little bone mineral density brought on by changed bone microstructure is known as osteoporosis, which ultimately predisposes individuals to fragility fractures with little force. The quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of osteoporotic fractures, which also increase morbidity, mortality, and disability.
Soon, a presentation on the management of osteoporosis with physical therapy will be made available.
Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive disease of multifactorial etiology.
It is most frequently recognized in particularly in elderly people and does occur in sexes, all races, and all age groups.
Osteoporosis is a preventable disease that can result in disturbing physical, psychosocial, and economic consequences.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue.
Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive disease of multifactorial etiology.
It is most frequently recognized in particularly in elderly people and does occur in sexes, all races, and all age groups.
Osteoporosis is a preventable disease that can result in disturbing physical, psychosocial, and economic consequences.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue.
Osteoporosis is a poorly recognized entity in India, especially among the non-endocrine physicians. Talk given to chest physicians focusing on glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis
physical medicine and rehabilitation, rehabilitation, aims of PMR, principles of physical medicine and rehabilitation, physiatrist and his role in PMR, goals of physical medicine and rehabilitation, physical rehabilitation and rehabilitation, prevention and learning principles of PMR, multi professional team, multidisciplinary approach, teamwork, team members of rehabilitation, PMR team, description of principles of rehabilitation
Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones caused by defective bone mineralization secondary to inadequate levels of available phosphate and calcium.
The true prevalence of osteomalacia across the globe remains unknown.
Paget’s disease of bone is a condition characterized by abnormal and anarchic resorption and deposition of bone, resulting in distortion and weakening of the affected bones
Osteoporosis is a poorly recognized entity in India, especially among the non-endocrine physicians. Talk given to chest physicians focusing on glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis
physical medicine and rehabilitation, rehabilitation, aims of PMR, principles of physical medicine and rehabilitation, physiatrist and his role in PMR, goals of physical medicine and rehabilitation, physical rehabilitation and rehabilitation, prevention and learning principles of PMR, multi professional team, multidisciplinary approach, teamwork, team members of rehabilitation, PMR team, description of principles of rehabilitation
Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones caused by defective bone mineralization secondary to inadequate levels of available phosphate and calcium.
The true prevalence of osteomalacia across the globe remains unknown.
Paget’s disease of bone is a condition characterized by abnormal and anarchic resorption and deposition of bone, resulting in distortion and weakening of the affected bones
Bone physiology, OSTEOPOROSIS, Pagets Disease, HyperparathyoidismKaushal Kafle
A brief introduction to bone physiology, with more focus on Osteoporosis and its recent updates. Small tail topics include hyperparathyroidism and pagets disease.
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones. Know the Risk Factors for Osteoporotic Fracture, Preventive Measures and exercise for osteoporosis. For more health Tips, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Everything you should know about Osteoporosis?
What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a disorder of bones characterized by low bone density and a deterioration of bone micro- architecture that enhances bone fragility and increases the risk of fracture
Osteoporosis becomes a serious health threat for aging men & postmenopausal women by predisposing them to an increased risk of fracture
Do you know that?
Osteoporosis is responsible for >1.5 million vertebral and non-vertebral fractures per year
Spine, hip, and wrist fractures are most common.
This presentation includes four major topics:
1- reviews the essentials of osteoporosis including definition, pathophysiology, etiology, epidemiology, and prognosis
2- talks about the presentation of osteoporosis, including risk factors, symptoms and signs, radiologic manifestations, and complications
3- reviews the workup process to diagnose and define the severity of osteoporosis, including the lab. and radiologic procedures
4- reviews management tools of osteoporosis, including pharmacologic and non pharmacologic methods, with brief description for each pharmacologic or non pharmacologic tool.
Finally, some statements about the education and prevention of osteoporosis.
This presentation was Shown on a community gathering in Gulshan Club Dhaka on the eve of the World Osteoporosis Day, 2010.
Prof. Shahiduzzaman was the key note speaker.
New zeland Dairy Milk was the organiser of this Seminar.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
3. DEFINITION
• The most common metabolic bone disease.
• Osteoporosis is characterised by a diffuse reduction in the bone density due to decrease
in the bone mass.
• It occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation.
• The reduction of bone mass results in fragile skeleton associated with increased risk of
fractures and consequent pain and deformity.
4.
5.
6. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Bone loss due to normal age related changes in bone remodelling as well as extrinsic and intrinsic factor that
exaggerated this process.
• Bone remodelling has two primary functions
1. To repair micro damage within the skeleton to maintain the skeletal strength.
2. To supply calcium to maintain calcium supply.
• After age 30- 40, the resorption and formation processes becomes imbalanced and resorption exceed
formation.
• Excessive bone loss can be loss due to an increase in osteoclastic activity and/or osteoblastic activity.
9. PRIMARY OSTEOPOROSIS
• Primary osteoporosis results without an underlying disease or medication
• It is further divided into 2 types: 1. Idiopathic type
2.Involutional type
• Idiopathic type is found in the young and juveniles and is less frequent.
• Involutional type is seen in postmenopausal women and ageing individuals and is more
common.
• In women, there is an accelerated phase of bone loss after the menopause due to
estrogen deficiency, which causes uncoupling of bone resorption and bone
formation, such that the amount of bone removed by osteoclasts exceeds the rate of
new bone formation by osteoblasts.
10. SECONDARY OSTEOPOROSIS
• It is attributed to number of factors and conditions.
• E.g : Immobilization, chronic anaemia, acromegaly, hepatic diseases,
hyperparathyroidism, hypogonadism and starvation.
• This can be an effect of medication.
• E.g : hypercortisonism, administration of anticonvulsants drugs and large dose of
heparin.
11. CAUSES
• Senility
• Post-immobilization e.g a bed ridden
patient
• Post-menopausal
• Protein deficiency
inadequate intake- old age, illness
malnutrition
excess protein loss (3rd degree burns)
mal-absorption
• Endocrinal :
Cushing’s disease
Hyperthyroid stage
• Drug induced:
Long term steroid therapy
phenobarbitone therapy
Chronic heparin therapy
• Rheumatological conditions :
RA
Ankylosing spondylosis
12. • Lack of calcium diet
• Lack of physical activity
• Family history
• Smoking
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders
• Asthma
• Gastrointestinal diseases
13. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Asymptomatic until fracture occurs
• Fractures due to bone fragility are the most
common manifestations.
• Back pain
• Height loss
• Increased Kyphosis
• Decreased activity tolerance
• Osteoporotic fractures can affect any bone,
but the most common sites are the forearm
(Colle’s fracture), spine (vertebral fracture)
and hip. Of these, hip fractures are the most
serious.
• Immobility
• Loss of height
14. INVESTIGATIONS
1. X-RAY :
• In severe cases , a spine or hip x-ray may
show fracture or collapse of the spinal bones
• However , simple x-rays of bones are not
very accurate in predicting whether someone
is likely to have osteoporosis.
16. 2. CT-SCAN :
• A special type of spine CT that can show loss
of bone mineral density, quantitative
computed tomography (QCT) may be used in
rare cases.
17. 3. DEXA (DEXA ENERGY XRAY
ABSORBTIOMETRY):
• A bone density is a low dose x-ray which
checks an area of the body such as the hip,
hand or foot for signs of mineral loss and
bone thinning
18. 4.NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS:
In this method , calcium in the bone is activated
by neutron bombing , and its activity measured,
5. BONE BIOPSY
19. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES
A medical evaluation to diagnose osteoporosis and estimate risk of breaking a bone may involve
one or more following steps:
1. Medical history
2. Physical examination
3. Bone density test
4. Laboratory test
20. ICF
1. Structures related to the nervous system
2. Structures related to eye, ear , voice and speech
3. Structures related to cardiovascular , immunological and respiratory systems.
4. Structures related to the digestive , metabolism and endocrine system.
5. Structures related to genito-urinal and reproductive system.
• STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
21. • STRUCTURAL IMPAIRMENT:
IMPAIRMENT
1. Deterioration of bone tissue
2. Increased porosity of bone
3. Bone fractures
4. Increased bone fragility
5. Decreased bone mass
6. Increased bone resorption
CLINICAL REASONING
Reduced bone mineral density
Decreased Cortical thickness and
no. & size of trabeculae
Increased porosity or trauma
Low bone mass
Insufficient dietary intake of
calcium, phosphorus, Mg , vit D
Increased no. of osteoclasts
SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
X-RAY
X-RAY
History
Investigations
Investigations
Investigations
22. 7. Dorsal kyphosis (thorax)
8. Delicate medullary trabeculae
&thin cortices
9. Loss of vertical height of a
vertebrae
10. Reduced intrathoracic volume
Multiple thoracic compression
fractures
Demineralization of bone
Compression of vertebral bodies
Compression of vertebral bodies
Assessment and x-ray
X-ray
Investigations
Investigations
23. • FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY
1. Mental functions
2. Voice and speech functions
3. Functions related to CVS , immunological systems.
4. Functions related to digestive , metabolic and endocrine systems.
5. Genito-urinary and reproductive functions.
6. Functions of the skin and related functions.
24. • FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT
IMPAIRMENT
1. Pain in lower back
2. Shortness of breath
3. Loss of mobility
4. Stooped posture
CLINICAL REASONING
Abnormal stress on the spinal
muscles & ligaments
Due to reduced intrathoracic
volume or early satiety due to the
compression of the abdominal
cavity as the rib cage approaches
the pelvis
Weakening of the bones
Weakness of spine muscles
SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
History
Assessment
Assessment
Assessment
25. ACTIVITY
LIMITAIONS
1. Climbing stairs
2. Long standing
3. Running
4. Bending from lower back
PARTICIPATION
RESTRICTIONS
1. Occupational work
2. Outdoor activities
3. Social gatherings
26. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS:
• PERSONAL FACTORS:
Facilitators:
Education
Family support
Self motivation
Barriers:
Age
Gender
Occupation
Socioeconomic status
