inclusion rates of peas and beans in diets, replacing imported soy.
Assessment SNV- KMDP forage interventions in North Rift, KenyaProDairy E.A. Ltd
The experience in North Rift Region (Kenya) since 2016 with the “Maize Train”, a concept promoted and supported by the Kenya Market-led Dairy Programme (KMDP) of SNV Kenya, has shown that maize silage making is viable in Kenya on-farm, as well as in bales for trading purposes.
Contractors and commercial forage producers successfully turned around the existing poor practices of silage making, where use is made of forage harvesters with a capacity too small for the acreage planted, harvested too early, with too long chopping length, no kernel crushers and long interval between start of making the silage pit and final sealing. These existing practices result in enormous losses during ensiling and feed-out and greatly reduce nutritional value (MJ ME/kg DM) of the silage and dry matter (DM) intake of the cows. Added to this is the risk of poor anaerobic fermentation giving yeast, moulds and Bacillus chances to spoil the silage.
Assessment SNV- KMDP forage interventions in North Rift, KenyaProDairy E.A. Ltd
The experience in North Rift Region (Kenya) since 2016 with the “Maize Train”, a concept promoted and supported by the Kenya Market-led Dairy Programme (KMDP) of SNV Kenya, has shown that maize silage making is viable in Kenya on-farm, as well as in bales for trading purposes.
Contractors and commercial forage producers successfully turned around the existing poor practices of silage making, where use is made of forage harvesters with a capacity too small for the acreage planted, harvested too early, with too long chopping length, no kernel crushers and long interval between start of making the silage pit and final sealing. These existing practices result in enormous losses during ensiling and feed-out and greatly reduce nutritional value (MJ ME/kg DM) of the silage and dry matter (DM) intake of the cows. Added to this is the risk of poor anaerobic fermentation giving yeast, moulds and Bacillus chances to spoil the silage.
Ministry of Food Processing Industries Indian Food Industry, Food Processing Industry in India, Statistics
The food processing industry is one of the largest industries in India and ranks fifth in terms of production, consumption and exports.
Nutrients retention in functional beef burgers with especial emphasis on lipi...eSAT Journals
Abstract The true retention values of nutrients, with particular reference to fatty acids of dietary importance, were investigated in burgers with none or half of the pork backfat replaced with soybean oil –healthier burgers (HB)- added with 0g/kg, 5g/kg, 10g/kg and 20g/kg of dry soybean sprouts (DSS) as additive. A multivariate analysis was applied in order to detect the main fatty acids to characterize the finished product. Cooking yield of samples increased with the amount DSS incorporated, meaning that this bulking agent improved retention of water and fat in the matrix. The higher concentration of additive the higher the protein and total fat retention. Respect to fatty acid profile in samples incorporated with 5g/kg, 10g/kg of DSS the loss of fat –specially saturated fatty acids (SFA) - improved the ratio between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and SFA. Also analyses of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices indicate that 10g/kg DSS presents the lower values for these parameters. Multivariate analysis shown that fatty acid descriptors with more contribution to variability of total data were miristic, palmitic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acid. Keywords: Healthier burgers, Fatty acids, Nutrient retention, Multivariate analysis
Performance by Layer upon Substitution of Soybean Meal with Mung Bean Protein...Premier Publishers
This experiment assessed substitution level of soybean meal by mung bean protein concentrate (MBPC) in layer’s diet. Unsatiating demand for animal protein, the need to prudently utilize feeding resources and minimize footprints in food chain/business, use of local raw-material is imperative. 180 ISA Brown2000 hens, assigned to 9 treatments (2 replications, 10 hens each) were fed experimental diets for 4 periods (49-52wks) and were evaluated for their performance. Their diet contained 2 grades of MBPC (70% CP and 75% CP). T1 was control diet. T2-T5 contained MBPC (70% CP) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% substitution levels, respectively. T6-T9 contained MBPC (75% CP) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% substitution levels, respectively. The results revealed that egg production (%) and egg mass were not significantly different in 1st three periods but it was in the 4th period (P<0.05). T1 had the highest egg production (%) but not significantly different in overall periods. Progressively decreasing egg production and FCR was observed through the periods without a significant difference. Egg weight was significantly different in 4th period. Economic benefit returns (EBR) was not significantly different among treatments. It is concluded that MBPC (70% & 75% CP) can substitute 25% SBM in layer’s diet without adverse effect on performance and EBR.
The world grain price is increasing day by day and the industry is facing several challenges to produce good quality animal products with reasonable price for consumers. Similarly, the poultry industry in Bangladesh is also fighting with high grain prices to maintain its production with marginal profit. Small and medium poultry farm owners are mainly affected and losing their capital investment in this sector.
Effect of dietary fibers from mango peels and date seeds on physicochemical p...IJMREMJournal
The present study aims at evaluating effects of dietary fibers of Mango peels (MP) and Date seeds (DS) on the
quality of Arabic bread (AB). MP was added at two levels (2% and 4%) and DS were at 4% and 6%, based on
flour weight. Results showed that DS is considered as a good source of dietary fiber compared to MP. Also, it was
found that MP at different levels improved the overall quality of AB. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS) is used to study the properties AB with the different proportions of mango peel (M) and dates seed (D)
as inputs, and two output properties (crust color CC and crumb texture CT). Experimental validation runs were
conducted to compare the measured values and the predicted ones. The comparison shows that the adoption of
this neuro- modeling technique (i.e., ANFIS) achieved a satisfactory prediction accuracy of about 85%
Present Status of food processing in India: special emphasis on vegetables an...VIVEK CHAUHAN
Various economic figures relating to the food processing setup in India, Initiatives by the government, relevance to the state of Uttarakhand and its impact on the Indian economy.
Bureau of Animal Husbandry in cahhattisgarhis devoted to work for the advantage of creatures and farmers.The Department is Responsible for domesticated animals generation, safeguarding, security and change of stocks and dairy improvement.
Source(S): http://brijmohanagrawal.in/
Ministry of Food Processing Industries Indian Food Industry, Food Processing Industry in India, Statistics
The food processing industry is one of the largest industries in India and ranks fifth in terms of production, consumption and exports.
Nutrients retention in functional beef burgers with especial emphasis on lipi...eSAT Journals
Abstract The true retention values of nutrients, with particular reference to fatty acids of dietary importance, were investigated in burgers with none or half of the pork backfat replaced with soybean oil –healthier burgers (HB)- added with 0g/kg, 5g/kg, 10g/kg and 20g/kg of dry soybean sprouts (DSS) as additive. A multivariate analysis was applied in order to detect the main fatty acids to characterize the finished product. Cooking yield of samples increased with the amount DSS incorporated, meaning that this bulking agent improved retention of water and fat in the matrix. The higher concentration of additive the higher the protein and total fat retention. Respect to fatty acid profile in samples incorporated with 5g/kg, 10g/kg of DSS the loss of fat –specially saturated fatty acids (SFA) - improved the ratio between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and SFA. Also analyses of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices indicate that 10g/kg DSS presents the lower values for these parameters. Multivariate analysis shown that fatty acid descriptors with more contribution to variability of total data were miristic, palmitic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acid. Keywords: Healthier burgers, Fatty acids, Nutrient retention, Multivariate analysis
Performance by Layer upon Substitution of Soybean Meal with Mung Bean Protein...Premier Publishers
This experiment assessed substitution level of soybean meal by mung bean protein concentrate (MBPC) in layer’s diet. Unsatiating demand for animal protein, the need to prudently utilize feeding resources and minimize footprints in food chain/business, use of local raw-material is imperative. 180 ISA Brown2000 hens, assigned to 9 treatments (2 replications, 10 hens each) were fed experimental diets for 4 periods (49-52wks) and were evaluated for their performance. Their diet contained 2 grades of MBPC (70% CP and 75% CP). T1 was control diet. T2-T5 contained MBPC (70% CP) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% substitution levels, respectively. T6-T9 contained MBPC (75% CP) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% substitution levels, respectively. The results revealed that egg production (%) and egg mass were not significantly different in 1st three periods but it was in the 4th period (P<0.05). T1 had the highest egg production (%) but not significantly different in overall periods. Progressively decreasing egg production and FCR was observed through the periods without a significant difference. Egg weight was significantly different in 4th period. Economic benefit returns (EBR) was not significantly different among treatments. It is concluded that MBPC (70% & 75% CP) can substitute 25% SBM in layer’s diet without adverse effect on performance and EBR.
The world grain price is increasing day by day and the industry is facing several challenges to produce good quality animal products with reasonable price for consumers. Similarly, the poultry industry in Bangladesh is also fighting with high grain prices to maintain its production with marginal profit. Small and medium poultry farm owners are mainly affected and losing their capital investment in this sector.
Effect of dietary fibers from mango peels and date seeds on physicochemical p...IJMREMJournal
The present study aims at evaluating effects of dietary fibers of Mango peels (MP) and Date seeds (DS) on the
quality of Arabic bread (AB). MP was added at two levels (2% and 4%) and DS were at 4% and 6%, based on
flour weight. Results showed that DS is considered as a good source of dietary fiber compared to MP. Also, it was
found that MP at different levels improved the overall quality of AB. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS) is used to study the properties AB with the different proportions of mango peel (M) and dates seed (D)
as inputs, and two output properties (crust color CC and crumb texture CT). Experimental validation runs were
conducted to compare the measured values and the predicted ones. The comparison shows that the adoption of
this neuro- modeling technique (i.e., ANFIS) achieved a satisfactory prediction accuracy of about 85%
Present Status of food processing in India: special emphasis on vegetables an...VIVEK CHAUHAN
Various economic figures relating to the food processing setup in India, Initiatives by the government, relevance to the state of Uttarakhand and its impact on the Indian economy.
Bureau of Animal Husbandry in cahhattisgarhis devoted to work for the advantage of creatures and farmers.The Department is Responsible for domesticated animals generation, safeguarding, security and change of stocks and dairy improvement.
Source(S): http://brijmohanagrawal.in/
Organic Vegetable Storage in Wales
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...
Making Organic Poultry Feed More Sustainable
1. Making organic poultry feed more sustainable:
Dehulling homegrown protein crops
Authors:
Dr Cliff Nixey, Poultry Xperience
Tony Little, Organic Centre Wales
Date: April 2013
Page i
2. Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank:
David Sanderson of Avlan Blanch and Howard Roberts of Hammond End farm who
hosted the study tour
Graham Perkins of PMR Ltd for his input on machinery sharing mechanisms.
The Better Organic Business Links (BOBL) project, run by Organic Centre Wales, is a four
year project designed to support the primary producer in Wales and grow the market for
Welsh organic produce in a sustainable way.
The aim is to develop markets for organic produce whilst driving innovation and promoting
sustainable behaviours at all levels within the supply chain, to increase consumer demand
and thence markets for organic produce, especially in the home market, and to ensure that
the primary producers are aware of market demands. The project provides valuable
market information to primary producers and the organic sector in general.
Delivery of the project is divided into five main areas of work:
1. Fostering innovation and improving supply chain linkages
2. Consumer information and image development of organic food and farming in
Wales
3. Market development
4. Providing market intelligence to improve the industry's level of understanding of
market trends and means of influencing consumer behaviour
5. Addressing key structural problems within the sector.
In all elements of the work, the team are focused on building capacity within the organic
sector, to ensure that the project leaves a legacy of processors and primary producers with
improved business and environmental skills, able to respond to changing market
conditions, consumer demands and climate change.
The project is funded under the Rural Development Plan for Wales 2007-2013, in turn
funded by the Welsh Government and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural
Development
Page ii
3. Contents
Contents ............................................................................................................................. 3
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 1
1
Introduction ............................................................................................................... 2
2
Objectives .................................................................................................................. 2
3
Project activities ........................................................................................................ 2
4
The nutritional case for dehulling ............................................................................ 2
5
The dehulling process .............................................................................................. 3
6
Quantifying the benefits of dehulling ...................................................................... 4
6.1
Nutritional analysis ............................................................................................ 4
6.2
Least cost formulations ..................................................................................... 5
6.2.1 The principles ................................................................................................... 5
6.2.2 Calculating opportunity prices for dehulled peas and beans ............................. 6
6.2.3 Putting a value on dehulling .............................................................................. 6
7
Access to machinery ................................................................................................ 8
8
Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 9
Page iii
4. Executive Summary
Organic poultry rations are heavily dependent on imported soya to meet the protein
requirements of the birds. However, organic and GM-free soya is becoming increasingly
difficult, and therefore expensive, to source and relying so heavily on imports is not in
keeping with the organic ethos. One approach to the problem is to improve the nutritive
value of homegrown protein crops such as peas and beans, thus allowing them to replace
soya to a greater extent than is the case now. One way in which that can be achieved is by
removing the seed hulls.
The project looked at the potential contribution that dehulling can make by:
Examining the nutritional basis for dehulling
Quantifying the benefits associated with the process
Exploring how Welsh producers might access dehulling facilities at economic
prices.
Analysis of the nutritional composition of entire grani, dehulled seed and the hulls alone
were carried out for peas and beans. They confirmed that there is a nutritional benefit to
dehulling through increasing the relative proportions of crude protein, key amino acids and
starch and decreasing fibre content. Although anti-nutritional factors were not analysed as
part of the project, we can assume that their concentrations in the dehulled seed are low
because published data show clearly that these compounds are concentrated in the hulls.
The economic value added by dehulling was assessed by entering the nutritional data
obtained from the analyses into a ‘least cost’ ration formulator. This is a computer
programme which shows how the user can arrive at a given nutritional target using the
cheapest ingredients possible. A value was placed on the dehulled grain by calculating its
‘opportunity price’, that is the price at which it becomes competitive with alternative
ingredients. The opportunity price was calculated in the context of four poultry diets:
Turkey starter; turkey grower; broiler finisher; and chicken layer. The largest benefits were
seen for broiler and turkey diets, especially the latter which require higher protein levels.
If income could be derived from the separated hulls, the economic benefit of dehulling
would be enhanced and peas and beans could potentially be used at higher inclusion rates
and in more diets. Possible uses could include ruminant feeding and poultry/ pet litter.
The relatively high cost of purchasing a dehuller and the associated seed cleaning
equipment (£14,000 combined) may act as a disincentive for individual farmers to buy the
necessary equipment. Options for cost sharing and joint ownership are discussed.
Page 1 of 13
5. 1 Introduction
Organic poultry rations are heavily dependent on imported soya to meet the protein
requirements of the birds. However, organic and GM-free soya is becoming increasingly
difficult, and therefore expensive, to source and relying so heavily on imports is not in
keeping with the organic ethos. For a detailed examination of the issues, watch this short
film: http://streaming.aber.ac.uk/restricted/departments/ibers/Feed_from_the_Farm.wmv.
One approach to the problem is improve the nutritive value of homegrown protein crops
such as peas and beans, thus allowing them to replace soya to greater extent than is the
case now. One way in which that can be achieved is by removing the seed hulls.
2 Objectives
To examine the nutritional basis for dehulling
To quantify the benefits associated with the process
To explore how Welsh arable and poultry producers might access dehulling facilities
at economic prices
3 Project activities
These objectives were achieved through the following:
A leaflet (Appendix I), based on a literature review and expert opinion, outlining the
potential benefits of dehulling protein crops.
A study tour to see dehulling machines in action at:
o Alvan Blanch (Malmsbury Wilts), a manufacturer, for detailed information on
the dehulling process and technical specifications of the machine.
o Hammonds End Farm (Harpenden, Herts) to show how a dehuller can be
integrated into the farm’s grain handling system.
A video was made of the study tour and made available on the OCW website and
YouTube
Samples of peas and beans (entire and dehulled) were collected during the study
tour and analysed for nutritional content. This information was used to determine
the opportunity price for dehulled peas and beans using a least cost formulation
programme.
The Welsh Machinery Rings were consulted on arrangements that might facilitate
access to dehulling machines at economic cost
4 The nutritional case for dehulling
The use of peas is low and field beans rare in organic poultry diets. While they are
comparatively rich in protein, they are both low in methionine and cystine (Table 1). One of
the reasons for the lower nutrient content of peas and beans is the presence of a fibrous
outside hull. The hull also contains anti-nutritive factors such as tannins which reduce
digestibility of amino acids (see Box 1). For this reason a limit on inclusion is placed by
poultry nutritionists.
Page 2 of 13
6. The rationale is that if the outside hull was removed, the nutritive value of the remaining
seed, and its monetary value would be markedly increased, while the reduction in antinutritive factors would allow poultry nutritionists to include more in their diets at the
expense of soya.
Ingredient
Soya 44
Sunflower
Rapemeal
Peas
Beans
Fishmeal
Protein (%)
44
33
33.9
20.5
25
66
Lysine (%)
2.71
1.16
1.83
1.45
1.58
4.46
Methionine (%)
0.59
0.74
0.68
0.19
0.18
1.75
Meth + Cystine (%)
1.24
1.29
1.49
0.48
0.49
2.32
ME MJ/kg
11
7
7
11.4
11.85
12.85
Table 1: The protein and ME content of some key ingredients
Box1: Anti-nutritional factors in grain legumes
Tannins bind strongly with proteins and other large molecules such as starch, cellulose or
minerals. Tannins reduce intake by making the feed less palatable and form indigestible
compounds in the gut.
Trypsin inhibitors reduce the activity of trypsin, an enzyme involved in protein digestion. This, in
turn, reduces growth rate and feed efficiency in poultry. They occur mostly in legumes but are also
found in low concentrations in cereals.
Alkaloids: There are many types of alkaloids, which are specific to a particular plant species. The
one present in lupins, for instance, is quinolizidine. If ingested, they can have a wide range of
adverse effects and sometimes cause stock to refuse feed.
Plant lectins are found mostly in legume seeds or beans and have a specific affinity for sugar
molecules. As well as causing red blood cells to clump together (a process known as
agglutination), lectins may bind to cells in the gut lining. This reduces the action of some digestive
enzymes which, in turn, decreases the absorption of nutrients and ultimately slows growth.
5 The dehulling process
The process of dehulling is an entirely physical one. The machine (Figure 1) consists of a
series of rotating tubes which fling the seed against a metal ring. The initial impact cracks
the hull, which is scrubbed off the seed as it goes round the ring at high velocity. Once the
hulls have been removed, the grain is passed through a seed cleaning system which
separates the output into three fractions: the dehulled seed; the hulls; and any grains that
are left entire. This last can be fed back into the machine. For further information watch
this short film: (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_dJAjuIvsM).
Two variables are important to ensure an efficient process:
The speed of the dehuller, that is the velocity with which the grain is flung against
the metal ring: Too slow and the hull will not crack; too fast and the seed shatters.
Manufacturers issue guidelines for each crop, but a period of trial and error is
usually required to fine tune it once it is installed.
The rate at which grain is fed in to the machine: If you go too fast, the system
becomes flooded. This slows the dehuller down which makes it less efficient.
Page 3 of 13
7. With peas and beans you can realistically expect a throughput of 1.5 tonnes/ hour. The
combined cost of the machine and the seed cleaning equipment is approximately £14,000
new.
Figure 1: Impact dehuller (Credit Alvan Blanch)
6 Quantifying the benefits of dehulling
The benefits of dehulling were assessed by analysing the nutrient content of the dehulled
seed, the separated hulls and the entire grain for each of peas and beans. This information
was used to determine the contribution the processed grain could make to a ‘least cost’
poultry ration (section 6.2).
6.1
Nutritional analysis
The results of the analyses are shown in Table 2. Due to the high cost of amino acid
analysis, only lysine and methionine were analysed directly. The cystine, threonine,
tryptophane and arginine values were calculated by using published figures which
establish the relative proportions of the different amino acids in peas and beans. Similarly,
the ME has been calculated using the equation based on protein, oil, sugar and starch,
Page 4 of 13
8. originally developed for wheat. This will introduce a small error into the data, but it is
unlikely to have a significant impact on the conclusions.
Another potential source of error could arise because only a small amount of material is
used in the analysis which may not be representative of the whole batch of material. This
could, for example, explain the very high starch figure (66%) for dehulled peas which
implies that about two thirds of the pea was hull; this is clearly not the case. When entering
in the nutrient values in the least cost formulation system, a judgement based on
experience and other published data has had to be used to arrive at logical comparisons.
Peas
Nutrient %
Crude protein
Crude fibre
Moisture
Oil (B )
Lysine
Methionine
Sugar
Starch
M.E. MJ/kg (calculated)
Meth.+ Cyst. (calculated)
Threonine(calculated)
Tryptophane(calculated)
Arginine(calculated)
Entire
19.7
4.8
15.8
1.98
1.57
0.2
3.28
45.8
11.81
0.48
0.75
0.19
1.76
Dehulled
20.2
2.5
15.8
1.9
1.78
0.24
2.55
66**
12.5
0.59
0.92
0.23
2.16
Beans
Hulls only Entire
19
27.4
14
10
14.2
15.1
2.21
1.55
1.3
1.46
0.2
0.16
3.91
2.85
28.5
29.6
8.97
10.09
0.4
0.49
0.62
0.87
0.16
0.2
1.46
2.3
Dehulled
29.9
5.4
14.5
1.57
1.92
0.22
2.7
33.6
11.14
0.58
1.04
0.24
2.74
Hulls only
11.9
42.1
13.6
0.83
0.4
0.03
2.2
5.9
3.4
0.12
0.22
0.05
0.57
** presumed error in starch value and estimated for ME equation
Table 2. Nutrient analysis of the various ingredients
6.2
Least cost formulations
6.2.1 The principles
The aim of least cost rationing is to meet the nutritional requirements of the animal for the
lowest possible cost, using specialist computer software. The first step is to programme in
the dietary requirements of the birds. This will vary according to species (chickens,
turkeys, ducks etc), enterprise (layer or table birds) and the stage of development (starter,
grower, finisher, layer). Table 3 gives some examples. For this reason, the value of
dehulled peas and beans will vary according to the diet it is being offered in.
The programme has a database that includes the nutritional value of a number of common
ingredients and their costs per tonne. It uses this information to arrive at the target it has
been set by the cheapest possible route
Page 5 of 13
9. Crude protein%
Lysine %
Methionine%
ME (MJ/kg)
Calcium %
Turkey -Starter
26.5
1.4
0.48
11.7
1.3
Turkey - Grower
22
1
0.4
12.2
1.05
Broiler - Finisher
22.5
1.1
0.43
12.7
0.85
Chicken - Layer
17
0.8
0.38
11.8
4
Table 3 Some poultry diet specifications
6.2.2 Calculating opportunity prices for dehulled peas and beans
It therefore follows that the inclusion or otherwise of peas and beans will depend not only
on the nutritional content but also how their cost compares with that of other ingredients
that are effectively competing for a place in the ration (We used spot prices for November
2012, quoted in Table 4). Initially the value of dehulled peas and beans were given a very
high value i.e. £7777, to ensure that they did not come into the initial formulation. The
programme then calculates the price at which rejected ingredients become competitive
and come into the formulation. This is known as the opportunity price
Ingredient
Wheat
Soya 44
Sunflower
Fish meal*
Maize
Mz Gluten 60**
Mon.Ca. phos.
Limestone
Sod.Bicarb.
Salt
Cost (£/ tonne)
318
559
330
1095
298
730
485
50
280
130
* Fish meal, as a non agricultural ingredient can be used in organic poultry diets without restriction
** The Maize Gluten 60% protein can be included up to 5% of the non mineral ingredients
Table 4 Ingredient costs
We entered values for the nutrient content of dehulled, entire and hull fractions obtained
from the analyses (Table 2) into the programme. It calculated the opportunity prices (Table
5) for each of the four rations.
Peas entire
Peas dehulled
Pea hulls
Beans entire
Beans dehulled
Bean Hulls
Turkey starter
391
440
270
343
414
Nil
Turkey grower
439
514
223
395
514
nil
Broiler finisher
274
383
Nil
101
255
nil
Chicken layer
307
359
149
221
302
Nil
Table 5: Opportunity prices of dehulled peas and beans in various rations
6.2.3 Putting a value on dehulling
Table 5 shows considerable variation between dehulled and entire pea and bean
opportunity prices, depending on the diet. We assessed the proportion (by weight) of hull
Page 6 of 13
10. to seed by directly measuring the proportion of each fraction. This was between 15 and
20% and we have calculated the benefits at the extremes of this range (Table 6 for peas,
Table 7 for beans). The analysis shows that dehulling the peas or the beans significantly
increases the value of the seed remaining. The largest increase is seen if the peas or
beans were planned for use with broilers. However the dehulled peas and beans were
most valuable if used in turkey diets which are higher in protein than broiler diets
The economic analysis would be more favourable if income could be derived from the
separated hulls. The hulls have no attraction in poultry diets because of their low ME and
the presence of anti-nutritive factors. However these are of little significance in ruminant
diets. The pea hulls look particularly attractive with 19% crude protein and the bean hulls
with nearly 12% crude protein are of value. In the costing above no income has been
attributed to bean hulls and little to pea hulls. They do therefore represent a major
opportunity to add value to the dehulling exercise. Ways of using them in ruminant feeding,
particularly direct to animals on farm is an obvious opportunity. Another opportunity is for
use as poultry litter to replace wood shavings which are becoming increasingly expensive.
Turkey
starter
Assuming 15% of the pea is hull
Value of 100 tonnes of peas
Value of 85 tonnes of dehulled
Value of 15 tonnes of hulls
Total dehulled+hulls
Difference from entire peas
Added value per tonne of pea
Assuming 20% of the pea is hull
Value of 100 tonnes of peas
Value of 80 tonnes of dehulled
Value of 20 tonnes of hulls
Total dehulled+hulls
Difference from entire peas
Added value per tonne of pea
Turkey
grower
Broiler
finisher
Chicken
layer
39100
37400
4050
41450
2350
23.5
43900
43690
3345
47035
3135
31.35
27400
32555
0
32555
5155
51.55
30700
30515
2235
32750
2050
20.5
39100
35200
5400
40600
1500
15
43900
41120
4460
45580
1680
16.8
27400
30640
0
30640
3240
32.4
30700
28720
2980
31700
1000
10
Table 6: The added value from dehulling peas
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11. Turkey
starter
Assuming 15% of the bean is hull
Value of 100 tonnes of beans
Value of 85 tonnes of dehulled
Value of 15 tonnes of hulls
Total dehulled+hulls
Difference from entire beans
Added value per tonne of bean
Assuming 20% of the bean is hull
Value of 100 tonnes of beans
Value of 80 tonnes of dehulled
Value of 20 tonnes of hulls
Total dehulled+hulls
Difference from entire beans
Added value per tonne of bean
Turkey
grower
Broiler
finisher
Chicken
layer
34300
35190
0
35190
890
8.9
39500
43690
0
43690
4190
41.9
10100
21675
0
21675
11575
115.75
22100
25670
0
25670
3570
35.7
34300
33120
0
33120
-1180
-11.8
39500
41120
0
41120
1620
16.2
10100
20400
0
20400
10300
103
22100
24160
0
24160
2060
20.6
Table 7: The added value from dehulling beans
7 Access to machinery
The relatively high cost of purchasing a dehuller, and the associated seed cleaning
equipment may act as disincentive for individual farmers to buy the necessary equipment.
However, there are options for producers to share the costs.
One possibility is for an individual to buy the machine, and to process grain for others in
the area at an agreed price per tonne. The purchaser would take responsibility for
operation and maintenance of the machine, and therefore would need be confident that
the others in the group would commit to a certain level of usage. He or she will have to
charge relatively high rates per tonne to achieve a return on his capital and to cover the
risk of not having sufficient business to pay for it. From the point of view of the other
producers there is also the risk that the single purchaser could sell the machine at any
time, if there was insufficient work, thus leaving everyone high and dry.
Another option is cooperative ownership, which is more complex, but shares the risk
among a greater number of producers. Given that everyone in the group has a stake in the
machine, and is therefore more likely to use it. The group sets up a company in which all
participants are shareholders. The company buys the equipment and then leases it to
share holders on a prorata basis, at a price that cover running costs, spares and repairs.
The machines could also be hired out to non-members on a cost per- tonne basis.
The latter option is effectively a machinery syndicate. These are highly successful on the
continent but have a somewhat chequered history in the UK. Most of the problems arose
because there was no clear agreement among members on responsibility for
maintenance, invoicing or priority of use. One solution is to involve an independent third
party, such as a machinery ring, to take on all these roles. It involves and extra cost, but
could be very important in insuring the project runs smoothly and to the benefit of all
involved.
For more information
gperkins@pmr.org.uk’
contact
Graham
Perkins,
PMR
Limited,
01437
761321
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12. 8
Conclusions
The situation with regard to protein rich organic ingredients is becoming more serious each
year. The main problem is that organic soya is becoming increasingly hard to source
because more and more GM soya is being grown.
While there are still a lot of unanswered questions, this project has demonstrated that the
dehulling of peas and beans is a promising way for the organic movement to meet the
nutritional challenges it faces. To take it further, practical ways in which the crops can be
grown, dehulled and utilised need to be devised and pilot tested. Ways of utilising the hulls
to gain maximum income are an important aspect of this work
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