Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Foot and mouth disease: An Indian perspectiveBhoj Raj Singh
FMD is an economically important disease of cloven-footed animals. It causes an estimated loss of Rs. 20-22 thousand crores per year to livestock owners in India. To control the disease, DAHDF of India launched a National FMD Control Program (FMD-CP) in 2003 with an outlay of about Rs. 500 crores a year by Central Government and each state government also invested an equally good amount of money. The program is ongoing all over India. However, results are humiliating and harassing. We are almost at the same spot from where we started 15 years back in 2003.
Strength and weaknesses of fmd control programme going on in india dr. kale b...Bhoj Raj Singh
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a devastating disease in many of the developing countries including India despite control programs. The FMD in India is associated with loss of about Rs. 20000 crores per annually. Government of India and different provincial governments are spending hundreds of crore rupees per year to control the disease. The FMD control programme (FMD-CP) is running in India since more than 13 years but control of the FMD is still far away dream and the Disease is regularly visiting even the government farms managed by the India's leading Veterinary and Dairy Institutes. The pros and cons of FMD-CP has been discussed in the presentation.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
Foot and mouth disease: An Indian perspectiveBhoj Raj Singh
FMD is an economically important disease of cloven-footed animals. It causes an estimated loss of Rs. 20-22 thousand crores per year to livestock owners in India. To control the disease, DAHDF of India launched a National FMD Control Program (FMD-CP) in 2003 with an outlay of about Rs. 500 crores a year by Central Government and each state government also invested an equally good amount of money. The program is ongoing all over India. However, results are humiliating and harassing. We are almost at the same spot from where we started 15 years back in 2003.
Strength and weaknesses of fmd control programme going on in india dr. kale b...Bhoj Raj Singh
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a devastating disease in many of the developing countries including India despite control programs. The FMD in India is associated with loss of about Rs. 20000 crores per annually. Government of India and different provincial governments are spending hundreds of crore rupees per year to control the disease. The FMD control programme (FMD-CP) is running in India since more than 13 years but control of the FMD is still far away dream and the Disease is regularly visiting even the government farms managed by the India's leading Veterinary and Dairy Institutes. The pros and cons of FMD-CP has been discussed in the presentation.
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Presented by Melissa McLaws, Theo Knight Jones, Chris Bartels at the open session of the standing technical and research committees of the European Commission for the control of foot and mouth disease, Cavtat, Croatia, 29-31 October 2014.
Transboundary diseases and animal welfare concerns Alex Sabuni
Interest in TAD has been direct towards: Socio economic and, Public Health impacts of these diseases with disregard to the welfare of the animals. Decision to initiate control efforts has always ben dictated by the impacts of these diseases to health and livelihoods. Disease causes pain to animals, which is a welfare issue that requires urgent addressing.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
FMD is serious , acute and highly contagious animal disease.
Affecting all cloven hoofed animals(hoof split in to two toes)
High morbidity and low mortality.
FMD is disease of animals not humans and affecting livestock in every part of the world.
Animals include cattle , buffaloes, goats , sheep, swine and many wild animals including deer.
Presentation by Don King from The Pirbright institute to the 42nd General Ses...ExternalEvents
Presentation by by N.Bulut (Tur) to the 42nd General Session of the EuFMD, 20-21 April 2017
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/commissions/eufmd/commissions/eufmd-home/reports/general-sessions/en/
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in India Epidemiology and ControlBhoj Raj Singh
PPR is endemic in India in sheep & goats. Mainly young stocks are more affected. Disease occurs throughout the year but more common in October & March. Though vaccination is the only method for control & eradication, even the institutes those developed the effective vaccine in India to control the disease fear to use it because many a time outbreaks ensue on vaccination. The other important reason for persistence of disease is undeclared Policy of suppressed reporting of PPR outbreaks.
Presented by Melissa McLaws, Theo Knight Jones, Chris Bartels at the open session of the standing technical and research committees of the European Commission for the control of foot and mouth disease, Cavtat, Croatia, 29-31 October 2014.
Transboundary diseases and animal welfare concerns Alex Sabuni
Interest in TAD has been direct towards: Socio economic and, Public Health impacts of these diseases with disregard to the welfare of the animals. Decision to initiate control efforts has always ben dictated by the impacts of these diseases to health and livelihoods. Disease causes pain to animals, which is a welfare issue that requires urgent addressing.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
FMD is serious , acute and highly contagious animal disease.
Affecting all cloven hoofed animals(hoof split in to two toes)
High morbidity and low mortality.
FMD is disease of animals not humans and affecting livestock in every part of the world.
Animals include cattle , buffaloes, goats , sheep, swine and many wild animals including deer.
Presentation by Don King from The Pirbright institute to the 42nd General Ses...ExternalEvents
Presentation by by N.Bulut (Tur) to the 42nd General Session of the EuFMD, 20-21 April 2017
http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/commissions/eufmd/commissions/eufmd-home/reports/general-sessions/en/
Foot and Mouth Disease: Turkey recent developments in the region and outlooksFAO
Outlook achievement the WestEurasia Roadmap including
Recent Developments in the Region (Practical Epidemiology for Progressive Control (PepC))
Outlook gaps on the control of FMD in the Region (EARLY DETECTION / WELNET FMD)
Dr Nahit Yazıcıoğlu
President, Roadmap Advisory Group
Head of Animal Health and Quarantine Department
GDFC, MoFAL, TURKEY
The PPT gives overview of PEI, global updates on PEI, Polio end game strategy and eradication timelines, polio legacy and link with Health Systems strengthening and relevant health programes etc. The PPT was presented at National Annual Review Meeting held for 2 days in Mussoorie for Core Group of Polio Project (CGPP) -a USAID funded polio eradication initiatives. ADRA India is one of the lead implementing agency for CGPP since 2004 and it has worked for nearly 15 years in polio across states in India.
Gavi’s CEO Dr Seth Berkley presents an overview of the Vaccine Alliance’s achievements to the Board on 22 June 2016. Topics include results and challenges in the 2011-2015 period, early progress in implementing the 2016-2020 strategy and the role of immunisation on the global agenda.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Masoud Dara, WHO Regional Office for Europe
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
A recent Presentation at National Annual Review Meeting of Core Group Polio Project (CGPP) -USAID funded project, ADRA India: implementing agency with technical support from CORE Secretariat
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting "Health in Action reforming the Greek National Health System to Improve Citizens’ Health", on 5 March 2014, Athens, Greece.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
OS16 - 2.P1.b FMD Disease Risk Assessment and Progress on Risk-Based Control Program - A. Bulut
1. Open Session of the EuFMD - Cascais –Portugal 26-28 October 2016
FMD DISEASE RISK ASSESMENT AND PROGRESS
ON RISK BASED CONTROL PROGRAM
Dr. Nihat PAKDIL1, A.Naci BULUT2
Deputy Under Secretary
Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestocks (MoFAL)
Diagnosis Department
Şap Institute, Ankara, Turkey
2. CONCLUSION
• Main risk identified in Turkey is virus incursion, once it happens
– Allow virus circulation in naive population and evolution of novel strains, due to some risk and gaps
identified in Turkey. It is resulted maintenance of endemic setting.
• To response the situation, it has been developed a «Risk Based Control Program»
• By regional progressive disease control approach, control measures have been implemented
• Main goal of the program is to achieve OIE status of FMD free with vaccination by 2025
– Based on risk assessment and socio-economical evaluation, and CBA eradication program has been
initiated through West to East Anatolia by three regional level; West, Central and East/SE Anatolia
– As a first step, Risk based Control program has been updated for West Anatolia and initiated control
measures including stamping out and activities in order to eliminate/reduce identified risk and gaps
– Progress of the program will be strictly monitored by specified monitoring system using all available
indicators
– The program has some challenges including regional implication. Turkey can capable to overcome using its
own sources and effort, such as vaccine production with enough capacity/potency and capacity on
developed diagnosis and molecular epidemiological tools ect.
– However, to overcome challenges by regional interaction, it needs
Functional early detection system in the region
Implementing effective all-duty regional control program
Overall needs a strong political commitment on regional disease eradication
3. CIRCULATING STRAINS
• FMD is endemic in Anatolia region in Turkey
• Current Circulating virus strains:
– Serotype O (O PanAsiaII/Qom),
– A (Asia/GVII)* and
– (Asia1 has been not recorded since July 2015)
• Latest sirculated one was Asia-1(Asia1/SINDH08)
• Thrace region has been free of FMD with vaccination since May 2010.
3
4. OS16
4
Number of FMD outbreaks occurred by years (2016 –till 8thOct)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Mean of last ten years 80 73.4 69.1 76.5 111.4 102.7 73.3 56 41.3 31.5 26.5 33.6
2013 29 31 129 177 257 172 120 50 29 27 46 30
2014 42 49 39 47 28 18 13 10 6 11 4 9
2015 4 17 22 10 8 7 5 4 7 12 126 375
2016 76 21 24 123 136 47 43 28 35 7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
NumberofOutbreaks
Number of Outbreak by years
A/ASIA/GVII
(2015)
O/PANASIAII/QOM15
(2016)
5. OS16
Map Distribution of FMD Outbreaks Occurred in 2016
(till October)
n: 540
SerotypeO: 261
SerotypeA: 270
PCR(+): 9
7. OS16
7
Map Distribution for Outbreaks due to A/
AsiaGVII
Nov● /Dec● 2015
Map Distribution for Outbreaks in between January-October2015
8. Early Response to new A outbreak wave: Vaccination vs no of
Outbreak
8
0.000 0.000
1.323
2.223
3.534
4.834
6.136
7.446
8.759
10.075
11.379
12.670
14.098
15.417 15.420
6
22
61
81
102
120
115
81
22
32
15 14 15
10 8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
9-15 Nov 16-22 Nov 23-29 Nov 30 Nov- 6
Dec
7-13 Dec 14-20 Dec 21-27 Dec 28 Dec-3
Jan16
4-10 Jan 11-17 Jan 18-24 Jan 25-31 Jan 01-07 Feb 08-11 Feb 12-21 Feb
Num.OfOutbreaks
Timeline
Amount ofVaccine(x000 dose) No Outbreaks
10. OS16
Challenges for Disease Control
REGIONAL
Virus Incursion into the country
profitable animal price amounts of causes illegal movements across the borders
Insufficient early detection of upcoming strains
Lack of all-duty regional control program
NATIONAL
Booster vaccination of young animals in Central and East Anatolia
Single vaccination of calves having maternally-derived antibodies might be unfavorable
for herd immunity.
• Dense cattle population providing raw material (>1 year) for fattening farms in
the other region: causes irregular animal movement
• High elevation, hard and long winter conditions in East Anatolia
• Common grazing and highland (yayla) for summer grazing
• Farmer awareness; Biosecurity, outbreak management
11. OS16
CONTROL PROGRAM
• A Risk Based Control Program has been developed and applied
since 2014
GOAL OF THE STRATEGY
• To contribute to the development of the livestock sector by achieving OIE
status of FMD free with vaccination by 2025
• By regional progressive disease control approach, the strategy is consist
of 30 component objectives
ACTIVITIES AND TACTICS
• To reduce/eliminate risk and gaps for each identified risk and gaps:
• Initiated implementing of control activities
12. MAP FOR REGIONAL PROGRESSIVE CONTROL PROGRAM
2019:PCP4; 2021 OIE FreeStatus
2021:PCP4; 2023OIE FreeStatus
2023:PCP4; 2024 OIE FreeStatus
Buffer Zone: 2025 FreeStatus
13. RISK BASED CONTROL PROGRAM FOR WEST ANATOLIA
GOAL: Reach PCP Stage4 in 2019; and OIE FMD Free Status with vaccination in 2021
MAIN COMPONENTS OF CONTROL PROGRAM:
Continuing risk based vaccination
Including booster vaccination for primo vaccinators
Risk based surveillance program
Monitoring movement: Check point
Regulation of animal movement form the other regions
compliance with OIE Terrestrial Code: Quar./NSP testing
ect.
Effective outbreak management/Biosecurity
Stamping out for DC
Enhance awareness for stakeholders
Increasing technical capacity
Effective monitoring and improvement of infrastructure
West Anatolia
Central Anatolia
East Anatolia
Check points
14. OS16
• Vaccination
Vaccination implemented based on risk analysis:
• Preventive campaign vaccination :In Anatolia; twice a year for LR;_In Thrace: : Twice a year for LR/once for SR
• Early Spring: population assured immun before releasing grazing time
• Late Summer: population assured immun before Kurban festival
• Ring Vaccination to response outbreak in Surveillance zone of outbreak
• Targeting vaccination for identified “Hotspot»
• Small ruminant veccination where risk identified
• Booster vaccination in West of country
Şap Institute produces FMD vaccine sufficient capacity covered national population with >6PD50 potency vaccine used
• Diagnosis and Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of Isolates
• Epidemiological investigation
• Active and passive surveillance
• Outbreak investigation and case study
• Sero-surveillance; NSP Prevalence estimation in Anatolia/Risk based surveillance Program for early detection in
Thrace
• Routine control measures in case of disease outbreak (biosecurity, restriction, quarantine, sampling)
• Control of animal movements and markets
• Training field vets and awareness activities for stakeholders
• Stamping out in West of Anatolia
CURRENT FMD CONTROL POLICY CONDUCTED IN TURKEY
15. OS16
MONITORING CONTROL PROGRAM_INDICATORS
• Reconstructed TURVET (Registration and Information System) with more functional and features :
• Animal Registration System
• LR/SR registered into the system with ear-tag; initiated replacement of electronic ear-tag
• Animal movement managed and monitored by the system
• Regular movement report by province
• Veterinary Information System (VIS)
• Outbreak Management
• Entering outbreak data all notifiable disease
• Vaccination data
• Sample Management System
• Establishment Epidemiology and Monitoring Unit
• Central level at GDFC; at 9 Regional Vet Institute including Şap Institute and Provincial level
• Regular Diagnosis Activities
• Clinical diagnosis (Incidence, attack and mortality rate) data; VIS
• Serotyping data: Şap Institute and VIS at GDFC
• Genotyping data: Şap Institute
• Antigenic Characterization (r Value) data: Şap Institute
• Clinical surveillance
• Sero-surveillance Activities
• NSP Suro-surveillance: Assessment disease dynamics and identifying risk factors
• Post vaccination sero-surveillance: Vaccination performance and antibody level
16. CONCLUSION
• Main risk identified in Turkey is virus incursion, once it happens
– Allow virus circulation in naive population and evolution of novel strains, due to some risk and gaps
identified in Turkey. It is resulted maintenance of endemic setting.
• To response the situation, it has been developed a «Risk Based Control Program»
• By regional progressive disease control approach, control measures have been implemented
• Main goal of the program is to achieve OIE status of FMD free with vaccination by 2025
– Based on risk assessment and socio-economical evaluation, and CBA eradication program has been
initiated through West to East Anatolia by three regional level; West, Central and East/SE Anatolia
– As a first step, Risk based Control program has been updated for West Anatolia and initiated control
measures including stamping out and activities in order to eliminate/reduce identified risk and gaps
– Progress of the program will be strictly monitored by specified monitoring system using all available
indicators
– The program has some challenges including regional implication. Turkey can capable to overcome using its
own sources and effort, such as vaccine production with enough capacity/potency and capacity on
developed diagnosis and molecular epidemiological tools ect.
– However, to overcome challenges by regional interaction, it needs
Functional early detection system in the region
Implementing effective all-duty regional control program
Overall needs a strong political commitment on regional disease eradication
17. OS16
Thank you very much for your attention!
Acknowledges
• Fuat Ozyörük; Unal Parlak
• The Şap Institute
• General Directorate for Food and Control (GDFC)