This document discusses extraction procedures in orthodontic treatment. It begins by defining extraction as the painless removal of teeth from their socket. Extractions may be needed to address tooth-arch length discrepancies, correct sagittal inter-arch relationships, or due to abnormal tooth size/form. Different extraction procedures are discussed, including balancing, compensating, enforced, and therapeutic extractions. Factors in choosing which teeth to extract include arch length issues, jaw growth, tooth condition, and facial profile. Common teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons are premolars, as their removal provides space while maintaining occlusion. Other teeth may be extracted depending on the specific orthodontic needs of each case.
it explain need for extraction, choice of teeth for extraction, Wilkinson extraction, extraction of permanent teeth without appliance therapy, balance extractions, compensating extractions, additional factor to consider in extraction of teeth.
Definition
Indication
Contraindication
Classification
Class II camouflage
Class III camouflage
Cases good and not good for camouflage treatment
Treatment approach for camouflage treatment
Camouflage treatment of open bite cases
Surgical camouflage:
- Chin surgery
- Nasal surgery
- Graft tissues
it explain need for extraction, choice of teeth for extraction, Wilkinson extraction, extraction of permanent teeth without appliance therapy, balance extractions, compensating extractions, additional factor to consider in extraction of teeth.
Definition
Indication
Contraindication
Classification
Class II camouflage
Class III camouflage
Cases good and not good for camouflage treatment
Treatment approach for camouflage treatment
Camouflage treatment of open bite cases
Surgical camouflage:
- Chin surgery
- Nasal surgery
- Graft tissues
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Etiological basis of malocclusion theories /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Extraction in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
THE NEED FOR EXTRACTION
DIFFERENT EXTRACTION PROCEDURES
CHOICE OF TEETH FOR EXTRACTION
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
3. INTRODUCTION
Painless removal of teeth from its socket is termed as
Extraction.
The nature of malocclusion and the age of the
patient may be important factors in deciding whether
extraction needed or not.
Extractions in orthodontics include serial extraction
as an interceptive procedure and therapeutic
extractions as a space gaining procedure. To extract or
not to extract has always been and will always remain a
controversy in orthodontics.
4. THE NEED FOR EXTRACTION
I. ARCH LENGTH- TOOTH MATERIAL DISCREPANCY
Ideally the arch length and tooth material should be in
harmony with each other. The sizes of the dentition and
arch length are usually genetically determined. The
presence of tooth material in excess of the arch length can
result in crowding of teeth or proclination of anteriors.
In many cases the tooth material-arch length
disproportion cannot be treated by increasing the arch
length. Hence reduction of tooth material is the only
alternative. Extraction of one or more teeth is required in
case of severe tooth material - arch length discrepancy.
5. Signs of arch length deficiency
Absence of physiologic spacing in the primary dentition .
Ectopic eruption of teeth .
Localized gingival recession in the lower anterior .
Malpositioned or impacted lateral incisors that erupt
palatally out of the arch.
Markedly irregular or crowded upper and lower anteriors
Lower anterior flaring .
Unilateral or bilateral premature loss of deciduous
canine with midline shift.
6. II. CORRECTION OF SAGITTAL INTER-ARCH
RELATIONSHIP
In a Class I malocclusion it is preferable to extract in
both the arches because it is not advisable to discourage
the development of only one arch more than the other.
In most Class II cases, abnormal upper proclination, it is
advisable to extract teeth only in the upper arch . In case
of lower arch crowding it is advisable to extract in both
arches
Class III cases are usually treated by extracting teeth only
in the lower arch or by extraction in both arches
7. III. ABNORMAL SIZE AND FORM OF TEETH
Teeth that are abnormal in size or form may
necessitate their extraction in order to achieve
satisfactory occlusion. Such anomalies include
macrodontia, severely hypoplastic teeth, dilaceration
and abnormal crown morphology.
IV. SKELETAL JAW MALRELATIONS
Severe skeletal malrelationship of the jaws may not be
satisfactorily treated using orthodontic appliances
alone. Surgical resective procedures along with
extraction maybe required.
8. DIFFERENT EXTRACTION PROCEDURE
1 Balancing extractions
2 Compensating extractions
3 Enforced extractions
4 Wilkinson extractions
5 Therapeutic extractions
1 )Balancing Extractions
Balancing extractions may be defined as the removal of a tooth on the opposite
side of the same arch (although not necessarily the antimere) in order to
preserve symmetry.
2)Compensating Extractions
Removal of the equivalent tooth in the opposing arch to maintain buccal
occlusion. In some Class I crowding cases, it is necessary to extract in both the
arches to maintain lateral symmetry.
9. Compensating extractions preserve inter arch
relationship by allowing the posterior teeth to drift
forward together.
3)Enforced Extractions
These extractions are carried out because they are
necessary as in the case of grossly decayed teeth, poor
periodontal status, fractured tooth, impacted tooth,
etc.
4)Wilkinson Extraction
Wilkinson advocated extraction of all the four first
permanent molars between the age of 8½ and 9 years.
The basis for such extractions is the fact that first
molars are highly susceptible to caries.
10. The other benefits of extracting first molars at an
early age are:
o To avoid third molar impactions by providing
additional space for their eruption.
o To reduce crowding in the arch
Wilkinson's extractions are not usually carried out
because of various drawbacks as
o First molar extraction offers limited space for
crowding correction
o Adjacent teeth tip into the extraction space
5)Therapeutic Extractions
These are extractions carried out for the purpose of
treatment.
11. CHOICE OF TEETH FOR EXTRACTION
Choice of teeth to be extracted depends on local
conditions which include:
- Direction and amount of jaw growth
-Arch length tooth material discrepancy
-State of soundness, position and eruption of teeth
- Facial profile
- Age of patient
-The entire dentition
12. I EXTRACTION OF UPPER INCISORS
An unfavourably impacted upper incisor that cannot be
brought to normal alignment.
A buccally/lingually blocked out lateral incisor with good
contact between the central incisor and canine can be extracted
If one of the lateral incisors is congenitally missing, the
opposite lateral may have to be extracted in order to maintain
arch symmetry.
A grossly carious incisor that cannot be restored may have to
be sacrificed.
Malformations of incisor crowns that cannot be restored by
prosthesis may necessitate their extraction
Trauma or irreparable damage to incisors by fracture may
indicate their removal.
An incisor with dilacerated root cannot be efficiently moved by
orthodontic therapy. It is hence preferable to extract them.
13.
14. II EXTRACTION OF LOWER INCISORS
Extraction of lower incisors should as far as possible be
avoided.
o Narrowing of lower inter-canine width
o Retroclination of lower incisors
o Deep bite
o Re-appearance of crowding. This leads to a collapse of
the lower arch.
o The reduction in lower inter-canine width often leads
to a secondary reduction in upper inter-canine width
resulting in upper anterior crowding
15.
16. INDICATIONS
A. If one of the incisors is completely out of the arch
with good inter-dental contact between the rest of the
teeth .
B. A lower incisor that was traumatized, or exhibiting
severe caries, gingival recession or bone loss may have a
poor prognosis.
C. Presence of severe arch length deficiency is often
characterized by the presence of fan shaped flaring out
of the lower incisor crowns
D. In mild Class III cases with lower incisor crowding,
one of the lower incisors may be extracted to achieve
normal overjet, overbite and to relieve crowding.
E. Treatment of Class I cases with moderate lower labial
segment crowding of up to 5 mm (i.e. the size of a lower
incisor) may be treated with loss of a lower incisor.
17. III EXTRACTION OF CANINES
Not frequently extracted
Extraction of canine causes
- Flattening of face
- Altered facial balance
- Change in expression
- Contact between the premolar and lateral incisor is
rarely satisfactory.
18.
19. INDICATIONS
A. Unfavourably impacted canines or canines that have
erupted in unusual locations may have to be removed.
B. A canine that is completely out of the arch with
reasonably good contact between the lateral incisor and
first premolar is an indication for its extraction
C. Premature shedding of a deciduous canine usually
indicates the extraction of its fellow on the opposite side
of the arch to restore symmetry.
D. In Class II cases if the lower deciduous canines are
shed early, the upper deciduous canines should also be
removed so as to avoid worsening of the post-normalcy
(Class II tendency).
E. In Class III cases if the upper deciduous canines are
shed early, it may necessitate the extraction of the lower
deciduous canines to avoid worsening of the pre
normalcy (Class III tendency)
F. Deciduous canines may be extracted as a part of serial
20. IV EXTRACTION OF FIRST PREMOLARS
The first premolars are the most commonly extracted
teeth as part of orthodontic treatment.
The reason for their extraction is as follows:
A. Their location in the arch is such that the space
gained by their extraction can be utilized for
correction both in the anterior as well as the posterior
region.
B. The contact that results between the canine and
second premolar is satisfactory.
C. The extraction of the first premolar leaves behind a
posterior segment that offers adequate anchorage for
the retraction of the six anterior teeth.
21.
22. The following are some of the indications for first
premolar extraction:
A. They are the teeth of choice for extraction to
relieve moderate to severe anterior crowding of the
upper or lower arch
B. The first premolars are extracted for correction
of moderate to severe anterior proclination as in a
Class II, division 1 malocclusion or a Class I
bidental protrusion
23. V EXTRACTION OF SECOND PREMOLARS
INDICATIONS
A. The extraction of second premolars instead of the first
premolars results in the anchorage of the anterior
segment being strengthened. Thus an environment is
created that favours mesial movement of the posterior
teeth. The second premolars are usually extracted to treat
mild anterior crowding. The remaining space can be
closed by controlled mesial movement of the molars.
B. The second premolars are usually extracted when 4-5
mm of anchorage loss is deliberately desired.
C. Whenever the second premolars are unfavourably
impacted, it is preferred to extract them rather than the
first premolars
D. If extractions are to be undertaken in open bite cases,
it is preferable to extract the second premolars as their
extraction encourages deepening of the bite.
24. E. In case of grossly carious or deeply filled second
premolars, it is wise to extract them and preserve the
first premolars.
25. VI EXTRACTION OF FIRST MOLARS
Extraction of the first permanent molars is avoided for
the following reasons:
A. The extraction of the first molar does not give
adequate space in the incisor region.
B. The extraction of the first molar results in deepening
of the bite.
C. The second premolar and molar may tip into the
extraction space.
D. Mastication may be affected.
INDICATIONS
A. Minimal space requirement for correction of mild
anterior crowding or mild proclination.
B. Grossly decayed molar or heavily filled teeth.
C. Open bite cases can benefit from extraction of first
molar, as there is a tendency for the bite to deepen after
extraction of first molars
26. VII EXTRACTION OF SECOND MOLARS
INDICATIONS
A. To prevent third molar impaction: The removal of
second molars has been advocated for the prevention of
lower third molar impaction. The cases that benefit from
such extractions are those where the third molars are
upright or not tipped mesially more than 30°. Upper
second molar extraction if carried out prior to the
eruption of the third molars, results in satisfactory third
molar position.
B. To relieve impaction of second premolar: The
premature loss of second deciduous molars is usually
followed by forward drift of the first permanent molars
leaving inadequate space for the second bicuspids to
erupt. The extraction of second molars in such cases may
allow the distal movement of the first permanent molars
thereby offering sufficient space for the second
premolars to erupt.
27. C. Lower incisor crowding: Very mild crowding in the
anterior part of the arch can be relieved by extraction
of the second molars. Some authors suggest that
extraction of second molars minimizes anterior
imbrication and crowding
D. To enable distalization of first molars: In cases
where the first permanent molars are to be distalized,
the extraction of second molars can benefit the
procedure.
E. Open bite cases: The extraction of the second
molars deepens the bite. Thus they can be considered
in open bite cases.
28. VIII EXTRACTION OF THIRD MOLARS
Extraction of third molars during orthodontic
treatment does not yield space that can be used for
decrowding or reduction of proclination.
Third molars are extracted for other reasons as follows:
I. Grossly impacted
II. Grossly malformed
III. Eruption of third molars cause late lower anterior
crowding.
29. CONCLUSION
Orthodontic tooth extraction should always be
planned with consideration of width and length of the
face ,the oral hygiene , carious activity , periodontal
involvement , malformed crown , length and health of
the root of the teeth , prognosis of the impacted tooth
, supernumeraries and hypodontia.