“The study of orthodontia is indissolubly connected with that of art as related to the human face.” -Dr. Edward H. Angle.
Each person shares with the rest of the population a great many characteristics, but there are enough differences to make each human being a unique individual. Such limitless variation in the size, shape and relationship of the dental, skeletal and soft tissue facial structures are important in providing each individual with his or her own identity.
Face – Difficult object to measure accurately because of
– complex morphology
– sensitivity to eyes
– its soft nature.
One of goals of orthodontic treatment is creating a balanced & harmonious facial appearance. Craniofacial symmetry is one of the aspect of this harmony. Subject of symmetry or lack of symmetry of human face has been of considerable interest, particularly in the field of Orthodontics. Minor variation is a desirable variation of craniofacial structure which is perceived as esthetically pleasing and has no esthetic or functional significance. Asymmetry becomes important when it affects the function or esthetics of the person.
2. FACIAL ASYMMETRY
Guided By:
Dr. Suresh Kangne
Dr. Anand Ambekar
Dr. Pravinkumar Marure
Dr. Yatishkumar Joshi
Dr. Chaitanya Khanapure
Dr. Rashmi Dhanashetti
Presented By:
Dr. Abhidnya Madansure
5. “
“The study of orthodontia is indissolubly
connected with the art related to the
human face.”
-Dr. Edward H. Angle.
6. Introduction
◇Each person shares many characteristics with the
rest of the population.
◇Variation - provides his or her own identity.
Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am.
7. Attractiveness
Averageness
Sexual
dimoarphism
Youthfulness
Asymmetry
No human Face – symmetric
Goal of orthodontic treatment -
create a balanced n
harmonious facial proportion
Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am.
2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
8. ◇Symmetry:
“Equality or correspondence in the form of parts
distributed around a centre or an axis, at the two
extremes or poles, or on the two opposite sides of
the body.”
(Steadman’s Medical dictionary)
◇Clinically, symmetry means balance, where as
asymmetry means imbalance.
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
Introduction
9. ◇Facial Asymmetry –
“Imbalances that occur between homologous
parts of the face affecting the proportion of these
parts to one another with regard to size, form, and
position on opposite sides of a plane, line or point.”
◇The division of normal from the abnormal –
clinician’s sense of balance and patient’s
perception of imbalance
Introduction
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
10. Right & left facial asymmetries
Cleft lip
Tooth size
Cheong YW, Lo LJ. Facial Asymmetry: Etiology, Evaluation, and Management. Chang Gung Med J 2011;34:341-51
Introduction
11. ◇Asymmetry of the upper face- 5%,
◇ Middle third -36%
◇ Lower third /deviation of the chin-75%
Introduction
12. Among orthodontic patients,
Mandibular midline deviation 62%
Maxillary midline deviation 39%
Molar classification asymmetry 22%
Maxillary occlusal asymmetry 20%
Mandibular occlusal asymmetry 18%
Facial asymmetry 6%
Chin deviation 4%
Nose deviation 3%
Introduction
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
14. Woo (1931)–
◇Cranial bones – asymetric.
Right frontal, temporal & parital- larger.
◇Facial bones- left zygoma and maxilla– larger.
Review of
literature
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
15. Peck-
◇Less asymmetry and more dimensional stability
as the cranium is approached.
◇Tendency toward right-side - not statistically
significant.
Review of
literature
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
16. Vig and Hewitt 1975:
◇Cranial base - larger left side
◇Mandibular region - larger left side
◇Maxillary region -larger right side
◇Dentoalveolar symmetry - compensatory change.
Review of
literature
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
17. Sharad Shah & M. R. Joshi – 1978 :
◇Pleasing & apparently symmetrical faces do exhibit
skeletal asymmetry.
◇Soft tissue of the face attempts to minimize the
underlying skeletal asymmetry.
Review of
literature
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
19. According to Wool –
◇“Facial asymmetry is due to asymmetric
development of the brain, with dominance of the right
hemisphere possibly influencing an asymmetric
muscular habit, such as unilateral mastication.”
Etiology
21. 1. Clefts of lip or palate –
Facial deformity with associated
collapse of maxillary dental arch.
Left sided : right sided – 2:1.
Genetic
Etiology
22. 2. Hemifacial microsomia –
Defect in proliferation & migration of early
embryonic neural crest cells.
Affects craniofacial region
Mandibular asymmetry
Dental
Etiology
23. 3. Hemifacial hypertrophy –
Due to asymmetry in primary distribution of neural
crest cells.
Both soft & calcified tissues.
Commonly seen on right side.
Etiology
24. 4. Congenital muscular torticollis –
Shortening of at least one of the
cervical muscles.
Usually - sternocleidomastoid muscle.
5. Postural scoliosis –
Deformity outside the spine
High incidence of lateral malocclusion.
Etiology
25. b
6. Hemifacial atrophy –
Perrie-Romberg syndrome.
Slowly progressing atrophy
of subcutaneous tissues, fat &
bone.
Females > males. Left > right.
Roots – underdeveloped -
Failure of eruption - openbite
on affected side.
Etiology
26. bishara
7. Mandibulofacial dysostosis.
Treacher Collins syndrome
Ears, eyes, cheekbones, jaws.
8. Plagiocephaly.
Flat head syndrome
Asymmetrical distortion of
the skull.
Etiology
27. ◇Transient effects
◇Restoration - within a few weeks to
several months.
Environmental
1. Intrauterine pressure
◇Parturition - Molding of parietal & facial bones
from pressures – facial asymmetry.
Etiology
28. 2. Trauma & infection –
◇Trauma & infection within TM joint
◇Ankylosis
◇Untreated fractures of condyle.
– compensatory growth leading to overgrowth
of condyle on affected side.
Etiology
29. 3. Rheumatoid arthritis
4. Neuromuscular disturbances – damage to
nerve – loss of muscle function & tone –
asymmetry.
Etiology
30. U v cheong
5. Sucking habits or asymmetrical chewing habits
6. Various pathologic conditions – osteochondroma
of condyle.
◇Facial asymmetry, open bite on involved side, &
mandibular deviation.
Etiology
32. 1. Asymmetry according to Lundstorm in 1961
Quantitative
asymmetry -
differences in the
number
Qualitative asymmetry
-difference in size,
location of the teeth,
position of the arches.
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
Classification
33. VERTICAL ASYMMETRY TRANSVERSE ASYMMETRY
SAGITTAL ASYMMETRY
2. According to the involvement of facial plane
Classification
35. 1. Dental asymmetries-
Congenitally missing tooth or teeth
Shape and size alteration of the teeth
Shape of dental arches.
Midline deviations
Classification
36. 2. Skeletal asymmetries –
◇Involve one or more skeletal structures on one
side of the face.
Skeletal asymmetry
Hemimandibular elongation Hemimandibular hyperplasia
Body elongation Condylar / ramus elongation
Obwegeser (1986)
Classification
37. Hemimandibular elongation Hemimandibular hyperplasia
Midline deviation Opposite side Same side
Gonial angle Flattening on affected side Normal or more acute
Midline notching Absent Present
38. Body elongation
Condyle / ramus
elongation
Plane of discrepancy Horizontal/ transverse Vertical
Gonial angle Flattening Acute
Mandibular & occlusal
Planes
No vertical Difference Vertical Difference
Unilateral openbite Absent Present
39. 3. Muscular asymmetries –
◇Muscular asymmetry – e. g. hemifacial atrophy
◇Muscle size discrepancy – e. g. masseter hypertrophy.
◇Abnormal muscle function.
Classification
40. U v cheong
4. Functional asymmetries –
◇Occlusal interferences.
◇Constricted maxillary arch
◇TM joint derangement - anteriorly displaced disc
without reduction
– midline shift due to interferences in mandibular
translation on affected side.
Classification
44. A. Medical history
B. Dental evaluation
C. Photograph for facial evaluation
D. Radiographs: Lateral cephalograms
Panoramic evaluations
PA views
TMJ imaging
Essential patient evaluations for
facial asymmetry
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
Diagnosis
45. A. Medical history
◇Prenatal / natal history
◇Forceps delivery
◇Rule out any underlying medical condition or
syndrome which can present as a facial
asymmetry.
eg. Treacher Collins syndrome, torticollis,
scoliosis, plagiocephaly etc.
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
Diagnosis
46. B. Dental evaluation
◇Evaluation of dental midlines.
■Mouth open
■Initial contact
■Centric occlusion
■Difference between true asymmetry &
functional asymmetry needs to be assessed.
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
Diagnosis
47. ◇Vertical occlusal evaluation.
■Canted occlusal plane
■Can be observed by asking the patient to bite on
tongue blade & determine its relation to inter-
pupillary plane.
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
Diagnosis
48. ◇Transverse & anteroposterior occlusal evaluations.
■Careful diagnosis of unilateral posterior crossbite to
evaluate if it is skeletal, dental or functional.
■Deviation of mandible from CR to CO
■Occlusal view – intra-arch analysis
Diagnosis
49. Intra-arch Analysis
Antero-posterior reference plane -
mid palatal raphae
Transverse reference plane -
Tuberosity plane (drawn
perpendicular to AP plane)
The position of teeth and arch
symmetry - measured with respect
to these plane
Diagnosis
50. The anterior point - lingual frenum
The posterior point - a
perpendicular, which runs from the
posterior edge of the raphe from the
maxillary to the mandibular cast
Diagnosis
51. Symmetrograph
Asymmetrical arch shape in transverse
and anteroposterior direction, -
assessed using a template, oriented to
mid-palatal raphe and tuberosity plane
Diagnosis
52. ◇Soft tissue evaluation
■Deviations in dorsum & tip of nose, philtrum & chin
point.
■Asymmetry of mandible is characterized by:
1) Deviation of chin to one side
2) Dentoskeletal midline discrepancies
3) Crossbite
4) Canting of occlusion plane may also be seen.
Diagnosis
53. C. Photograph for facial evaluation
Proffit W. Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd Ed
Diagnosis
54. Submental view and Supracranial view
◇Patient’s head - extended to 450.
◇Useful to assess symmetry
◇Asymmetries of anterior cranial vault,
orbital areas and cheeks and Nasal
deformities
Proffit W. Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd Ed
Diagnosis
55. ◇Compare full face photograph with composites
consisting of two right or two left Sides.
Proffit W. Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd Ed
Diagnosis
Left symmetry Original Right symmetry
56. ◇The positions nasal bridge, nasal
tip, filtrum, chin point are
assessed with dental landmarks
i.e. upper incisor midline, lower
incisor midline
Proffit W. Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd Ed
Diagnosis
57. ◇ Rule of fifth describe the
ideal transverse relationship
of the face.
Proffit W. Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd Ed
Diagnosis
58. ◇A well proportioned face is vertically
divided in to equal thirds
◇Subnasale to upper lip inferior - lower
lip superior to soft tissue menton - 1/3rd
and 2/3rd.
Proffit W. Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd Ed
Diagnosis
59. Deficient or excess
◇Total width is compared with total
face height (ratio)
◇Zy-zy/Tr-Gn x 100= 75%
◇Zy-zy =0.75x facial height
Proffit W. Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd Ed
Diagnosis
60. 1. Lateral cephalogram-
◇Used to assess A-P and vertical relationships
◇Limited value in diagnosing asymmetries
◇Ramal height, mandibular length & gonial angle.
Radiographs
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
Diagnosis
61. 2. Panoramic radiograph –
◇Presence of gross pathology, missing or
supernumerary teeth.
◇Shape of mandibular ramus & condyles.
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
Diagnosis
62. 3. Postero-anterior projection –
◇Valuable tool
◇Right & left structures are located at relatively
equal distances from the film & x-ray source.
◇Can be taken in centric occlusion & mouth open
position
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
Diagnosis
63. GRUMMONS ANALYSIS - 1987.
Grummons DC, Kappeyne Van De Coppello MA. A frontal asymmetry analysis. J Clin Orthod 1987;21:448-65.
Diagnosis
64. 1. Mandibular Morphology -
◇Left and right triangles – Co- -
Ag-Me.
◇These are split by the ANS-Me
line and compared.
Grummons DC, Kappeyne Van De Coppello MA. A frontal asymmetry analysis. J Clin Orthod 1987;21:448-65.
Diagnosis
65. 2. Volumetric Comparison
◇intersection with a perpendicular
from Co to MSR.
◇Two "volumes" are calculated -
Co-Ag-Me and the intersection
point
Grummons DC, Kappeyne Van De Coppello MA. A frontal asymmetry analysis. J Clin Orthod 1987;21:448-65.
Diagnosis
66. ◇Perpendiculars to MSR from J and Ag
◇Connecting lines from Cg to J and Ag.
◇Produces two pairs of triangles, each
pair bisected by MSR.
◇If perfect symmetry - four triangles
become two, J-Cg-J and Ag-Cg-Ag.
3. Maxillo-Mandibular Comparison of Asymmetry -
Grummons DC, Kappeyne Van De Coppello MA. A frontal asymmetry analysis. J Clin Orthod 1987;21:448-65.
Diagnosis
67. 4. Linear Asymmetries -
◇Linear distance is measured
from MSR to Co, NC, J, Ag, and
Me.
Grummons DC, Kappeyne Van De Coppello MA. A frontal asymmetry analysis. J Clin Orthod 1987;21:448-65.
Diagnosis
68. 5. Maxillo-Mandibular Relation -
◇From buccal cusps of the upper
first molars to the J perpendiculars.
◇Midline asymmetries of the upper
and lower incisors and Me-MSR are
also provided.
Grummons DC, Kappeyne Van De Coppello MA. A frontal asymmetry analysis. J Clin Orthod 1987;21:448-65.
Diagnosis
69. ◇Cg-Me line - divisions at ANS, A1, and B1.
◇The following ratios are calculated:
■Upper facial ratio— Cg-ANS/Cg-Me
■Lower facial ratio— ANS-Me/Cg-Me
■Maxillary ratio— ANS-A1/ANS-Me
■Total maxillary ratio— ANS-A1/Cg-Me
■Mandibular ratio— B1-Me/ANS-Me
■Total mandibular ratio— B1-Me/Cg-Me
■Maxillo-mandibular ratio— ANS-A1/B1-Me
6. Frontal Vertical Proportions -
Grummons DC, Kappeyne Van De Coppello MA. A frontal asymmetry analysis. J Clin Orthod 1987;21:448-65.
Diagnosis
70. Using the MSR plane
Nasal cavity width,
Mandibular width,
Maxillary width,
Intermolar and intercuspid width
Construction of midsagittal plane. - A transverse
plane - center of the zygomatic arches, a
perpendicular from crista galli.
Ricketts AnalysisDiagnosis
71. ◇Three separate acetate tracings
A. 1st acetate sheet - the orbital rims,
pyriform aperture, maxillary and
mandibular incisors, and the midpoint of
the symphysis.
◇most superficial aspects of the face
Grayson’s analysis - in 1983.
Grayson BH, McCarthy JG, Bookstein F. Analysis of craniofacial asymmetry by multiplane cephalometry. Am J Orthod 1983;84:217-24.
Diagnosis
72. B. 2nd acetate sheet - greater and lesser
wings of the sphenoid, zygomatic arch,
coronoid process, the maxillary and
mandibular first permanent molars, the
body of the mandible, and the mental
foramina
◇Represent a deeper coronal plane.
Grayson BH, McCarthy JG, Bookstein F. Analysis of craniofacial asymmetry by multiplane cephalometry. Am J Orthod 1983;84:217-24.
Diagnosis
73. C. 3rd acetate tracing, upper surface of
the petrous portion of the temporal bone,
mandibular condyles, ramus, gonial
angle, and the mastoid processes
Grayson BH, McCarthy JG, Bookstein F. Analysis of craniofacial asymmetry by multiplane cephalometry. Am J Orthod 1983;84:217-24.
Diagnosis
74. Midline for each view :
◇In the A plane –
◇Centrum of each orbit is located, - point
Mce halfway between them is marked.
◇The most lateral point on each pyriform -
halfway - point Mp.
◇maxillary and the mandibular central
incisors- Mi,
◇Gnathion - Mg - connect
Grayson BH, McCarthy JG, Bookstein F. Analysis of craniofacial asymmetry by multiplane cephalometry. Am J Orthod 1983;84:217-24.
Diagnosis
75. ◇B plane - Si
◇Greater and lesser wings of the
sphenoid- midpoint Msi
◇zygomatic arches - Mz
◇coronoid processes - Mc
◇left and right zygomas - Mx
◇Left and right mental foramina - Mf
Grayson BH, McCarthy JG, Bookstein F. Analysis of craniofacial asymmetry by multiplane cephalometry. Am J Orthod 1983;84:217-24.
Diagnosis
76. ◇Superimpose midline of A, B, and C planes -
warping within the craniofacial skeleton.
◇The midline deviate laterally as passing
from plane C, through plane B, to plane A
◇In patients with facial asymmetry -
posterior and middle cranial structures
appear less severely affected
Grayson BH, McCarthy JG, Bookstein F. Analysis of craniofacial asymmetry by multiplane cephalometry. Am J Orthod 1983;84:217-24.
Diagnosis
77. Plane C
◇Heads of the condyles - Md
◇Mastoid processes - Mm
◇Gonions - Mgo,
Grayson BH, McCarthy JG, Bookstein F. Analysis of craniofacial asymmetry by multiplane cephalometry. Am J Orthod 1983;84:217-24.
Diagnosis
78. ◇Basilar view- key triangles are constructed
◇Superpositioning of the triangles- demonstrates
the warping of the craniofacial complex.
Grayson BH, McCarthy JG, Bookstein F. Analysis of craniofacial asymmetry by multiplane cephalometry. Am J Orthod 1983;84:217-24.
Diagnosis
79. References
1. Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry.
Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
2. Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod
1994;64(2):89-98
3. Cheong YW, Lo LJ. Facial Asymmetry: Etiology, Evaluation, and Management. Chang Gung Med J
2011;34:341-51
4. Proffit W. Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd Ed
5. Grummons DC, Kappeyne Van De Coppello MA. A frontal asymmetry analysis. J Clin Orthod
1987;21:448-65.
6. Grayson BH, McCarthy JG, Bookstein F. Analysis of craniofacial asymmetry by multiplane
cephalometry. Am J Orthod 1983;84:217-24.
7. Burke PH. Stereophotogrammetric measurement of normal facial asymmetry in children. Hum Biol
1971;4:536.
8. Cohen MM Jr. Perspectives of craniofacial asymmetry. Part I. The biology of asymmetry. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1995;24:2-7.
9. Haraguchi S, Iguchi Y, Takada K. Asymmetry of the face in orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod
2008;78:421-6.
10. Severt TR, Proffit WR. The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population
at the University of North Carolina. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1997;12:171-6.
11. Proffit WR, Turvey TA. Dentofacial asymmetry. In: Proffit WR, White RP Jr, eds. Surgical Orthodontic
Treatment. St Louis: Mosby, 1991:483-549.
84. ◇ Flat head syndrome
◇ Asymmetrical distortion of the skull.
◇ Two main causes: deformational plagiocephaly (DP) and
craniosynostotic plagiocephaly (CP).
◇ DP- cranial molding-helmet therapy
* Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Plagiocephaly
85. ◇Craniosynostosis - a premature fusion of cranial sutures –
reconstruction surgeries
◇Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP)
◇Without increased ICP- delay reconstruction until 12 -24 months
of age.
◇Infants with increased ICP - between the ages of 2 and 9 months
Plagiocephaly
* Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
86.
87. Plagiocephaly
Case report
* Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
88. ◇Development of a fibrous band in the sternocleidomastoid
muscle
◇Unilateral tilt of the neck
Torticollis
* Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
89. ◇Myotomy and lengthening of the SCM
muscle - recur.
◇Excision of the entire SCM muscle
and its band from its origin to its
insertion.
* Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Torticollis
90. ◇Unilateral clefts- can cause facial asymmetries - most common
cause of congenital asymmetry of the craniomaxillofacial
skeleton.
◇Depends on the location and extent of the cleft.
◇Even in the repaired state
* Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Cleft lip and palate
91. ◇Leads to facial asymmetry that grows throughout childhood.
◇Both soft tissue and hard tissue structures can be affected,
including teeth
* Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Hemifacial hyperplasia
92. ◇Main aim is -follow up until the growth has stopped.
◇Any functional corrections can be performed.
Jagtap RR, Deshpande GS. Gingival enlargement in partial hemifacial hyperplasia. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology.2014:18(6):772-775
Hemifacial hyperplasia
93. ◇Parry-Romberg syndrome.
◇Progressive condition - severe atrophy of all of the hard and
soft tissues of one side of the face
◇Silicone and fat injections, hydroxyapatite alloplastic implants
to mask the defect.
* Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Hemifacial atrophy
94. ◇The patient was treated with
autogenous fat grafting
◇Under general anesthesia -
liposuction - 50mL of fat injected the
patient’s atrophic hemiface.
Hemifacial atrophy
* Júlio César Garcia de Alencar et al. Autologous fat transplantation for the treatment of progressive hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome: case report and
review of medical literatute) . An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86(4Supl1):S85-8.
95. ◇Treatment strategy depends each patient’s age, physical
examination, photographs, radiographs, mounted models.
◇Treatments vary from the use of functional dentoalveolar
orthopaedic appliances to total TMJ reconstruction.
* Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Hemifacial microsomia
97. ◇ Growth modification with Hybrid functional
appliance
◇ Bite block on normal side to prevent over
eruption
◇ Buccal and lingual shield on the affected
side - vertical development
* El-Bialy et al. Nonsurgical treatment of hemifacial microsomia by therapeutic ultrasound and hybrid functional appliance. Open Access Journal of
Clinical Trials 2010:2:29-37
Hemifacial microsomia
Functional appliances
98. ◇ Bi-jaw orthognathic surgery - bone grafting may be required
◇ Le Fort I osteotomy – canted occlusal plane.
◇ Concomitant mandibular osteotomies:
-Bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomies or;
-Bilateral vertical ramus osteotomies or;
-ipsilateral vertical ramus osteotomy with contralateral sagittal split osteotomy
◇Genioplasty
* Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Hemifacial microsomia
Surgical intervention
100. * Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Hemifacial microsomia
101. * Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Hemifacial microsomia
102. * Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Hemifacial microsomia
103. * Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Hemifacial microsomia
104. ◇ McCarthy et al-
◇ New bone formation between the surfaces of bone segments that
are gradually separated by incremental traction
◇ A callus forms - traction - callus tissues are stretched inducing the
new bone formation
Distraction osteogenesis
*Amm EA. Three-year follow-up of a patient with hemifacial microsomia treated with distraction osteogenesi
temporary anchorage devices, and orthodontics, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;142:115-2
Hemifacial microsomia
105.
106. *Amm EA. Three-year follow-up of a patient with hemifacial microsomia
treated with distraction osteogenesis, temporary anchorage devices, and
orthodontics, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;142:115-28
Hemifacial microsomia
107. *Amm EA. Three-year follow-up of a patient with hemifacial microsomia treated with distraction osteogenesis, temporary anchorage devices, and orthodontics, Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;142:115-28
Hemifacial microsomia
108. Predistraction
Phase
• Edgewise brackets (0.022 in) – Alignment and leveling.
• 0.020X0.025-in stainless steel
Distraction
Phase
• A horizontal ramus osteotomy - left, at the level of the occlusal plane
• An angle osteotomy –right
• Advancement 18 mm along the ramus on the left and 6 mm on the right.
• Distraction at a rate of 0.5 mm twice per day for 18 days
Postdistraction
Phase
• Eruption of the ipsilateral maxillary teeth.
• biteplane - reduced under the maxillary left second molar to allow its
gradual eruption
• first and second premolars
• sectional wires were hinged between the right canine and lateral incisor
- hook soldered - vertical
• traction by a mandibular miniscrew
*Amm EA. Three-year follow-up of a patient with hemifacial microsomia treated with distraction osteogenesis, temporary anchorage devices, and orthodontics, Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;142:115-28
Hemifacial microsomia
109. *Amm EA. Three-year follow-up of a patient with hemifacial microsomia treated with distraction osteogenesis, temporary anchorage devices, and orthodontics, Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;142:115-28
Hemifacial microsomia
110. *Amm EA. Three-year follow-up of a patient with hemifacial microsomia treated with distraction osteogenesis, temporary anchorage devices, and orthodontics, Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;142:115-28
Hemifacial microsomia
111. *Amm EA. Three-year follow-up of a patient with hemifacial microsomia treated with distraction osteogenesis, temporary anchorage devices, and orthodontics, Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;142:115-28
Hemifacial microsomia
112. *Amm EA. Three-year follow-up of a patient with hemifacial microsomia treated with distraction osteogenesis, temporary anchorage devices, and orthodontics, Am J
Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;142:115-28
Hemifacial microsomia
113. Soft tissue management:
◇Contour modification is done to enhance the contour of the
skeletal and soft tissue
◇Accomplished by adding fat to the affected side
Hemifacial microsomia
114. ◇It is a developmental malformation characterized by
excessive growth of the condyle.
◇Treatment varies according to age, overall skeletal growth,
presence or absence of active hyperplasia, and degree of facial
asymmetry
◇Treatment - surgical and can entail high condylectomy,
orthognathic surgery, or both.
* Choi YJ, Lee SH, Baek MS, Kim JY, Park YC. Consecutive condylectomy and molar intrusion using temporary anchorage devices as an alternative for correcting facial
asymmetry with condylar hyperplasia. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;147:S109-21
Condylar hyperplasia
115.
116. * Choi YJ, Lee SH, Baek MS, Kim JY, Park YC. Consecutive condylectomy and molar intrusion using temporary anchorage devices as an alternative for correcting facial
asymmetry with condylar hyperplasia. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;147:S109-21
Condylar hyperplasia
117. * Choi YJ, Lee SH, Baek MS, Kim JY, Park YC. Consecutive condylectomy and molar intrusion using temporary anchorage devices as an alternative for correcting facial
asymmetry with condylar hyperplasiaAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;147:S109-21
Condylar hyperplasia
118. * Choi YJ, Lee SH, Baek MS, Kim JY, Park YC. Consecutive condylectomy and molar intrusion using temporary anchorage devices as an alternative for correcting facial
asymmetry with condylar hyperplasia. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;147:S109-21
Condylar hyperplasia
119. * Choi YJ, Lee SH, Baek MS, Kim JY, Park YC. Consecutive condylectomy and molar intrusion using temporary anchorage devices as an alternative for correcting facial
asymmetry with condylar hyperplasia. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;147:S109-21
Condylar hyperplasia
120. * Choi YJ, Lee SH, Baek MS, Kim JY, Park YC. Consecutive condylectomy and molar intrusion using temporary anchorage devices as an alternative for correcting facial
asymmetry with condylar hyperplasia. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;147:S109-21
Condylar hyperplasia
121. ◇ Asymmetric deficiency secondary to an early fracture of the
Condylar process
1. Acute management of condyle fracture in children
- Immobilization of the jaw for 7 to 14 days
-Exercises to improve mandibular range of movement
Trauma
122. 3. Reconstruction of the TMJ in growing patient
◇Use local tissue, such as stump of the remaining ramus or
◇Employ a costochondral graft
* Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
Trauma
2. Management of Post traumatic asymmetry:
• Early surgery to guide condyle for subsequent growth
123. * Hossein Behnia, Azita Tehranchi and Farnaz Younessian. Comprehensive Management of Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis — State of the Art. A Textbook of
Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Volume 2: 411-32
Trauma
124. Dental Asymmetries
divided into 4 groups –
1. Occlusal cants
2. Asymmetric arch form
3. Unilateral crossbite
4. Asymmetric left to right buccal occlusion, with or without
midline deviation.
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
125. A. Canted anterior occlusal plane
◇Vertical interarch elastics – extrusion
◇0.017 x 0.025-inch TMA - intrusion arch
◇0.017 x 0.025-inch TMA -extrusion
1. Canted occlusal plane
Canted occlusal plane
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
126. ◇Posterior occlusal cant
-Cantilever with hook
◇A lingual arch
-with a tip-back activation on the steep side
-tip forward activation on the contralateral side
corrects a cant of the mandibular occlusal plane
Canted occlusal plane
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
127. ◇ Asymmetrically shaped arch wire
◇ Cantilever (.017 x .025 TMA), from the first molar, with a hook
that is attached in the area where the arch needs to be
expanded.
-TPA / lingual arch-to prevent rotation of the anchor molar
2. Asymmetric arch form
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
128. ◇ Crossbite-elastics
◇ Arch expansion
◇ A compensated dentition is found in patients with a unilateral
posterior crossbite. - Torque or 3rd order movement has to be
carried out
3. Unilateral crossbite
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
129. 4. Asymmetric left to right buccal occlusion, with or without
midline deviation.
Unilateral
class II elastics
Open-coil
springs
Unilateral fixed
functional
appliance
Pendulum
appliance
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
130. ◇Class II malocclusions
◇Distally positioned mandibular molars on the
Class II side
◇midline deviation is severe
◇ASYMMETRIC EXTRACTION
Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
131.
132. *Jung SK, Kim TW. Treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite with facial asymmetry in a female patient with transverse discrepancyAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
2015;148:154-64
133. *Jung SK, Kim TW. Treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite with facial asymmetry in a female patient with transverse discrepancyAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
2015;148:154-64
134. *Jung SK, Kim TW. Treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite with facial asymmetry in a female patient with transverse discrepancyAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
2015;148:154-64
135. *Jung SK, Kim TW. Treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite with facial asymmetry in a female patient with transverse discrepancyAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
2015;148:154-64
136. ◇Midline coordination and relative symmetry are basic to an
appreciation of facial harmony and balance.
◇Lewis espouses a set of questions :
–(1) What has caused the midline deviation?
–(2) How does the deviation affect the occlusion?
–(3) Is it necessary to correct it?
The midline shift
*Jerrold L, Lowenstein LJ, The midline: Diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1990;97:453-62
137. What others see What Orthodontists see
Treatment of Midline shift...
?
The midline shift
138. ◇Angle:
◇tandem anterior diagonal elastic
◇Class III elastic OR class II elastics
*Jerrold L, Lowenstein LJ, The midline: Diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1990;97:453-62
The midline shift
139. ◇Strang and Thompson:
◇Double vertical spring loop auxiliary
adjusted for the mass movement of the
four incisor teeth to the left.
◇Midline- to be shifted to left.
◇Closing loop - as close to the left canine
as possible.
◇On activation- the arch rebounds to its
preactivated position, it will carry the four
incisors with it to the left.
*Jerrold L, Lowenstein LJ, The midline: Diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1990;97:453-62
The midline shift
141. The midline shift
Palacios P, Uribe F, Nanda R. Correction of an Asymmetrical Class II Malocclusion Using Predictable Force Systems. J Clin Orthod. 2007:12(4):211-16
142. The midline shift
Palacios P, Uribe F, Nanda R. Correction of an Asymmetrical Class II Malocclusion Using Predictable Force Systems. J Clin Orthod. 2007:12(4):211-16
143. Palacios P, Uribe F, Nanda R. Correction of an Asymmetrical Class II Malocclusion Using Predictable Force Systems. J Clin Orthod. 2007:12(4):211-16
The midline shift
145. ◇ Symmetry - quintessential ingredient in facial aesthetics
◇ In spite of being highly prevalent in the overall population,
facial asymmetry is scarcely addressed in dental literature.
◇ In the management of asymmetries – appropriate treatment
plan, force system, and the appliance is selected.
146. References
1. Sándor GK, McGuire TP, Ylikontiola LP, Serlo WS, Pirttiniemi PM. Management of facial asymmetry. Oral
Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2007 Aug;19(3):395-422
2. Jagtap RR, Deshpande GS. Gingival enlargement in partial hemifacial hyperplasia. Journal of Indian
Society of Periodontology.2014:18(6):772-775
3. Júlio César Garcia de Alencar et al. Autologous fat transplantation for the treatment of progressive
hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome: case report and review of medical literatute) . An Bras
Dermatol. 2011;86(4Supl1):S85-8.
4. El-Bialy et al. Nonsurgical treatment of hemifacial microsomia by therapeutic ultrasound and hybrid
functional appliance. Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials 2010:2:29-37
5. Amm EA. Three-year follow-up of a patient with hemifacial microsomia treated with distraction
osteogenesis, temporary anchorage devices, and orthodontics, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop
2012;142:115-28
6. Jung SK, Kim TW. Treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite with facial asymmetry in a female patient
with transverse discrepancy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015;148:154-64
7. Jerrold L, Lowenstein LJ, The midline: Diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop
1990;97:453-62
8. Palacios P, Uribe F, Nanda R. Correction of an Asymmetrical Class II Malocclusion Using Predictable Force
Systems. J Clin Orthod. 2007:12(4):211-16
9. Bishra SE, Burky PS, Kharaouf JG Dental and facial asymmetries: A review. Angle Orthod 1994;64(2):89-98
10.Cheong YW, Lo LJ. Facial Asymmetry: Etiology, Evaluation, and Management. Chang Gung Med J
2011;34:341-51
11.Proffit W. Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd Ed
Editor's Notes
Such limitless variation in the size, shape and relationship of the dental, skeletal and soft tissue facial structures are important in providing each individual with his or her own identity.
Greek artist
Ancient Egyptian skulls
Ancient Egyptian skulls
- Evaluated 63 P.A cephs of “normal” children 9-18 years old
Overall asymmetry found in Most children
Many mysteries remain in the understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of FA.
Little is known of details of fusion of cranial sutures,
even less is known regarding the role of cranial base in establishing the matrix on which the whole complex is constructed.
Hemimandibular elongation-
Elongation of either condyle/ramus in vert. plane or mand. body in hor plane
Hemimandibular hyperplasia-
Enlargement of entire half of mandible.
Unilateral increase in vert. Length of condyle & ramus.
Maxilla or temporal bones at different levels.
Assess overall shape of max. & mand. arches from occlusal view.
Arch should be analysed for both transverse and AP symmetry
consrtuction of mandibular midline is more difficult than maxillary midline
A small degree of mild bilateral asymmetry exist in essentially all normal individual.
This normal asymmetry usually results from a small size difference between the two sides
The face is sagittally divided in to five equal parts from helix to helix of outer ear.
Each of the segments - equal
by horizontal lines,from hairline to midbrow, midbrow to subnasale, and subnasale to soft tissue menton
. If a deficiency exists, the smaller of the two halves is judged to be deficient.
3.If an excess exists, the larger of the two halves is judged to be excessive
Geometric distortions exist.
(help determine extent of functional deviation
Three planes connect the medial aspects of the zygomatic frontal sutures (Z-Z), the centers of the zygomatic arches (ZA), and the medial aspects of the jugal processes (J).
Another plane is drawn at menton parallel to the Z plane.
MSR - Cg - ANS to the chin area, - nearly perpendicular to the Z plane.
Construction of MSR -modified if the patient has anatomic variations
If the location of Cg -question, - midpoint of the Z plane through ANS (fig. A).
If there is upper facial asymmetry, MSR can be drawn as a line from the midpoint of the Z plane through the midpoint of an Fr-Fr line
A computer can superimpose one polygon upon the other to provide a percentile value of symmetry.
- Various transverse and vertical reference planes are constructed to measure the
This acetate drawing represents the anatomy of the most superficial aspects of the face as transected by line A.
All four of these points are "on the midline" in some sense
Segmented constructed - angles express the asymmetry of the structures of this plane.
Vertical line segments are constructed to link these points.
DP- reversible- can be often be treated successfully with cranial molding-helmet therapy alone
The timing of surgery in infants is most often dictated by the absence or presence of documented increases in ICP.
Frontal photograph - 18-month-old girl who has right-sided craniosynostotic plagiocephaly.
Preoperative 3D CT scan- fusion of the right coronal suture
Elevation of frontal bone flap. - Fronto-orbital bandeau is removed, trimmed, - bending
Resorbable fixation is applied to the inner surface of the bandeau to increase its stability
triangles are cut from the frontal bone flap and adapted to eliminate the preoperative asymmetry
Closure of the scalp with zigzag incision to allow cranial reshaping without soft tissue tension.
Immediate postoperative frontal view of corrected cranial asymmetry.
Failure to correct torticollis may result in the development of a future more significant facial asymmetry.
Left-sided torticollis –
PA- severe head tilt to the left and a downward cant of the occlusal plane to the left. chin point deviation to the left.
(C) Intracerebral cyst found in patient who had torticollis.
The exact nature of the deformity depends on the location and extent of the cleft.
During this time, any functional corrections can be performed. Aesthetic correction according to the patient need is done only after the growth has ceased.
Once the progressive nature of the condition has stabilized, management has included
when she was 15 years old she noticed the appearance of a white spot on the right hemiface, followed by progressive “sinking” of this hemiface. The symptoms progressed gradually and during the consultation she complained of worsening of the sinking of the right hemiface and ipsilateral temporomandibular joint arthralgia
may also be performed to level and reposition the chin back to the facial midline vertically
18-year-old man - right-sided hemifacial microsomia
Lateral profile photograph showing partially reconstructed right ear affected with microtia.
panoramic radiograph Preoperative PA cephalogram of patient Preoperative lateral cephalogram of patient
Le Fort I osteotomy to correct occlusal cant by impacting the maxilla on the left side and extruding the maxilla on the right side.
(G) The gaps left by extruding the maxilla are grafted - iliac crest - Rigid fixation
inverted ‘‘L’’ osteotomy - mandible on the right making the vertical length of the ramus longer, laterally and -iliac crest one graft over top to minimize the concave defect in
the right angle region of the mandible. left-sided sagittal split osteotomy.
A genioplasty was performed to place the asymmetric chin into the midline
Postoperative PA cephalogram showing the laterally and inferiorly repositioned angle of the mandible.
(K) Postoperative lateral cephalogram showing the new anteroposterior position of the jaws.
(L) Postoperative frontal photograph. Note the newly filled-out right-angle region of the mandible.
mandibular lengthening - in a human mandible in a patient with hemifacial macrosomia.
It is a biologic process of
The patient was a 17-year-old Lebanese girl whose primary complaint was her asymmetrical appearance
underdeveloped left side, a chin deviation toward the affected side,- and a retrusive chin in the profile view, along with lip incompetence.
canting of the occlusal plane,
mandibular midline deviation of 2 mm to the right
crossbite of the maxillary right second premolar.
The maxillary left first molar was missing, and there were minor rotations in the maxillary and mandibular teeth.
complete Class II malocclusion on the right and Class I on the left
The canting of the maxillary occlusal plane after distraction osteogenesis would be corrected with individual tooth eruptions and temporary skeletal anchorage devices.
After a latency period of 5 days, distraction commenced at a rate of 0.5 mm twice per day. until the mandibular length was overcorrected
A horizontal ramus osteotomy - left, at the level of the occlusal plane
An angle osteotomy –right
Advancement 18 mm along the ramus on the left and 6 mm on the right.
Distraction at a rate of 0.5 mm twice per day for 18 days
Eruption of the ipsilateral maxillary teeth. The biteplane - reduced under the maxillary left second molar to allow its gradual eruption
first and second premolars
sectional wires were hinged between the right canine and lateral incisor - hook soldered – vertical traction was by a mandibular miniscrew and
A continuous maxillary wire - seating the occlusion finishing
Balanced and more symmetrical face. The profile - more harmonious, with lip competence
The smile arc agrees with the lower lip -is horizontal with no more canting,
left oral commissure is leveled horizontally with the right one.
The intraoral photographs - good alignment, midline discrepancy of 1 mm
left side is poorly seated - because of a dental Class III tendency after space closure of the maxillary left first molar.
The maxillary and mandibular arches were coordinated with correction of all rotations.
radiograph demonstrates the correction of the occlusal plane
The cephalometric superimposition shows the correction of the skeletal Class II relationship and the improved mandibular angle on both sides. The profile was improved.
A 26-year-old - Her chief complaint was facial asymmetry, -first noticed at puberty. - become progressively more severe since then.
deviation of the chin to the left side was evident, and canting of the lip and maxillary occlusal plane
She had Class I canine and molar relationships on the left side, and Class I canine and Class III molar relationships on the right side,
congenitally missing mandibular second premolar.
The mandibular dental midline was deviated 2.0 mm to the left side; this was smaller than the amount of skeletal discrepancy. Overjet and overbite were 1.3 and 1.0 mm, respectively.
skeletal Class III malocclusion (ANB angle, 2.8) with a hypodivergent facial profie.
Scintigraphy - intense focal uptake in the right condyle, indicating active growth.
rotation of the maxillomandibular complex to the left side,
0.018-in edgewise brackets both arches.
TPA with hook on the right side was inserted to intrude maxillary right second molar.
One month after bracket bonding, a high condylectomy
facial asymmetry - immediately improved;
the dental midline was deviated 1 mm to the right side.
Clockwise rotation of the mandible resulted in anterior and posterior open bites on the left side with a large overjet
Morphologic changes in the condyle were observed over the 6 months after the condylectomy
Four TADs were implanted into the buccal and palatal interproximal bones of the maxillary right molars.
anterior teeth were retracted
The tilted occlusal plane was improved after 6 months of molar intrusion.
A 5-year-old girl with a history of left condylar trauma at age 2, with progressive facial asymmetry and deviation of the dental midlines due to left condylar ankylosis (Figure 16 a). There was no history of any other congenital malformation or childhood illness. On clinical examination her jaw deviated slightly to the left on closure and showed limited right lateral excursion. The ankylotic mass of the left condyle was demonstrated clearly on the MRI (Figure 16 b). An autogenous costochondral graft to reconstruct the left condyle had been done at age 5, which left an intraoperative open bite on the left side (Figure 16 c, d). A removable functional hybrid appliance was provided for the patient immediately after surgery to maintain the graft in a suitable position and let the posterior teeth on contralateral side erupt. This appliance opened the bite on the left side and brought the chin to the midline (Figure 16 e). The patient cooperated very well in the postsurgical phase with removable appliance and functional exercises of the jaws. One year after the orthodontic phase, the patient demonstrated an acceptable occlusion and facial symmetry
Unilateral expansion of the maxillary dentition and constriction of mandibular dentition - compensatory movement of dentition gets intensified.
Cl II el- extrusion of that side and canting of occlusal plane
side effect of coil spring mesial force to premolars and canine – class II elastics
19-year-old woman
skeletal Class I relationship and facial asymmetry, with the chin deviated 4.5 mm
Class I - right and a Class II -on the left
posterior crossbite from the left lateral incisor to the left second molar
The mandibular dental midline deviated 6.5 mm to the left. T
space - mandibular anterior teeth - cant of the occlusal plane
Metal self-ligating brackets -0.014-in niti wire.
Expansion TPA with Buccal root torque was given decompensate the inclination
cant - of the maxillary left anterior - mini-implant -between the mandibular left premolars- Intermaxillary elastics OMI to the maxillary left canine and premolars.
After 7 months -crossbite was corrected - mandibular angle reduction plasty and genioplasty – improve the bulky left inferior border of the mandible.
Class II molar relationship remained. - Distalization of the maxillary left molars and mesialization of the mandibular left molars - OMI was inserted between the maxillary second
premolar and the first molar. And mandibular
Whether and, if so, when and to what extent the genetically determined developmental patterns of the facial skeleton can be modified by environmental factors is still a basic problem in orthodontics.
14-year-old patient - chief complaint of crowded anterior teeth.
She had a Class II subdivision left malocclusion - mandibular midline 2mm to the left from the facial midline.
The overjet was 4.5mm, and the overbite was 50%.
.022" appliances - leveling and
Maxillary space closure - separate canine retraction on 16x22ss - overlaid .017" ✕ .025" Beta CNA* intrusion arch.
To correct the mandibular midline, an .017" ✕ .025" ss - was split into buccal segments and anterior segment
passive loop extending apically toward the center of resistance of the anterior teeth.
An .017" ✕ .025" CNA cantilever from the right first molar auxiliary tube connected to the loop with elastomeric chain