orthodontic diagnosis, including medical and dental history, radiographic analysis, functional analysis, micro mini aesthetics, skeletal maturity indicators.
extraoral and intraoral examination. classification of malocclusion.
Orthodontic Case History and ExaminationAhmed Gamil
The document discusses essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used in orthodontic diagnosis. Essential aids include case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental aids provide additional information and include specialized radiographs, electromyography, and biopsy. A thorough case history covers chief complaint, medical/dental history, and family history. Clinical examination assesses facial symmetry, profile, jaw relationships, and soft tissues. Essential radiographs aid in case evaluation and treatment planning.
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and the essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used. It describes the key components of clinical examination including case history, medical history, dental history, and physical examination of the head, face, lips, nose, and chin. Clinical examination aims to evaluate oral health and function, identify the nature of malocclusions, and determine which diagnostic records are needed for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Model analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
This document discusses the process of orthodontic diagnosis. It begins by outlining the traditional and modern approaches to diagnosis. The diagnostic process involves collecting a patient's history, performing a clinical examination, and analyzing diagnostic records to build a database. From this database, a problem list and diagnosis are formulated. The document focuses on the history taking process, including gathering chief complaints, medical/dental history, growth status, and social/behavioral factors. It also describes conducting a general oral/medical exam and specific orthodontic clinical exam to evaluate facial proportions, occlusion, and function.
This document provides an overview of Class II malocclusions, including:
- Classification systems for Class II malocclusions described by Angle and Moyers.
- Common etiological factors like heredity and habits.
- Clinical features both intraorally and extraorally.
- Diagnostic tools and assessments including study models, photographs, and cephalometrics.
- Treatment modalities for Class II malocclusions in growing and non-growing patients, including functional appliances, headgear, fixed appliances, and orthognathic surgery.
Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It involves collection of pertinent data in a systemic manner to help in the identifying the nature and cause of the problem.
This document discusses the etiology and classification of malocclusion. It begins with an introduction to malocclusion and normal occlusion. It then reviews several classifications of the etiology of malocclusion proposed by researchers, including Moyer's, White and Gardiner's, Proffit's, and Graber's classifications. Graber's classification divides etiologies into general factors, such as heredity, congenital defects, environment, and local factors like anomalies in tooth number or shape. The document provides examples to illustrate different etiologies, such as cleft lip and palate and how conditions like fetal pressure or thalidomide exposure can lead to malocclusion.
Orthodontic Case History and ExaminationAhmed Gamil
The document discusses essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used in orthodontic diagnosis. Essential aids include case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental aids provide additional information and include specialized radiographs, electromyography, and biopsy. A thorough case history covers chief complaint, medical/dental history, and family history. Clinical examination assesses facial symmetry, profile, jaw relationships, and soft tissues. Essential radiographs aid in case evaluation and treatment planning.
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and the essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used. It describes the key components of clinical examination including case history, medical history, dental history, and physical examination of the head, face, lips, nose, and chin. Clinical examination aims to evaluate oral health and function, identify the nature of malocclusions, and determine which diagnostic records are needed for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Model analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
This document discusses the process of orthodontic diagnosis. It begins by outlining the traditional and modern approaches to diagnosis. The diagnostic process involves collecting a patient's history, performing a clinical examination, and analyzing diagnostic records to build a database. From this database, a problem list and diagnosis are formulated. The document focuses on the history taking process, including gathering chief complaints, medical/dental history, growth status, and social/behavioral factors. It also describes conducting a general oral/medical exam and specific orthodontic clinical exam to evaluate facial proportions, occlusion, and function.
This document provides an overview of Class II malocclusions, including:
- Classification systems for Class II malocclusions described by Angle and Moyers.
- Common etiological factors like heredity and habits.
- Clinical features both intraorally and extraorally.
- Diagnostic tools and assessments including study models, photographs, and cephalometrics.
- Treatment modalities for Class II malocclusions in growing and non-growing patients, including functional appliances, headgear, fixed appliances, and orthognathic surgery.
Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It involves collection of pertinent data in a systemic manner to help in the identifying the nature and cause of the problem.
This document discusses the etiology and classification of malocclusion. It begins with an introduction to malocclusion and normal occlusion. It then reviews several classifications of the etiology of malocclusion proposed by researchers, including Moyer's, White and Gardiner's, Proffit's, and Graber's classifications. Graber's classification divides etiologies into general factors, such as heredity, congenital defects, environment, and local factors like anomalies in tooth number or shape. The document provides examples to illustrate different etiologies, such as cleft lip and palate and how conditions like fetal pressure or thalidomide exposure can lead to malocclusion.
Diagnosis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
This document summarizes Tweed's analysis of cephalometric landmarks and angles used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It describes Tweed's diagnostic facial triangle formed by the Frankfort horizontal plane, mandibular plane, and mandibular incisor plane. Norms for the angles FMA, FMIA, and IMPA are provided based on Tweed's studies. Shortcomings of the ANB angle in assessing jaw relationships are discussed. The Wits appraisal method is introduced as an alternative for measuring anteroposterior jaw disharmony. Related studies validating the Wits appraisal are summarized.
“The study of orthodontia is indissolubly connected with that of art as related to the human face.” -Dr. Edward H. Angle.
Each person shares with the rest of the population a great many characteristics, but there are enough differences to make each human being a unique individual. Such limitless variation in the size, shape and relationship of the dental, skeletal and soft tissue facial structures are important in providing each individual with his or her own identity.
Face – Difficult object to measure accurately because of
– complex morphology
– sensitivity to eyes
– its soft nature.
One of goals of orthodontic treatment is creating a balanced & harmonious facial appearance. Craniofacial symmetry is one of the aspect of this harmony. Subject of symmetry or lack of symmetry of human face has been of considerable interest, particularly in the field of Orthodontics. Minor variation is a desirable variation of craniofacial structure which is perceived as esthetically pleasing and has no esthetic or functional significance. Asymmetry becomes important when it affects the function or esthetics of the person.
The document provides an overview of the essential components of an orthodontic diagnosis and clinical examination. It lists key diagnostic aids including case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental diagnostic aids include specialized radiographs and tests. The medical, dental, and social history are important to obtain. The examination evaluates extra oral and intraoral structures as well as oral and craniofacial health, function, and speech. Facial proportions, symmetry, and divergence are analyzed. The anteroposterior jaw relationship and skeletal malocclusions are assessed. Tooth-lip relationships, soft tissue components, and microesthetics are also examined.
Extra oral examination /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Smile analysis from the orthodontic perspective.
Major determinants of smile esthetics are discussed based on the discussions of the Proffit and Graber
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It defines diagnosis as identifying and describing a patient's orthodontic problems. Treatment planning involves outlining a strategy to address the problems while maximizing benefits and minimizing risks. It discusses indications for treatment including psychosocial, developmental, functional, and trauma/disease factors. It also addresses distinguishing moderate problems treated in general practice from more complex cases requiring referral to an orthodontic specialist.
THE USE OF HAND AND WRIST RADIOGRAPH, OPG AND CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPH FOR TH...Aghimien Osaronse
This document discusses the use of hand and wrist radiographs, cephalometric radiographs, and panoramic radiographs for assessing growth in orthodontic patients. It covers the indications, methods, and clinical relevance of each radiograph type. Hand-wrist radiographs can be used to determine skeletal maturity stages and predict timing of growth spurts. Cephalometric radiographs allow assessment of cervical vertebrae maturation stages, which correlate with remaining growth. Panoramic radiographs provide dental age by evaluating tooth calcification stages. Together these radiographs provide useful information for orthodontic treatment planning and timing.
Pre & post surgical orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document summarizes the key elements of smile analysis for orthodontic treatment planning. It discusses analyzing the midline, incisor display at rest and during smiling, smile arc, symmetry, and buccal corridors. It also covers analyzing gingival health and contours, as well as dental contacts, embrasures, crown heights and widths, and mesiodistal tooth widths. The goal of smile analysis is to incorporate esthetic evaluation and guidelines to achieve an attractive balanced smile.
The document discusses various skeletal maturity indicators used to assess skeletal maturity, including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae, and dental indicators. It provides details on the anatomy of the hand and wrist bones and stages of ossification visible in hand-wrist radiographs according to different methods. It also describes the six stages of cervical vertebral maturation as seen on lateral cephalograms according to Lamparski. Comparing the stages of ossification seen in the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) to the cervical vertebral maturation stages shows similarities between the MP3-F stage and initiation stage, MP3-FG stage and acceleration stage, and MP3-G stage and transition stage.
Clinical facial analysis (CFA) is used by clinicians to evaluate a patient's face, defining its proportions, appearance, symmetry, and deformities. CFA is beneficial for orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons to diagnose deformities, plan treatment, and predict outcomes. The steps in CFA include positioning the patient and then analyzing frontal, profile, and 45 degree views of the face to assess vertical and transverse proportions, lip shape, chin position, smile, dental factors, and soft tissue contours. CFA parameters can vary based on racial background, culture, gender, and clinician preferences, and CFA should be performed at initial observation and prior to establishing treatment.
This document provides information on various model analysis techniques used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It describes Ponts analysis, Linder Harth index, Korkhaus analysis, arch perimeter analysis, Bolton's analysis, Ashley Howe's analysis, Peck and Peck index, and several mixed dentition analyses including Moyer's, Huckba's, Hixon and Oldfather's, and Nance Carey's. For each technique, it outlines the key measurements taken and how to interpret the results to assess dental arch relationships and tooth size discrepancies. Model analysis is presented as an essential diagnostic tool in orthodontics to visualize the occlusion and make precise measurements of teeth and arches.
Curve of spee /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Dr. James McNamara developed a cephalometric analysis method in 1984 to evaluate orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients. The analysis divides the craniofacial skeleton into five sections - maxilla to cranial base, maxilla to mandible, mandible to cranial base, dentition, and airway. Linear measurements of landmarks and planes are compared to normative standards to assess relationships. Advantages include using primarily linear measurements, being more sensitive to vertical changes, and providing growth guidelines that are easily explained.
The document discusses various methods for analyzing dental study models, including analyzing models apart and in occlusion. It describes measuring arch length, tooth widths, and relationships to determine discrepancies and classify malocclusions. Mixed dentition analysis methods are also discussed, such as Huckaba's method which uses radiographs to estimate the sizes of unerupted teeth.
The document discusses various concepts related to mandibular growth rotations proposed by different orthodontic researchers over time. It begins by introducing Arne Bjork who first described growth rotations in 1955. It then covers Enlow's concept of remodeling and displacement rotations. Bjork's 1969 classification of forward and backward mandibular rotations is described, including his identification of three types of forward and two types of backward rotations based on their center of rotation. The document also discusses concepts by Bjork and Skieller on total, matrix, and intramatrix rotations. Fred Schudy's concept relating rotation to the disharmony between vertical, anteroposterior and horizontal growth is summarized. Finally, Dibbets' re
This document discusses various methods of assessing skeletal maturity from radiographs, which is important for orthodontic treatment planning. It describes five main methods: 1) Greulich & Pyle atlas method comparing hand-wrist radiographs to standard images 2) Bjork, Grave & Brown method assessing nine stages of ossification in the hand and wrist 3) Fishman's Skeletal Maturity Indicators using four stages and six anatomical sites 4) Hassel and Farman method evaluating six stages of cervical vertebrae development 5) Assessment of tooth mineralization stages on panoramic radiographs. Evaluating a patient's skeletal maturity is crucial for determining prognosis, treatment goals and timing of growth modification therapies.
Value of routine ultrasound examination at 35–37 weeks’ gestation in diagnosi...Võ Tá Sơn
This study investigated the value of routine ultrasound examination at 35-37 weeks' gestation in diagnosing previously unknown fetal abnormalities. The study found:
1) Of 995 total fetal abnormalities detected, 24.8% (247) were first diagnosed at 35-37 weeks' gestation and 7.4% (74) were first diagnosed postnatally.
2) The most common abnormalities first seen at 35-37 weeks were hydronephrosis, mild ventriculomegaly, ventricular septal defect, duplex kidney, ovarian cyst, and arachnoid cyst.
3) Routine ultrasound at 35-37 weeks could potentially improve postnatal outcomes by enabling diagnosis and management planning for
Diagnosis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
1. There are several methods to assess skeletal maturity including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae shape assessment, and tooth development stages.
2. Hand-wrist radiographs can be assessed using the Greulich-Pyle atlas method or the Bjork, Grave, and Brown method which divides skeletal development into 9 stages.
3. Cervical vertebrae shape changes through 6 stages of maturation and can indicate how much growth remains.
4. Tooth development through 8 stages of calcification as shown in the Demirjian Index also corresponds to skeletal maturity.
This document summarizes Tweed's analysis of cephalometric landmarks and angles used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It describes Tweed's diagnostic facial triangle formed by the Frankfort horizontal plane, mandibular plane, and mandibular incisor plane. Norms for the angles FMA, FMIA, and IMPA are provided based on Tweed's studies. Shortcomings of the ANB angle in assessing jaw relationships are discussed. The Wits appraisal method is introduced as an alternative for measuring anteroposterior jaw disharmony. Related studies validating the Wits appraisal are summarized.
“The study of orthodontia is indissolubly connected with that of art as related to the human face.” -Dr. Edward H. Angle.
Each person shares with the rest of the population a great many characteristics, but there are enough differences to make each human being a unique individual. Such limitless variation in the size, shape and relationship of the dental, skeletal and soft tissue facial structures are important in providing each individual with his or her own identity.
Face – Difficult object to measure accurately because of
– complex morphology
– sensitivity to eyes
– its soft nature.
One of goals of orthodontic treatment is creating a balanced & harmonious facial appearance. Craniofacial symmetry is one of the aspect of this harmony. Subject of symmetry or lack of symmetry of human face has been of considerable interest, particularly in the field of Orthodontics. Minor variation is a desirable variation of craniofacial structure which is perceived as esthetically pleasing and has no esthetic or functional significance. Asymmetry becomes important when it affects the function or esthetics of the person.
The document provides an overview of the essential components of an orthodontic diagnosis and clinical examination. It lists key diagnostic aids including case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental diagnostic aids include specialized radiographs and tests. The medical, dental, and social history are important to obtain. The examination evaluates extra oral and intraoral structures as well as oral and craniofacial health, function, and speech. Facial proportions, symmetry, and divergence are analyzed. The anteroposterior jaw relationship and skeletal malocclusions are assessed. Tooth-lip relationships, soft tissue components, and microesthetics are also examined.
Extra oral examination /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Smile analysis from the orthodontic perspective.
Major determinants of smile esthetics are discussed based on the discussions of the Proffit and Graber
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It defines diagnosis as identifying and describing a patient's orthodontic problems. Treatment planning involves outlining a strategy to address the problems while maximizing benefits and minimizing risks. It discusses indications for treatment including psychosocial, developmental, functional, and trauma/disease factors. It also addresses distinguishing moderate problems treated in general practice from more complex cases requiring referral to an orthodontic specialist.
THE USE OF HAND AND WRIST RADIOGRAPH, OPG AND CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPH FOR TH...Aghimien Osaronse
This document discusses the use of hand and wrist radiographs, cephalometric radiographs, and panoramic radiographs for assessing growth in orthodontic patients. It covers the indications, methods, and clinical relevance of each radiograph type. Hand-wrist radiographs can be used to determine skeletal maturity stages and predict timing of growth spurts. Cephalometric radiographs allow assessment of cervical vertebrae maturation stages, which correlate with remaining growth. Panoramic radiographs provide dental age by evaluating tooth calcification stages. Together these radiographs provide useful information for orthodontic treatment planning and timing.
Pre & post surgical orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document summarizes the key elements of smile analysis for orthodontic treatment planning. It discusses analyzing the midline, incisor display at rest and during smiling, smile arc, symmetry, and buccal corridors. It also covers analyzing gingival health and contours, as well as dental contacts, embrasures, crown heights and widths, and mesiodistal tooth widths. The goal of smile analysis is to incorporate esthetic evaluation and guidelines to achieve an attractive balanced smile.
The document discusses various skeletal maturity indicators used to assess skeletal maturity, including hand-wrist radiographs, cervical vertebrae, and dental indicators. It provides details on the anatomy of the hand and wrist bones and stages of ossification visible in hand-wrist radiographs according to different methods. It also describes the six stages of cervical vertebral maturation as seen on lateral cephalograms according to Lamparski. Comparing the stages of ossification seen in the middle phalanx of the third finger (MP3) to the cervical vertebral maturation stages shows similarities between the MP3-F stage and initiation stage, MP3-FG stage and acceleration stage, and MP3-G stage and transition stage.
Clinical facial analysis (CFA) is used by clinicians to evaluate a patient's face, defining its proportions, appearance, symmetry, and deformities. CFA is beneficial for orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons to diagnose deformities, plan treatment, and predict outcomes. The steps in CFA include positioning the patient and then analyzing frontal, profile, and 45 degree views of the face to assess vertical and transverse proportions, lip shape, chin position, smile, dental factors, and soft tissue contours. CFA parameters can vary based on racial background, culture, gender, and clinician preferences, and CFA should be performed at initial observation and prior to establishing treatment.
This document provides information on various model analysis techniques used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It describes Ponts analysis, Linder Harth index, Korkhaus analysis, arch perimeter analysis, Bolton's analysis, Ashley Howe's analysis, Peck and Peck index, and several mixed dentition analyses including Moyer's, Huckba's, Hixon and Oldfather's, and Nance Carey's. For each technique, it outlines the key measurements taken and how to interpret the results to assess dental arch relationships and tooth size discrepancies. Model analysis is presented as an essential diagnostic tool in orthodontics to visualize the occlusion and make precise measurements of teeth and arches.
Curve of spee /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Dr. James McNamara developed a cephalometric analysis method in 1984 to evaluate orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients. The analysis divides the craniofacial skeleton into five sections - maxilla to cranial base, maxilla to mandible, mandible to cranial base, dentition, and airway. Linear measurements of landmarks and planes are compared to normative standards to assess relationships. Advantages include using primarily linear measurements, being more sensitive to vertical changes, and providing growth guidelines that are easily explained.
The document discusses various methods for analyzing dental study models, including analyzing models apart and in occlusion. It describes measuring arch length, tooth widths, and relationships to determine discrepancies and classify malocclusions. Mixed dentition analysis methods are also discussed, such as Huckaba's method which uses radiographs to estimate the sizes of unerupted teeth.
The document discusses various concepts related to mandibular growth rotations proposed by different orthodontic researchers over time. It begins by introducing Arne Bjork who first described growth rotations in 1955. It then covers Enlow's concept of remodeling and displacement rotations. Bjork's 1969 classification of forward and backward mandibular rotations is described, including his identification of three types of forward and two types of backward rotations based on their center of rotation. The document also discusses concepts by Bjork and Skieller on total, matrix, and intramatrix rotations. Fred Schudy's concept relating rotation to the disharmony between vertical, anteroposterior and horizontal growth is summarized. Finally, Dibbets' re
This document discusses various methods of assessing skeletal maturity from radiographs, which is important for orthodontic treatment planning. It describes five main methods: 1) Greulich & Pyle atlas method comparing hand-wrist radiographs to standard images 2) Bjork, Grave & Brown method assessing nine stages of ossification in the hand and wrist 3) Fishman's Skeletal Maturity Indicators using four stages and six anatomical sites 4) Hassel and Farman method evaluating six stages of cervical vertebrae development 5) Assessment of tooth mineralization stages on panoramic radiographs. Evaluating a patient's skeletal maturity is crucial for determining prognosis, treatment goals and timing of growth modification therapies.
Value of routine ultrasound examination at 35–37 weeks’ gestation in diagnosi...Võ Tá Sơn
This study investigated the value of routine ultrasound examination at 35-37 weeks' gestation in diagnosing previously unknown fetal abnormalities. The study found:
1) Of 995 total fetal abnormalities detected, 24.8% (247) were first diagnosed at 35-37 weeks' gestation and 7.4% (74) were first diagnosed postnatally.
2) The most common abnormalities first seen at 35-37 weeks were hydronephrosis, mild ventriculomegaly, ventricular septal defect, duplex kidney, ovarian cyst, and arachnoid cyst.
3) Routine ultrasound at 35-37 weeks could potentially improve postnatal outcomes by enabling diagnosis and management planning for
This document discusses various skeletal maturity indicators used to assess skeletal age and predict growth spurts. It describes methods using hand-wrist radiographs, tooth mineralization of the mandibular canine, and cervical vertebrae morphology. For hand-wrist radiographs, it outlines the anatomy and several methods to evaluate skeletal maturity stages based on ossification of carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. Tooth mineralization focuses on mandibular canine root development. Cervical vertebrae maturation is assessed using morphological changes that occur in predictable sequences.
- The document discusses cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) as a method to assess skeletal maturity based on morphological changes in cervical vertebrae visible on cephalometric radiographs.
- CVM stages correlate well with peak periods of mandibular growth. Treatment is most effective targeting the growth spurt in CVM stages 3 and 4.
- A review of 10 studies found high correlations between CVM and hand-wrist maturation methods. While hand-wrist is the gold standard, the studies concluded CVM could replace it as an indicator of skeletal maturity.
Skeletal maturity is assessed through examination of ossification centers in bones like the hand and wrist. The Greulich and Pyle atlas and Bjork method involve comparing radiographs to standardized images to determine skeletal age. Singer's method stages skeletal maturity based on characteristics like the width of epiphyses compared to diaphyses and appearance of sesamoid bones. Assessing skeletal maturity is important for orthodontic treatment planning by indicating remaining growth potential.
Overview of Diagnostic Aids
Case History and Clinical Examination- General examination
Extra-oral examination
Functional examination
Photographic Analysis
definition
category
case history
radiographic method
hand wrist radiograph
palpation method for muscle
general history
gingival type
different age term
smile arc
sime line
tongue analysis
teeth evalution
lips
competent lip
incompetent lips
potentially incompetent lips
pre and post natal history
nose examination
test for mouth breathing
treatment for tounge tie
frenectomy
high frenum attachmnet
low frenum attachment
covid -19 article
Bone age assessment is used in pediatrics to evaluate growth, maturity and diagnose disorders. The Greulich-Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse 2 methods are commonly used, involving left hand and wrist radiographs compared to bone age atlases or scoring systems. Bone age can help diagnose causes of short stature and determine timing of growth hormone treatment. It may also predict pubertal timing, peak height velocity and final adult height. Computerized bone age assessment methods show promise for increased accuracy and usefulness across different populations.
This document provides an outline for examining a patient for dental treatment. It includes sections on gathering the patient's medical history, chief complaint, dental history, and performing an extra-oral and intra-oral examination. The examinations provide information on the patient's facial profile, lip and mouth tissues, jaw joints, and residual alveolar ridges to inform a diagnosis and treatment plan. A thorough examination of the patient's health and dental status is essential for developing a prognosis and appropriate course of treatment.
This document provides guidelines for preoperative patient assessment and fasting. It outlines conducting a thorough history and physical exam to determine the patient's surgical risks and optimize perioperative care. Key parts of the assessment include the patient's medical history, medications, allergies, review of systems, and fitness classification. Recommended preoperative tests vary based on the patient and surgery. Fasting guidelines differentiate clear liquids, which require only a 2 hour fast, from solid foods and milk requiring at least a 6 hour fast prior to anesthesia.
Bone age assessment is used in pediatrics to evaluate growth, maturity and diagnose disorders. The Greulich-Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse 2 methods are commonly used, involving left hand and wrist radiographs compared to bone age atlases or scoring systems. Bone age can help diagnose causes of short stature and determine timing of growth hormone treatment. It may also predict pubertal timing, peak height velocity and final adult height. Computerized bone age assessment methods show promise for increased accuracy and usefulness across different populations.
This document provides information on diagnosis and treatment planning for complete dentures. It discusses examining the patient's medical history, dental history, psychological evaluation, and conducting an extraoral and intraoral clinical examination. The extraoral exam evaluates features like facial form, symmetry, and muscle tone. The intraoral exam assesses the arch size and form, ridge anatomy, interarch space, and other anatomical landmarks. Taking a thorough patient history and clinical exam is important for diagnosis and developing a proper treatment plan for complete dentures.
FALSE. While static images may provide some information, a dynamic assessment with provocative maneuvers is needed to fully assess for pelvic obliteration.
This document provides an overview of diagnostic aids used in orthodontics. It begins by defining diagnostic aids as clinical tools that help with diagnosis and treatment planning. It then classifies diagnostic aids as either essential or supplemental. Essential aids include case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental aids include specialized radiographs, electromyography, and hand-wrist radiographs. The document goes on to describe each diagnostic aid in detail and discusses recent advances such as digital radiography, MRI, and computed tomography. It aims to outline the key clinical tools orthodontists use to evaluate patients and plan treatment.
IMAGING REQUEST FORMS IRF ANALYSIS 2021JUDE AVOROSI
Jude Avorosi presented an analysis of imaging referral forms from their clinical practice course. A total of 33 referral forms were analyzed from 4 databases. The majority (71%) were chest examinations, while 29% were abdominal. Common indications included tuberculosis, respiratory distress syndrome, and pleural effusion. Most chest exams used PA projections, while abdominal exams used erect and supine AP views. The analysis provided an overview of the types of exams performed and helped demonstrate clinical imaging concepts from the course.
This document provides information about the steps involved in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It discusses essential diagnostic aids like case history, clinical examination including extra-oral and intra-oral examination, study casts, radiographs, and facial photographs. Supplemental diagnostic aids like specialized radiographs and electromyography are also mentioned. The conclusion restates that orthodontic diagnosis involves systematically collecting data to identify the nature and cause of a malocclusion.
Clinical Summary and reasoning Format in Practice.pptxUmarAliyuSaadu
The document discusses the clinical summary and reasoning format (CSRF) used to present pertinent patient information. The CSRF includes sections on patient history, physical exam findings, investigations, and conclusions. Conclusions are reached on the diseased system(s), pathologic process(es), functional and/or structural abnormalities, provisional diagnosis, required investigations, pathologic diagnosis, and aetiologic diagnosis. Nine pathologic processes and eight organ systems are used in the framework. The CSRF is a standardized way to track clinical reasoning and present a distilled summary of a patient's case.
Bone age estimation is important for monitoring growth, puberty, and predicting adult height. The hand wrist radiograph is commonly used, with the Greulich and Pyle (G-P) atlas and Tanner and Whitehouse methods assessing ossification centers. G-P matches radiographs to standard images while Tanner assigns scores to 20 bones. Other sites like the pelvis, elbow and knee can also indicate skeletal maturity through fusion of centers.
Orthodontic Diagnosis
For general practitioners
Prepared by Dr. M Alruby
Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It involves collection of data in a systematic manner to help in identifying the nature and cause of the problem. Comprehensive orthodontic diagnosis is established by use of certain clinical implements called diagnostic aids.
Consideration of general health, appearance and attitude:
The first step in any orthodontic examination is to form a general idea of patient's health status, physical appearance and attitude toward orthodontics.
Case history:
Case history involves eliciting and recording of relevant information from the patient and parents to aid in the overall diagnosis of the case. The information is gathered from the patient and parents.
Personal details:
Name: the patient's name should be recorded for the purpose of communication and identification. Most patients like being called by their name. Addressing the patient by his or her name has a beneficial psychological effect as well. In case of children it is wise to record their pet names.
Age: the patient's chronological age should be recorded. Age consideration helps in diagnosis as well as treatment planning. There are certain modalities that are best carried out during the growing age. Growth modification procedures using functional and orthopedic appliances are carried out during the growth period. Surgical respective procedure is best carried out after the cessation of growth.
** Dental age determination: can be determined by two different methods:
- Stage of eruption of teeth.
- Stage of tooth mineralization on radiograph.
Determination of the dental age from observation has been the only method available for long time. In certain cases however, the accuracy of the method is limited.
When determining the dental age radiographically according to the stage of germination, the degree of development of individual teeth is compared to a fixed scale.
** Skeletal age evaluation: assessment of the skeletal age is often made with the help of a hand radiograph which can be considered the biologic clock. For the analysis of skeletal maturity the stage of mineralization of the carpal bones must be determined thereafter the development of the metacarpal bones and phalanges should be evaluated. For the evaluation of the hand radiograph various indicators regarding the development and maturity are established which occur regularly in a definite sequence during skeletal development.
Sex: the patient sex should be recorded in the case history. This is important in planning treatment, as the timing of growth events such as growth spurts is different in males and females. Females usually precede males in onset of growth spurts, puberty and termination of growth.
Address and occupation: this help in evaluation of socio-economic status of the patients and parents. Some countries
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2. • Diagnosis:
– The study and interpretation of the data
concerning a clinical problem in order to
determine the presence or absence of
abnormality.
2
3. • Orthodontic
diagnosis
should be
routinely based
on various
methods of
examination.
• Comprehensive
orthodontic
diagnosis is
established by
use of certain
clinical
implements
called
diagnostic aids.
3
4. Diagnostic aids
ESSENTIAL
• Case history
• Clinical examination
• Study models
• Certain radiographs-lateral
cephalometry, OPG
• Facial photographs
SUPPLEMENTAL
• Specialized radiographs-
occlusal
• Hand wrist radiograph
• Electromyography
examination
• CT scan
4
6. • The process of orthodontic diagnosis lends
itself well to the PROBLEM ORIENTED
APPAROACH.
• The diagnosis and treatment planning are
made in a series of logical steps.
• The first two steps constitute diagnosis.
They are:
1. Development of an adequate diagnostic
database
2. Formulation of a problem list – the diagnosis –
from the database.
6
7. • For orthodontic purposes, the database may
be thought of as derived from three major
sources:
(1) patient questioning,
(2) clinical examination of the patient, and
(3) evaluation of diagnostic records, including dental
casts, radiographs, and photographs.
7
9. Chief concern
• There are three major reasons for patient
concern about the alignment and occlusion of
the teeth:
– Impaired dentofacial esthetics that can lead to
psychosocial problems,
– Impaired function, and a
– Desire to enhance dentofacial esthetics and
thereby the quality of life
9
10. Medical history
• A careful medical and dental history is needed
for orthodontic patients both to provide a
proper background for understanding the
patient’s overall situation and to evaluate
specific orthodontically related concerns.
• Two areas deserve a special attention
– Trauma resulting in TMJ injuries
– Medication of any type for systemic diseases
10
11. Various medical conditions and
precautions
MEDICAL CONDITIONS IMPLICATIONS ACTION
Allergies Allergic reactions Determine material
causing allergy and
substitute for a nonallergic
material
Coagulation disorders Bleeding risk Avoid treatment plans
involving extractions
Diabetes Periodontal breakdown Monitor adequate control
of the disease, consult
periodontist
Epilepsy Medication causing gingival
hypertrophy
Monitor excellent plaque
control
11
12. MEDICAL CONDITION IMPLICATION ACTION
Heart valve conditions Endocarditis Premedication when fitting
bands
High BP Drugs like Ca channel
blockers cause gingival
hyperplasia
Monitor oral hygiene
HIV Opportunistic infections,
periodontal diseases, cross
infection
Consult physician
Leukemia Mucositis, ulcerations Remove appliances until
remission
Physical/ mental handicap Gingivitis, muscle
hypo/hyper
activity, excess salivation
Good oral hygiene aids like
electric toothbrush,non
compliance treatment
mechanics
12
13. MEDICAL CONDITIONS IMPLICATIONS ACTION
Rheumatoid arthritis TMJ degeneration Monitor TMJ, manage with
surgeon if severe
degeneration
Xerostomia Caries Monitor for loose
appliance, consider
fluoride rinses
Pregnancy Gingival inflammation Monitor oral hygiene
13
15. Dental history
• Information about age of eruption and
exfoliation
• Earlier treatment received by the patient –
shows the attitude towards treatment
• Previous extraction – Amount of damage to
the cortical plates, resorption & remodeling
status of the bone at the extraction site
15
16. Physical growth evaluation
• Rapid growth during the adolescent growth
spurt facilitates tooth movement, but growth
modification may not be possible in a child
who is beyond the peak of the growth spurt.
Name of spurt Female Male
Infantile/ childhood
growth spurt
3yrs 3yrs
Mixed dentition/ juvenile
growth spurt
6-7yrs 7-9yrs
Pre-pubertal/ adolescent
growth spurt
11-12yrs 14-15yrs
16
17. Growth chart
Used to follow a child over time to
evaluate whether there is an
unexpected change in growth
pattern.
• Ask questions about how rapidly
the child has grown recently
• Secondary sexual characteristics
• Height - weight records and the
child’s progress on standard
growth charts can be obtained
from the child’s pediatrician
17
19. Hand wrist radiograph
• The ossification and development of the
carpal bones of the wrist, the metacarpals of
the hands, and the phalanges of the fingers
form a chronology of skeletal development
• The state of ossification of ulnar sesamoid or
hamate bones can be used to obtain an
estimate of the timing of the adolescent
growth spurt.
19
21. Bjork, Grace and Brown method
• Divided skeletal development into 9 stages.
• Each stage represents the level of skeletal
maturity.
• Chronologic ages were given by Schopf in
1978.
21
22. • Stage 1—(male-10.6y
female-8.1)– the
epiphyis and
diaphysis of the
proximal phalanx of
index finger are
equal. Occurs approx
3 years before the
peak of pubertal
growth spurt
22
24. • Stage 3 (Male-12.6y Female-9.6y)—1.hamular
process of the hamate exhibits ossification
2.Ossification of pisiform 3.The epiphysis and
diaphysis of radius are equal
24
25. • Stage 4 (Male-13 y
Female-1o.6y)-initial
mineralization of the
ulnar sesamoid of the
thumb.
• Increased ossification
of the hamular process
of the hamate bone.
• Marks the beginning
of pubertal growth
spurt.
25
26. • Stage 5----(male-
14y; female-11y)-
marks the peak of
the pubertal spurt.
• Capping of the
diaphysis by the
epiphysis is seen in
middle phalanx of
the third finger,
Proximal phalanx
of the thumb and
In radius.
26
27. Stage 6 (male-
15y;female-13y)
• Signifies the end
of pubertal
growth spurt
• Union between
diaphysis and
epiphysis of distal
phalanx of middle
finger.
27
31. Fishman Skeletal Maturity Assessment
• It uses four stage and six anatomical site
located on thumb, third finger ,fifth finger and
radius.
• 11 discrete adolescent maturity indicators
covering the entire period of adolescent
growth, are found on these sites.
31
32. • 4 stages of bone maturation are used in this
method. They are-
1. Epiphysis equal in width to diaphysis
2. Appearance of adductor sesamoid of the thumb
3. Capping of epiphysis
4. Fusion of epiphysis
32
33. • SMI 1- 3rd finger proximal phalanx
shows equal width of the
epiphysis and diaphysis
• SMI 2-width of the epiphysis
equal to that of the diaphysis in
the middle phalanx of 3rd finger
• SMI 3-width of the epiphysis
equal to that of the diaphysis in
the middle phalanx of 5th finger
• SMI 4-appearance of adductor
sesamoid of the thumb
• SMI 5-capping of the epiphysis
seen in the distal phalanx of 3rd
finger
33
34. • SMI 6- capping of the epiphysis seen
in the middle phalanx of 3rd finger
• SMI 7- capping of the epiphysis seen
in the middle phalanx of 5th finger
• SMI 8-fusion of epiphysis and
diaphysis in the distal phalanx of 3rd
finger
• SMI 9- fusion of epiphysis and
diaphysis in the proximal phalanx of
3rd finger
• SMI 10- fusion of epiphysis and
diaphysis in the middle phalanx of 3rd
finger
• SMI 11- fusion of epiphysis and
diaphysis in the radius.
34
37. • CVMI-1- Initiation stage- c2,c3 and c4 inferior
vertebral bodies are flat, superior vertebral bodies are
tapered from posterior to anterior(wedge shaped), 80-
100 % of growth remains
• CVMI-2- Acceleration stage -concavities are
developing in the lower borders of c2 and c3,lower
border of c4 vertebral body is flat,c3 and c4 are more
rectangular in shape,65- 85 % of growth remains.
37
38. • CVMI-3- Transition stage -distinct concavities are seen
in the lower borders of c2 and c3,concavity is
developing in the lower border of c4,c3 and c4 are
rectangular in shape, 25-65 % of pubertal growth
remains.
• CVMI-4- Deceleration stage -distinct concavities are
seen in the lower borders of c2 ,c3 and c4,c3 and c4
are nearly square in shape,10-25% of pubertal growth
remains
38
39. • CVMI-5- Maturation stage- accentuated
concavities of c2,c3 and c4 inferior vertebral body
borders are observed,c3 and c4 are square in
shape, 5-10 % of the pubertal growth remains
• CVMI-6- Completion stage- deep concavities are
present in c2,c3 and c4 inferior vertebral body
borders ,c3 and c4 are greater in height than in
width, pubertal growth is complete.
39
40. Social and behavioral evaluation
1. The patient’s motivation for the treatment
2. What he or she expects from the treatment
3. How cooperative or uncooperative the
patient is likely to be.
42
41. Clinical examination
• Clinical findings are the prerequisite for the
correct assessment and interpretation of the
quantitative analysis, i.e. the overall general
and the specific clinical findings, which serve
as the foundation of treatment decisions.
43
42. Overall general evaluation
• BODY TYPE
– Ectomorphic: tall & thin
– Mesomorphic: average build
– Endomorphic: short and fat
• BUILD
– Asthenic :thin built and usually possess narrow dental arches
– Plethoric/pyknic: obese built & generally have broad dental
arches
– Athletic : neither thin nor obese ; normally built and normal
dental arches
44
44. • GAIT
– Act of walking or locomotion, it is the way person walks.
– Abnormalities of gait are usually associated with
neuromuscular disorder which may have a dental
correlation.
• HEIGHT & WEIGHT
– They give a clue to the physical maturation & growth of
the patient, which may have dentofacial correlation.
• POSTURE
– This refers to the way a person stands.
– Abnormal posture can predispose to malocclusion due to
alteration in maxillo-mandibular relationship.
46
46. Cephalic and facial examination
• The shape of the head and facial structures
are assessed, measurements can be evaluated
according to the cephalic index of the head
and the morphologic facial index.
48
47. Cephalic Index
Maximum skull width
CI = _________________________
Maximum skull length
MESOCEPHALIC :Average
shape of the head-Normal
dental arch.
DOLICOCEPHALIC :Long &
narrow head-Narrow
dental arch.
BRACHYCEPHALIC: Broad
& short head-Broad
dental arch.
49
48. Morphologic facial index
Morphologic facial height
MFI = _______________________________
Bi zygomatic width.
Leptoprosopic :
long & narrow face
Mesoprosopic:
Average
face/Normal face
Euryprosopic : Broad
& short face
50
49. Examination of soft tissues
• Extra oral:
– Forehead
– Nose
– Lips
– Chin
• Intra oral:
– Tongue
– Lip and cheek frenal attachments
– Gingiva
– Oral and palatal mucosa
51
54. Nostrils
Width of nostril= approximately 70% of the length of nose
Usually oval and
Bilaterally symmetrical
Slight nasal anomaly
With wide nostrils
Cartilagenous septal
deviation
56
69. Evaluation of facial and dental
appearance
• Should be done in three steps:
1. Macro esthetics – face in all three plane of space
2. Mini esthetics – the smile framework
3. Micro esthetics – the teeth
71
79. 3. Re-evaluation of vertical facial proportions, and evaluation of mandibular plane
angle
82
80. Mini esthetics – tooth lip relationship
83
• It is important to evaluate not only the
characteristics of the face, but the relationship
of the dentition to the face. This can begin
with an examination of symmetry, in which it
is particularly important to note the
relationship of the dental midline of each arch
to the skeletal midline of that jaw
90. Drug history
• When force is delivered to a tooth and thereby
transmitted to the adjacent investing tissues, certain
mechanical, chemical, and cellular events take place
within these tissues, which allow for structural
alterations and contribute to the movement of that
tooth.
• Molecules present in drugs can reach the mechanically
stressed paradental tissues through the circulation and
interact with local target cells. The combined effect of
mechanical forces and one or more of these agents
may be inhibitory, additive, or synergistic
93
91. • NSAIDs:
– Inhibition of the inflammatory reaction produced
by PGs slows the tooth movement.
– The levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9
and MMP2) were found to be increased, along
with elevated collagenase activity, followed by a
reduction in procollagen synthesis which is
essential for bone and periodontal remodeling.
– The whole process is controlled by inhibition of
cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, leading to altered
vascular and extravascular matrix remodeling,
causing a reduction in the pace of the tooth
movement.
94
92. • Eg : aspirin, indimithacin, imidaxole,
flurbiprofen
• In such cases, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, a drug
with no effect on PGE2 synthesis, can be
prescribed.
• Because it selectively blocks COX-2 enzyme
and not COX-1 enzyme, the drug can be safely
employed during orthodontic
mechanotherapy, without causing negative
effects on tooth movement.
95
93. • Bisphosphonates:
– Cause a rise in intracellular calcium levels in
osteoclastic-like cell line, reduction of osteoclastic
activity, prevention of osteoclastic development
from hematopoietic precursors, and production of
an osteoclast inhibitory factor.
– BPNs can inhibit orthodontic tooth movement and
delay the orthodontic treatment.
96
94. • Oral contraceptives:
– Estrogen is considered to be the most important
hormone affecting the bone metabolism in
women.
– It inhibits the production of various cytokines
which are involved in bone resorption by
stimulating osteoclast formation and osteoclast
bone resorption.
– It decreases the velocity of tooth movement.
97
95. • Calcitonin:
– Calcitonin inhibits bone resorption by direct action
on osteoclasts, decreasing their ruffled surface
which forms contact with resorptive pit.
– It is considered to inhibit the tooth movement;
consequently, delay in orthodontic treatment can
be expected.
98
96. • Corticosteroids:
– The main effect of corticosteroid on bone tissue is
direct inhibition of osteoblastic function and thus
decreases total bone formation.
– Corticosteroids increase the rate of tooth
movement, and since new bone formation can be
difficult in a treated patient, they decrease the
stability of tooth movement and stability of
orthodontic treatment in general.
99
97. • Immunomodulatory drugs:
– Immunomodulatory drugs modulate nuclear
factor kappa - Beta , tyrosine kinases in signaling
pathway, IL - 6, MMPs and PGE2, all of which are
essential for the bone remodeling process.
– Cyclosporine A: produce severe gingival
hyperplasia, making orthodontic treatment and
maintenance of oral hygiene difficult.
– Anticancer drugs: are known to produce damage
to precursor cells involved in bone remodeling
process, thereby complicating tooth movement.
100
98. • Anticonvulsants:
– It induces gingival hyperplasia, , making
application of orthodontic mechanics and
maintaining oral hygiene difficult.
– If used during pregnancy, it can produce fetal
hydantoin syndrome characterized by hypoplastic
phalanges, cleft palate, hare lip, and microcephaly.
101
99. • Fluorides:
– Fluoride is one of the trace elements having an
effect on tissue metabolism.
– Sodium fluoride has been shown to inhibit the
osteoclastic activity and reduce the number of
active osteoclasts, thus delay orthodontic tooth
movement and increase the time of orthodontic
treatment.
102
100. Mental attitude of patients
• MM House Classification (1950)
– Philosophical
– Exacting
– Hysterical
– Indifferent
103
101. • Philosophical:
– The best mental attitude for denture acceptance is the
philosophical type.
– This patient is rationale, sensible, calm and composed
in different situations.
– These patients are willing to rely on the dentist’s
advice for diagnosis and treatment.
• Exacting:
– The exacting patient may have all of good attributes of
the philosophical patients; however he may require
extreme care, effort and patience on the part of
dentist.
– This patient is methodical, precise, and accurate and
at times makes severe demands.
– Once satisfied an exacting patient may become the
practioner’s greatest supporter
104
102. • Hysterical:
– The hysterical type is emotionally unstable, excitable
and excessively apprehensive.
– These patients submit to treatment alas a last resort,
have negative attitude, are often in poor health, are
poorly adjusted, often appear exacting but with
unfounded complaints, and have unrealistic
expectations.
• Indifferent:
– The indifferent type of patients presents a
questionable or unfavorable prognosis.
– He is apathetic and uninterested and lacks motivation.
– He pays no attention to instructions, will not co-
operate, and is prone to blame the dentist for poor
dental health.
105
103. Growth changes in soft tissue
• Upper lip length:
– Mean: males- 23.8mm
females- 20.1mm
– From 7 to 18yrs, increased from 19.8mm to
22.5mm in males, and 19.1mm to 20.2mm in
females.
– Average increment 2.7mm in males, 1.15mm in
females.
106
104. • Nose height:
– At 7 years, nearly same in both sexes.
– Rapid increase between 7 to 8 years, slowed down
between 8 to 11yrs, with pubertal acceleration
during 14 to 17 yrs.
• Chin:
– Soft tissue thickness at the level of soft tissue
pogonion showed total increase of 2.7mm in
males and 2mm in females.
107
105. • Nasolabial angle:
– Decreased from 7 yrs to 18 yrs in both sexes.
– Males: from 107.89.4 degrees to 105.89
degrees
– Females: from 114.79.5 degrees to 110.710.9
degrees
• Mentolabial angle:
– Males: 125.38.4 degrees at 7yrs to 125.112.9
degrees at 18yrs
– Females: 136.111.6 degrees at 7 yrs to
127.112.9 degrees at 18 yrs.
108
106. • Lip tonicity:
– Normal lip: minimal tonicity
– Hypertonic lip: firm and redder
– Hypotonic lip: flaccid
• Upper lip:
– With lip tension- contour flattens.
– Flaccid lips form an accentuated curve with the vermilion
lip area showing an accentuation of curve.
– The flaccid lip generally is thick (12 to 20 mm from
anterior vermilion to labial incisor) giving the lip the
appearance of being too far forward relative to the teeth.
• Lower lip:
– When deeply curved, the lower lip is flaccid in character
(Class II, vertical maxillary deficiency).
– When flattened, the lower lip demonstrates tension of
tissues (Class III). 109
107. • Hyperactive mentalis:
– Deep mentolabial sulcus is characteristic of
hyperactive mentalis muscle.
– It impedes forward development of the anterior
alveolar process of the mandible.
– Occurs together with lip sucking or lip thrust.
– Causes puckering of chin
– Seen in Class II div 1 cases
110
108. Functional Analysis
• Functional analysis constitutes a considerable
part of the clinical examination.
• Three most important aspects are:
1. Examination of postural rest position and
maximum intercuspation
2. Examination of temporomandibular joint
3. Examination of orofacial dysfunction
111
109. 1. Examination of postural rest position and
maximum intercuspation
i. Determination of postural rest position
ii. Registration of postural rest position
iii. Evaluation of the relationship: postural rest
position and habitual occlusion, in three planes
of space
112
111. Determination of postural rest position
• When the mandible is in the postural resting
position, it is usually 2-3mm below and behind
the centric occlusion- referred to as freeway
space or interocclusal clearance
• Methods:
– Phonetic method
– Command method
– Non-command method
– Combined methods
Speculum – A.M. Schwarz
114
118. Evaluation of the relationship: postural rest
position and habitual occlusion
• It is analyzed three dimensionally in the
sagittal, vertical and frontal planes
• Closing movement divided into two phases:
– Free phase
– Articular phase
122
119. • When closing, mandible may undergo
rotational and sliding movement:
– Pure rotational movement
– Rotational movement with anterior sliding
component
– Rotational movement with posterior sliding
component
123
124. Evaluation in vertical plane
• The freeway space is assessed.
• Important with deep overbite cases.
• According to Hotz and Muhlemann:
– True deep bite
– Pseudo deep bite
128
125. Evaluation in transverse plane
• Position of midline is observed.
• Relevant is cases with posterior unilateral
crossbite.
• Two types of skeletal mandibular deviation:
1. Laterognathy
2. Lateroclusion
129
132. • Deviations from the normal mandibular
movements are a result of asynchronic muscle
contractions, malocclusions, etc.
• Deviations are the first signs of initial
temporomandibular joint problems.
• “C” and “S” types of deviations are typical
signs of functional disturbances.
136
133. Radiographic examination
• Radiographs taken in habitual occlusion
and/or in open-mouth position are suitable
for examination.
• When analyzing radiographs, following
findings are registered:
– Position of condyle in relation to fossa,
– Width of joint space,
– Change in shape and structure of condylar head
and/or mandibular fossa.
137
142. Speech dysfunction
• Tongue and lip dysfunctions lead to speech
difficulties, as the normal relationship is
hampered and pronunciation is affected.
146
152. Orthodontic classification
• Classification has traditionally been an
important tool in the diagnosis-treatment
planning procedure.
• Classification can be viewed as the (orderly)
reduction of the database to a list of the
patient's problems.
156
153. Classification of malocclusion
• Any deviations from normal occlusion can be
termed as malocclusion, which may vary from
a very slight deviation of a tooth position in
the arch to a significant malpositioning of a
group of teeth or jaws.
157
154. 158
Purpose of Classification :
• Classification helps in diagnosis and planning
treatment for the patients.
• It helps in visualizing and understanding the
problems associated with that malocclusion.
• It helps in communicating the problem.
• Comparison of various malocclusion is made
easy by classification.
159. Malrelation of dental arches
Sagittal plane malocclusion
• Pre normal occlusion- lower arch is more
forwardly placed
• Post normal occlusion- lower arch is more
distally placed.
163
163. Normal occlusion
• Normal antero-posterior relationship
between maxilla and mandible.
• Normal molar relationship
• Line of occlusion is a smooth, continuous and
symmetric catenary curve.
167
164. Class I malocclusion
Class I molar relationship
Mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first
molar occludes in the buccal groove of
the mandibular 1st permanent molar
168
165. • Crowding, spacing, rotations missing tooth etc.
• Normal skeletal and normal muscle relationship
• Class I bimaxillary protrusion– normal class I
relationship but dentition of both the arches are
forwardly placed in relation to facial profile
169
166. Angle’s class II malocclusion
• Class II molar relationship- disto buccal cusp
of the upper first permanent molar occludes
in the buccal groove of the lower 1st molar
• It is sub classified into
class II division 1
class II division 2
class II subdivision
170
167. Class II div 1
• Class II molar relation
• Proclined upper incisors –increased overjet
• Presence of abnormal muscle activity-
characterstic feature
• Altered tongue positon- accentuates
narrowing of upper arch
• Lip trap- lower lip cushions the palatal aspect
of the upper teeth
171
169. Class II div 2
• Class II molar relation
• Lingually inclined upper central incisors
• Labially tipped lateral incisors overlapping
the centrals
• Normal perioral muscle activity
• Abnormal backward path of closure
173
172. Angles’ Class III malocclusion
Class III molar relationship-
Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first
Molar occludes in the interdental
Space between the distal cusp of
mandibular first molar and second
Molar.
• Classified into-
True class iii
Pseudo class iii
176
173. TRUE CLASS III
• Class III molar relation
• Lower incisors lingually inclined
• Lower tongue posture- narrow upper arch
177
174. PSEUDO CLASS III
• Caused by forward movement of the mandible-
postural or habitual class iii
• Causes of pseudo class iii:-
Occlusal prematurity
Loss of deciduous molars
Large adenoids
178
175. CLASS III SUBDIVISION
• CLASS III MOLAR RELATION ON ONE SIDE AND
CLASS I RELATION ON THE OTHER
179
176. Angle’s line of occlusion:
When the teeth are in normal occlusion the line of
greatest occlusal contact will be found to pass over the
mesial and distal inclined planes of the buccal cusps of
the molars and bicuspids and the cutting edges of the
cuspids and incisors of the lower arch, and along the
sulcus between the buccal and lingual cusps of the upper
molars and bicuspids, hence forward, crossing the lingual
ridge of the cuspids and the marginal ridges of the
incisors at a point about one-third the length of their
crowns from their cutting-edges.
180
177. DRAWBACKS OF ANGLE’S
CLASSIFICATION
• First permanent molar not a fixed point
• Classification is not possible if first molars are
missing
• Malocclusion is considered only in a-p direction
• Individual tooth malocclusion is not considered
• No differentiation between skeletal and dental
malocclusion
• No clue about etiology
181
178. 182
• Modifications by Martin Dewey
Class I malocclusion with-
Type I: Crowded anterior teeth.
Type II: Protrusive maxillary incisors.
Type III: Anterior crossbite.
Type IV: Posterior crossbite.
Type V: Mesial drifting of permanent molar.
179. 183
• Class III with
Type I:Viewed separately, arches are normal,
in occlusion- Edge-to-edge incisor relationship.
Type II:Crowding& lingual relation of
mandibular incisors to maxillary incisors.
Type III:Crowding&cross bite relationship of
maxillary incisor.
180. 184
• Lischer’s modifications – Introduced terms-
1. ‘Neutrocclusion’- Angle’s Class I.
2. ‘Distocclusion’ – Angle’s Class II.
3. ‘Mesiocclusion’ – Angle’s Class III.
He also added the suffix ‘version’
1. Buccoversion.
2. Linguoversion.
3. Supraversion.
4. Infraversion.
182. 186
Simon’s Classification:
• Introduced in 1930s
• Related the teeth to the
rest of the face &
cranium in all three
dimensions.
• Related dental arches to
3 anthropologic planes-
1. The Frankfurt horizontal
plane.
2. The orbital plane.
3. The midsagittal plane.
183. 187
• The vertical relationship (Frankfurt’s plane)-
1. Plane is from porion to orbitale.
2. Closer the dental arch to this plane – attraction.
3. Away from this plane – abstraction.
• The Anteroposterior relationship (Orbital plane)-
1. Perpendicular to the Frankfurt plane.
2. Passes through distal third of upper canine –
‘Simon’s law of the canine’.
3. Further from this plane- Protraction.
4. Closer to this plane – Retraction.
184. 188
• The mediolateral relationship (Midsagittal
plane): It is in the transverse direction.
1. Away from this plane – Distraction.
2. Close to this plane – Contraction.
Advantages of Simon’s classification-
1. Orients the dental arches to the facial
skeleton.
2. Malpositions of teeth & osseous dysplasia
are separated.
185. 189
Ackermann - Proffit Classification
• Developed in 1960s.
• Combination of two schemes – the Angle
classification & the Venn diagram.
• The Venn diagram offers visual
demonstration to the complex interrelated
variables.
187. 191
• Classification by groups-
Group 1 – Alignment & symmetry.
Group 2 – Profile.
Group 3 – Lateral or transverse deviations.
Group 4 – Sagittal or anteroposterior deviations.
Group 5 – Vertical deviations.
Group 6, 7, 8 & 9 from interlocking subsets.
188. 192
• Method of application of the classification-
Diagnostic information required.
Step I – Analysis of alignment & symmetry.
Alignment
Possibilities are – ideal, crowding, spacing,
mutilated.
Step II – Analysis of profile.
Anterior or posterior divergence
Lips – convex, straight, concave.
Step III – Analysis of transverse plane.
Can be dentoalveolar or skeletal.
Maxillary or mandibular used to indicate the
jaw involved.
189. 193
Step IV – Analysis of sagittal plane.
Class
Angle’s classification applied.
Can be dentoalveolar or skeletal.
Step V – Analysis of vertical dimension.
Bite depth
Can be dentoalveolar or skeletal.
The possibilities are – Anterior openbite, anterior
deep bite, posterior openbite, posterior collapsed
bite.
190. 194
Advantages-
1. Very comprehensive.
2. Both skeletal & dental aspects considered.
3. Adaptable to computer processing.
Disadvantages-
1. Etiology not taken into consideration.
2. Analysis is essentially static.
191. 195
E.g. of the clinical application of this classification
– Group 9 indicates –
Alignment – both arches crowded.
Profile – Posterior divergent/convex.
Type – Maxillary palatal crossbite, bilaterally,
skeletal & dental.
Class - Class I, excessive overjet, Class II skeletal.
Bite – Openbite, skeletal.
192. Additions to the Five-Characteristics
Classification System
• Two things particularly help more thorough
analysis:
(I)evaluating the orientation of the esthetic line of
the dentition, which is related to but different
from Angle's functional line of occlusion, and
(2) supplementing the traditional three-dimensional
description of facial and dental relationships with
rotational characteristics around each plane of
space
196
193. l. Esthetic line of the dentition.
• In modern analysis,a nother curved line characterizing
the appearanceo f the dentition is important, the one
that is seen when evaluating anterior tooth display
(Figure 6-66).
• This line, the estheticl ine of the dentition, follows the
facial edges of the maxillary anterior and posterior
teeth. The orientation of this line, like the orientation
of the head and jaws,i s bestd escribedw hen the
rotational axeso f pitch, roll and yaw are consideredi n
addition to transversea, nteroposterior and vertical
planes of space.
197
194. 2. Pitch, roll, and yaw in systematic
description
• A complete description, however, requires
consideration of both translation
(forward/backward, up/down, right left) in
three-dimensionasl pacea nd rotation about
three perpendicular axes (pitch, roll and yaw).
• The introduction of rotational axes into
systematic description of dentofacial traits
significantly improves the precisiono f the
description.
198
195. • Pitch, roll and yaw of the estheticl ine of the
dentition is a particularly useful way to
evaluate the relationship of the teeth to the
soft tissues that frame their display.
199
196. 200
Bennet’s Classification
Based on etiology –
1. Class I – Abnormal position of one or more
teeth due to local causes.
2. Class II – Abnormal formation of either arch
due to developmental defects.
3. Class III – Abnormal relationship between U/L
arches
- Between either arches and facial contour.
- Correlated abnormal formation of either
arch.
197. Skeletal classification
• It derives basis from the classic Angle’s
classification and Strang’s interpretation of
the former.
201
198. Skeletal class I: Orthognathic face
Important features may be:
• 1. Straight profile
• 2. Normal ANB angle : 2°
2
• 3. Normal facial angle
(Downs): 82• to 95•
(mean 87.3D)
• 4. Angle of convexity
(Downs): +10• to -8.5
(mean 0)
202
199. Skeletal class II: Retrognathic face
• That may be due to
prognathic maxilla or
retrognathic mandible
Important features may be:
• 1. Convex profile
• 2. Increased ANB
• 3. Reduced facial angle
• 4. Increased angle of
convexity
• 5. Severe backward rotation
of the mandible may also be
present.
203
200. Skeletal class III: Prognathic face
• That may be due to
prognathic mandible or
retrognathic maxilla
Important features may be:
• 1. Concave profile
• 2. Prominent chin
• 3. Decreased ANB
• 4. Increased facial angle
• 5. Reduced angle of
convexity.
204
201. 205
British Standard Classification
• Incisor classification – Ballard & Wayman (1964).
• Forms the basis of British standard classification.
Class I – Lower incisor edges preclude with or lie immediately below
the cingulum of the upper central incisors.
Class II – Incisor edges lie posterior to the cingulum.
Div 1 – Increase in overjet & proclination of upper central incisors.
Div 2 – Upper central incisors are retroclined.
Class III – Incisor edges lie anterior to cingulum.
202. Katz premolar classification
• Given by Morton Katz (1992)
• Shifted the focus from the molars, canines and
incisors to the region of premolars for the
purpose of classifying malocclusion.
206
203. • Premolar class I:
– It is identified when the most anterior upper
premolar fits exactly into the embrasure created by
the distal contact of the most anterior lower premolar.
– This definition applies when a full complement of
premolars are present, i.e. whether one upper
premolar opposes two lower premolars, or two upper
premolars oppose one lower premolar, or whether
only one premolar is present in each quadrant
207
204. • Premolar class II: Here the most anterior
upper premolar is occluding mesial of the
embrasure created by the distal contact of the
most anterior lower premolar. The
measurement has a (+) sign
208
205. • Premolar class III: Here the most anterior
upper premolar ls occluding distal of the
embrasure created by the distal contact of the
most anterior lower premolar. The
measurement has a (-) sign.
209
206. • Advantages
• The advantages of the premolar classification
system are:
1. This system provides a quantitative treatment
objective that is needed to attain excellent buccal
occlusion.
2. It provides some flexibility in terms of finishing a
case in functional class II or class III buccal
occlusion, while keeping buccal interdigitation as
the prime goal.
3. In deciduous and mixed dentition cases,
emphasis is shifted from the permanent first
molars to the region of current importance, i.e.
deciduous molar region.
210
207. • Disadvantages
• The disadvantages of this system are:
1. Premolars are commonly missing, malformed
or supernumerary, hence measurement is not
always possible.
2. Severely rotated and ectopically erupted
premolars present problems.
3. No consideration for the facial balance and
aesthetics.
211
210. References:
• Contemporary orthodontics. William R. Profit,
Henry W. Fields, David M. Sarver. 4th and 5th
edition
• Color Atlas of Dental Medicine: Orthodontics
Diagnosis. Rakosi, Jonas, Graber.
• Orthodontics diagnosis and management of
malocclusion and dentofacial deformity. Om
Prakash Kharbanda. 1st edition.
214
211. References:
• Grave, K.C., Brown, T. Skeletal ossification and
the adolescent growth spurt. AJO: 69. 6. 611-
615, 1976
• Hassel., B. Farman., A.G. Skeletal maturity
evaluation using cervical vertebrae, AJO-DO .
Jan 58-66. 1995.
215
Editor's Notes
Helps in identifying priorities and desires of the patients
Recorded in patients own words
Ask a series of leading questions to find out what really bothers the patient.
At this stage, the objective is to find out what is important to the the patient
Helps in setting the treatment objectives
It helps to know the relative priority of the patient- esthetic / functional /both
Used to follow a child over time to evaluate whether there is an unexpected change in growth pattern.
Ask questions about how rapidly the child has grown recently
Secondary sexual characteristics
Height - weight records and the child’s progress on standard growth charts can be obtained from the child’s pediatrician
If the hand wrist film shows delayed skeletal development, the growth spurt probably still is in the future; if the skeletal age indicates considerable maturity, adolescent growth of the jaws probably has already occurred.
The primary indication for a hand wrist film is a child with a skeletal Class II problem whose chronologic age suggests that adolescence should be well advanced, but who is somewhat immature sexually and who would benefit from growth modification.
Hassel and Farman developed a system of skeletal maturation determination using cervical vertebrae. The shapes of the cervical vertebrae were found to be
different at different levels of skeletal development. The shapes of the vertebral bodies of C3 and C4 vertebrae changed from a relatively wedged shape to
a rectangular shape and further to a square shape. The increase in vertical height was associated with increasing skeletal maturity, Also, it was observed that the inferior vertebral borders were flat initially and became concave with increased skeletal maturity. The curvature of the inferior vertebral borders were seen to appear sequentially from C2 to C3 to C4 as the skeleton matured.
Motivation can be internal or external
Children show external motivation
Older patients often show internal motivation
Self motivation for treatment often starts at puberty.
Height of forehead should be 1/3rd of the length of the entire face
In cases with steep forehead, dental bases are more prognathic than in cases with flat forehead.
Whether a face is considered beautiful is greatly affected by cultural and ethnic factors, but whatever the culture, a disproportionate face becomes a psychosocial problem. For that reason, it helps to recast the purpose of this part of the clinical evaluation as an evaluation of facial
proportions,n ot estheticsp er se.D istorted and asymmetric facial features are a major contributor to facial esthetic problems, whereas proportionate features are acceptable if not always beautiful. An appropriate goal for the facial examination therefore is to detect disproportions
Low set ears, or eyes that are unusually far apart (hypertelorism) may indicate either the presenceo f a syndromeo r a microform
of a craniofaciala nomaly. In the frontal view, one looks for bilateral symmetry in the fifths of the face and for proportionality of the widths of the
eyes/nose/mouth
da Vinci and Durer concluded that the distance from the hairline to the base of the nose, base of nose to bottom of nose, and nose to chin should
be the same. Farkas'studies
A careful examination of the facial profile yields the same information, though in less detail for the underlying skeletal relationships, as that obtained from
analysiso f lateralc ephalometricr adiographsF. or diagnostic purposes, particularly to identify patients with severe disproportions, careful clinical evaluation is adequate. For this reason, the technique of facial profile analysis has sometimes been called the "poor man's cephalometric analysis