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- 1. Potential for Alternative Feed Ingredients to Maximize Chicken Production in Malaysia Rosalind Ng Thesis supervisor: Dr. Tom Scott
- 3. Tropical 23 - 33oC Humidity 70-99% Heat Stress Environment (Met Malaysia, 2014)
- 4. Semi- intensive system Access outdoor and indoors Intensive system Open concept barn Closed barn Deep litter or slatted floors or caged Chicken Production (MAO, 1988)
- 5. 2014 Production 1,437,039 Imports 54,000 Total Supply 1,491,039 Domestic Consumption 1,459,039 Exports 32,000 Total Distribution 1,491,039 Chicken product consumption Egg production increased by ~3% in 2014, 679,803 MT 45 kg per capita consumption vs US at 44 kg Muslim population (>60%) – halal Little pork consumption Chicken meat production (MMT) (USDA, 2014) (USDA, 2014) (DVS, 2014; NCC, 2014) (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010)
- 6. Broiler, layers, ducks Niche Market: Malaysian Village Chicken aka. Ayam Kampong Red Jungle Fowl x European breeds Slow growing – 1- 1.5 kg at 4-5 months Different colored plumage Consumer preferred yellow skin and brown eggs shell Market (USDA, 2014) (Kadhim et al., 2014)
- 7. Food and Feeds - halal Cannot be by-product of pigs or carnivores Except fish meal Antibiotics – must be prescribed Hormones Slaughtering Performed by certified practicing Muslim Equipment, tools and slaughtering plant must be dedicated to halal slaughtering Water bath electrical stunner Feed Regulation and Slaughtering (MS, 2014) (Malaysian feed act, 2014)
- 8. Nutrition requirement standards same as Canada Majority feedstuffs are imported Corn, Soybean, Fishmeal Alternative feed stuff can decrease cost of production Nutrition and Feedstuffs Feedstuff Country of import Corn Thailand, China, Argentina, USA Soybean meal China, Argentina, USA, India Fish meal Thailand, Chile, Denmark (Loh, 2004)
- 9. 4.9 MMT in 2013 Available all year round No ANF Aflatoxin By product of oil extraction: Expeller pressed Solvent extraction 1. Palm Kernel Meal (FAOSTAT, 2014) (Sundu et al., 2006) (Sundu et al., 2006) (Pranowo et al., 2013)
- 10. High Crude fibre Low AA content Increase feed intake, decrease digestibility Recommended levels vary between studies Layers – 10 – 40% Boilers - 35 Ferment to increase digestibility β- mannan – similar properties to Bio-MOS Palm Kernel Meal Chemical contents Palm kernel Palm kernel meal Oil content 49.0 7.9 Protein 8.3 14.8 Crude fiber 8.1 16.7 Moisture 6.5 6.4 Ash 2.0 3.9 Carbohydrate 26.1 50.3 (Adrizal et al., 2011) (Chong et al., 2008) (Adrizal et al., 2011; Onwudike, 1988; Zanu et al., 2012) (Onwudike, 1986) (Adrizal et al., 2011)
- 11. Coconut production decreasing Indonesia and Philippines leading producers by product of coconut oil industry Expeller pressed Solvent extraction 2. Copra Meal (USDA, 2014) (FAO, 2015) (FAO, 2001)
- 12. Quality Storage conditions Drying process - Damage protein High fibre (60% NDF) Low essential AA Low bulk density high water holding capacity 10% can be added in laying hens’ diet and lower cost of feed Copra Meal (Sundu et al., 2006) (Sundu et al., 2006) (Moorthy and Viswanathan, 2010)
- 13. Good tolerance for poor soils Abundantly available at low cost Hydrocyanide (HCN) Fermentation and drying Low protein and high crude fibre limit use Can mixture of cassava leaves and cassava tuber 3. Cassava (Aderemi et al., 2012) (Ruqayyah et al., 2014) (Aderemi et al., 2012) (Eruvbetine et al., 2003) (Aderemi et al., 2012; Kywat et al., 2013)
- 14. Leaves tuber CP 16.6% 0.9% CF 12.7% 3.6% HCN 14.9% 4.0% Cassava 3:6:1 (ground root: leaves: tender stems) CP - 7.9% vs. 9.0% (corn) CF – 4.4% vs 2.0% Decreases feed Intake Can replace 25% of corn in layers diet Yolk color improved 40% of layers - 30% tuber and 10% leaf 10% in broiler diet - 50:50 tuber and leaf (Kywat et al., 2013) (Aderemi et al., 2012) (Aderemi et al., 2012) (Kywat et al., 2014) (Eryubetine et al., 2012)
- 15. 2,000 species identified as edible to humans or animals Short life cycle Economical to grow Can recycle organic waste biomass Low nutrient -> high quality nutrient sources Reduce waste and environmental pollution 4. Insects (Ramos-Elorduy, 2005) (Khusro et al., 2012) (Ramos-Elorduy et al., 2002)
- 16. Insects Grasshoppers Soy bean meal Fish meal CP 60-66% 48% 50-55% Larvae of meal worms (Tenebrio molitor) No palatability issue AA content depends on type of waste material used Disease Regulatory approval (Anand et al., 2008) (Ramos-Elorduy et al., 202) (Ramos-Elorduy et al., 2002) (Ramos-Elorduy et al., 2002)
- 17. High nutrients Can be grown on animal waste Increase yellowness of chicken meat and yolk of eggs Beneficial to producers with heat stressed chickens Lighter color birds Increase immune system Increase macrophages activity and NO NO – antimicrobial effect on pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protozoa (coccidiosis) 5. Algae (Spirulina sp.) (Qureshi et al., 1996; Toyomizu et al., 2001) (Chaiklahan et al., 2010) (Al-Batshan et al., 2001) (Toyomizu et al., 2001)
- 18. Other alternative ingredients Heat stressed Conclusion
- 19. Questions
- 20. Aderemi, F.A., Adenowo, T.K. and Oguntunji, A.O. 2012. Effect of whole cassava meal on performance and egg quality characteristics of layers. J. Agric. Sci. 4: 195-200. Adrizal, A., Yusrizal, Y., Fakhri, S., Haris, W., Ali, E. and Angel, C.R. 2011. Feeding native laying hens diets containing palm kernel meal with or without enzyme supplementations: 1. Feed conversion ratio and egg production. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 20: 40-49. Al-Batshan, H.A., Al-Mufarrej, S.I., Al-Homaidan, A.A and Qureshi, M.A. 2001. Enhancement of chicken macrophage phagocytic function and nitrite production by dietary spirulina plantensis. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology. 3:281-289. Chong, C.H., Zulkifli, I. and Blair, R. 2008. Effects of dietary inclusion of palm kernel cake and palm oil, and enzyme supplementation on performance of laying hens. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 21:1053- 1058. Department of Standards Malaysia (DSM). 2008. Poultry Feeds – Specification (fourth revision). Department of Standards Malaysia, Malaysia. Department of Statistic Malaysia. 2011 Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics 2010. http://pqi.stats.gov.my/searchBI.php?tahun=2014&kodData=2&kodJadual=1&kodCiri=4, viewed 20 Nov 2014. reference
- 21. Department of Statistic Malaysia. 2014. Population Quick Info. http://pqi.stats.gov.my/searchBI.php?tahun=2014&kodData=2&kodJadual=1&kodCiri=4 , viewed 20 Nov 2014. Department of Veterinary Services (DVS). 2014. Chicken Egg Price 2014. http://www.dvs.gov.my/en/harga-telur-ayam, viewed on 24 Oct 2014. Department of Veterinary Services (DVS). 2014. Chicken Meat Price 2014. http://www.dvs.gov.my/en/harga-daging-ayam, viewed on 24 Oct 2014. Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) 2014. Per Capita Consumption of Livestock Product, 2004 – 2013. http://www.dvs.gov.my/documents/10157/a5a97b67-daf9-4662- b253-1dc18d88f7ec, viewed 20 Nov 2014. Eruvbetine, D., Tajudeen, I.D., Adeosun, A.T. and Olojede, A.A. 2003. Cassava (Manihotesculenta) leaf and tuber concentrate in diets for broiler chickens. Bioresource Technol. 86: 277-281 Kadhim, K.K., Bakar, M.Z.A., Mustapha, N.M., Babjee, M.A., and Saad, M.Z. 2014. The enzyme activities of pancreas and small intestinal contents in the Malaysian village chicken and broiler strains. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 37: 203-214. reference
- 22. reference Khempaka, S., Thongkratok, R., Okrathok, S. and Molee W. 2014. An evaluation of cassava pulp feedstuff fermented with A. oryzae on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass quality of broilers. J. Poult. Sci. 51: 71-79. Kyawt, Y.Y., Toyama, H., Htwe, W.M., Thaikua, S., Imura, Y. and Kawamoto, Y. 2014. Effects of cassava substitute for maize based diets on performance characteristics and egg quality of laying hens. Int. J. Poult. Sci.13: 518-524. Loh, T.C. 2004. Livestock production and the feed industry in Malaysia. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e0l.htm#bm21, viewed on 24 Oct 2014. Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia). 2014. Max/Min Temperature. http://www.met.gov.my/index.php?option=com_weathertimeseries&purpose=minmax&Ite mid=908, viewed 20 Nov 2014. Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia). 2014. Relative Humidity. http://www.met.gov.my/index.php?option=com_weathertimeseries&purpose=humidity&Ite mid=907, viewed 20 Nov 2014. Ministry of Agriculture & Agro-Based Industry Malaysia (MOA). 2006. Broiler Chicken Rearing Guide. MOA, Malaysia.
- 23. Moorthy, M. & K. Viswanathan. 2006. Feeding Value of Extracted Coconut Meal for White Leghorn Layers. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 5: 1040-1045. National Chicken Council (NCC) 2014. Per Capita Consumption of Poultry and Livestock, 1965 to Estimated 2014, in Pounds. http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-the-industry/statistics/per- capita-consumption-of-poultry-and-livestock-1965-to-estimated- 2012-in-pounds/, viewed 20 Nov 2014. USDA. 2014 International Egg and Poultry Review. http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Broiler%20Meat%20Sector_Kuala%20Lumpu r_Malaysia_3-7-2014.pdf, viewed 24 Oct 2014. Onwudike, O.C., 1986. Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 3. Replacement of groundnut cake by palm kernel meal in broiler diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 16: 196-202. Onwudike, O.C., 1988. Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 4. Use of palm kernel meal by laying birds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 20: 279-286. Ramos-Elorduy, J. 2005. Insects: A hopeful food source. In: Paelotte, M.G. (Ed.) Ecological implications of minilivestock (Potential of insects, rodents, frogs and snails), pp. 263-291 Science Publishers,Inc. Enfield, NH, USA. Ramos-Elorduy, J., Gonzalez, E.A., Hernandez, A.R. and Pino, J.M. 2002 Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. J. Econ. Entomol. 95: 214-220. reference
- 24. Sundu, B., Kumar, A., and Dingle, J. 2006. Palm kernel meal in broiler diets: effect on chicken performance and health. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 62: 316-325. Toyomizu, M., Sato, K., Taroda, H., Kato, T. and Akiba, Y. 2001 Effects of dietary spirulina on meat colour in muscle of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 42: 197-202. USDA. 2014 International Egg and Poultry Review. http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Broiler%20Meat%20Sector_Kuala%20 Lumpur_Malaysia_3-7-2014.pdf, viewed 24 Oct 2014. http://www.clipartpanda.com/clipart_images/animals-clipart-chicken-1184949 http://econsmicroeconomics.blogspot.ca/ http://www.luxury-insider.com/luxury-news/2011/02/hibiscus-villa-adds-layer-of-luxury-to- borneo http://i1.wp.com/mofa.gov.gh/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/DSC00286.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Malaysia http://www.kualalumpurpost.net/malaysian-palm-oil-stocks-to-ease-in-january/palm-oil- exports-b7/ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/commodities/copra-tops-rs-5000-a-quintal-in- kerala/article4262373.ece http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/arts/64259933/giant-golden-chicken-wing-anyone reference
Editor's Notes
- Located in South East Asia
- Malaysia is hot and humid and this can lead to heat stress in birds. Can affect feed quality. 4,095 m Heat stress – anything higher than 23oC
- Chicken are raised under a semi intesinve system or an intensive system In the semi intensive system – birds are allowed access outdoor and indoors . And also given water and feeders In the instive system – birds are either raised in a closed barns like in Canada. In the open concept barn, birds are raised with walls that are made of wire mesh, which provides natural ventilation.
- Poultry product consumption has been increasing . The per capita consumption in Malaysia is comparable to the US. Egg production also seen to rise. Due to the high population of muslim in Malaysia, pork consumption is low and food have to be certified halal. Halal – food or meat that are prepared following the Islamic law
- The 3 major poultry product consumed in Malaysia are broiler meat, eggs, and duck meat. The breeds are typically the same as Europe with the exception of the Malaysian Village Chicken which is a crossbreed of red jungle fowl and other European breeds. Consumers preffered yellow skin in broiler meat and brown egg
- As food have to be halal, feed cannot be by product of pigs or carnivores with the exception of fish meal. Antibiotics must be prescribed by a vet and hormones are prohibited. Halal slaughtering can only be performed by a practicing muslim that is certified for halal slaughtering. Equipment, tools and slaughtering plant must also be dedicated to halal slaughtering only. Water bath electrical stunner can be used to stun the birds.
- Imported feedstuff and country of import Source: Loh, 2004 The standard specification for poultry nutrition requirements are the same as Canada. Majority of the feedstuff consist of corn, soybean and fishmeal. 50% of the sbm is sourced locally but the rest of the ingredients are imported. The price of poultry product in malaysia is controlled by the government, so marginal profit for producers are very low. So by finding alternative feed stuff, we could possible decrease feed cost.
- Malaysia is the top producer of palm kernel. Palm kernel meal is a by product of the palm oil industry where oil is extracted either through expeller pressed or solvent extracted.
- Source: Ibrahim, 2013 Palm kernel is high in CF and low in AA. But AA contents are highly available to birds. The essential AA needs to be supplement. As palm kenrel meal increases, feed intake increases reducting digestibility. Palm kernel meal can be fermented to increase digestibility. Beta manna in pkm also has similar structure to bio-mos which is a commercial prebiotic Methionine 30% and lysine 50% of young chicks requirements
- Coconut production in Malaysia is decreasing, neighboring countries such as Indonesia and phillipines are leading producers of coconut. Copra meal is a by product of the coconut oil industry. Coconut oil is extracted by expeller pressed then solvent extracted.
- The quality of copra meal depends on the storage conditions and the drying process prior to oil extraction. The high humidity in Malaysia is a preferable condition for aflatoxin growth if stored more than 5 weeks. Cm is also high in fibre and low in essential aa. Also CM has a low bulk density and high water holding capacity which can negative affect the digestion of the birds as it increases the viscosity of the digesta leading to less digestion, lowering feed intake and nutrient availability. Low bulk density results from the reduction of starch content of the endosperm Used to make tapioca If storage and drying process are not correct, mycotoxin and spoilage could be a problem
- Cassava aka tapioca is a tuber plant that grows well in tropical countries and has good tolerance for poor soil. Although production has decreased in Malaysia, neighbouring countries such as Thailand and vietnam are major producers. Cassava does have hydrocyanide which decreases thyroxin production. But fermenting and drying cassava during processing can reduce the hydrocyanide content. Cassava hasn’t been used much because of its low protein and high crude fibre content.
- But by taking advantage of the whole plant, we can increase the CP and reduce the CF and HCN. A study showed that not only we can replace 25% of corn in layers’ diet, it improves the yolk colour as well as the leaves has high carotene content.
- There are about 2000 species of edible insect indentified. Insects have a short life cycle and are cheap to grow. They can also convert low quality nutrient waste biomass into high quality nutrient sources. This process can also reduce waste and environmental pollution
- Nutritional evaluation of four acridid species Source: Anand et al. (2008) Larvae meal worms fed to 7d old broiler chick did not negatively effect performance. There wasn’t palatability issues either. however, the protein content depend on the type of waste material used. Disease should also be considered as insects can be vectors of disease also if they can get regulatory approval.
- Spirulina are multicellular cyanobacteria that are high and protein, vitamins and mineral. Spirulina has been widely used for human consumption for years. Spirulina c an be grown on animals waste. Spirulina can also increase yellowness of the chicken’s meat and yolk of the eggs. It also increases the redness of the meat which is beneficial to producers especially in Malaysia, as heat stressed chickens results in lighter colour and lower redness in birds.
- These are the few alternative feedstuff that can be used to replace the conventional corn-soy diet. There are other ingredients that can be used to replace these ingredients such as rice bran, wheat bran and so on. As long as the ingredients are available for the entire production cycle of the bird. The risk of birds getting heat stressed is also high and these feed should work hand in hand with that. As the quality of these feedstuffs are lower than the corn soy diet, birds will eat more of the diet to compensate for the nutrient. Therefore, the replacement diet should be a lot cheaper in order for returns to be higher.