The document provides an acknowledgement and abstract for a project on designing and constructing a microcontroller-based moving message display. It thanks various individuals for their support and contributions. The abstract describes the project's focus on using a dot matrix technology with light emitting diodes (LEDs) arranged in rows and columns to display scrolling information under a hardwired system interfaced with a programmed microcontroller.
THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A FOUR – WAY TRAFFIC LIGHT Stephen Achionye
This document provides an overview of a student project to design and implement a four-way traffic light control circuit. It includes an introduction describing the purpose and motivation for the project. It then outlines the various chapters that will be included, such as a review of traffic light control systems, the specific design of this traffic light control, any problems encountered, testing procedures, and conclusions. The overall aim is to build a prototype four-way traffic light control circuit that can efficiently control traffic flow at an intersection.
This document summarizes a student project report on developing a microcontroller-based traffic light controller. It describes using an AT89C51 microcontroller programmed to control LED traffic lights through four phases to regulate traffic flow at an intersection. The circuit diagram and hardware components are explained, including a power supply, microcontroller, LEDs, 7-segment display, and common cathode configuration. Software and timing of the four light phases are also outlined to coordinate traffic flow from four directions through the intersection.
Design of intelligent traffic light controller using gsm & embedded systemYakkali Kiran
This document describes the design of an intelligent traffic light controller using an embedded system. The proposed system aims to make traffic light control more efficient by using sensor networks and embedded technology to dynamically determine light timings based on real-time traffic conditions. This allows the system to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion compared to traditional fixed-time controllers. Key features include emergency vehicle detection and providing traffic information to drivers via GSM. The performance of the intelligent controller is evaluated against a conventional fixed-time controller based on metrics like waiting time, vehicle travel distance, and efficient emergency response.
This document is a project report on a microcontroller based traffic light controller. It describes the development of a traffic light controller that uses a microcontroller and LEDs to automatically control traffic lights on a centralized basis. The microcontroller is programmed to adjust the timing and phasing of the traffic signals to meet changing traffic conditions. The circuit uses basic electronic components like an LED for the traffic lights and a microcontroller for automatic signal changing after a preset time interval. It aims to provide a reliable and cost-effective traffic light control solution.
This document describes the design and implementation of an automatic traffic light controlled system. The system uses integrated circuits like the 555 timer and 4017 counter to control traffic lights at a four way intersection. The 555 timer generates a clock signal that is fed to the 4017 counter. The counter then sequentially activates the traffic lights so that only one direction has a green light at a time, preventing collisions. The circuit was built on a PCB and traffic lights were connected to relays controlled by the counter outputs. The goal of the system is to provide efficient traffic flow control without human error to reduce congestion.
This document proposes a smart traffic control system using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). The system would use weight sensors to divert traffic into lanes based on vehicle type (e.g. buses, trucks, cars). Traffic density would be monitored using vehicle counters, and traffic lights would change based on congestion levels. A SCADA interface would allow monitoring of traffic status and diversions. The system aims to reduce congestion and accidents by separating vehicle types into different lanes based on weight.
This document summarizes a traffic light control circuit project. The circuit uses an IC4017 decade counter and 555 timer to generate timing signals that control the lighting of red, yellow, and green LEDs in sequences that mimic standard traffic lights. The circuit was designed in Proteus and ARES circuit design software and implemented on a breadboard. Diagrams illustrate the circuit components, logic diagram of the IC4017, and characteristics of the IC4017 and 555 timer chips used. Screenshots show the circuit designs and a 3D view of the PCB layout.
This document describes a traffic light simulation project using a PLC and infrared sensors. It discusses the typical sequence of traffic light colors, history of traffic lights, purposes for using traffic lights, and design of the traffic light states. The project aims to control traffic lights according to vehicle density on the road. An AT89s52 microcontroller and infrared sensors will perform computations and control. The document concludes that using a PLC makes the smart traffic controller a low-cost system that can realize traffic flow optimization strategies.
THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A FOUR – WAY TRAFFIC LIGHT Stephen Achionye
This document provides an overview of a student project to design and implement a four-way traffic light control circuit. It includes an introduction describing the purpose and motivation for the project. It then outlines the various chapters that will be included, such as a review of traffic light control systems, the specific design of this traffic light control, any problems encountered, testing procedures, and conclusions. The overall aim is to build a prototype four-way traffic light control circuit that can efficiently control traffic flow at an intersection.
This document summarizes a student project report on developing a microcontroller-based traffic light controller. It describes using an AT89C51 microcontroller programmed to control LED traffic lights through four phases to regulate traffic flow at an intersection. The circuit diagram and hardware components are explained, including a power supply, microcontroller, LEDs, 7-segment display, and common cathode configuration. Software and timing of the four light phases are also outlined to coordinate traffic flow from four directions through the intersection.
Design of intelligent traffic light controller using gsm & embedded systemYakkali Kiran
This document describes the design of an intelligent traffic light controller using an embedded system. The proposed system aims to make traffic light control more efficient by using sensor networks and embedded technology to dynamically determine light timings based on real-time traffic conditions. This allows the system to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion compared to traditional fixed-time controllers. Key features include emergency vehicle detection and providing traffic information to drivers via GSM. The performance of the intelligent controller is evaluated against a conventional fixed-time controller based on metrics like waiting time, vehicle travel distance, and efficient emergency response.
This document is a project report on a microcontroller based traffic light controller. It describes the development of a traffic light controller that uses a microcontroller and LEDs to automatically control traffic lights on a centralized basis. The microcontroller is programmed to adjust the timing and phasing of the traffic signals to meet changing traffic conditions. The circuit uses basic electronic components like an LED for the traffic lights and a microcontroller for automatic signal changing after a preset time interval. It aims to provide a reliable and cost-effective traffic light control solution.
This document describes the design and implementation of an automatic traffic light controlled system. The system uses integrated circuits like the 555 timer and 4017 counter to control traffic lights at a four way intersection. The 555 timer generates a clock signal that is fed to the 4017 counter. The counter then sequentially activates the traffic lights so that only one direction has a green light at a time, preventing collisions. The circuit was built on a PCB and traffic lights were connected to relays controlled by the counter outputs. The goal of the system is to provide efficient traffic flow control without human error to reduce congestion.
This document proposes a smart traffic control system using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). The system would use weight sensors to divert traffic into lanes based on vehicle type (e.g. buses, trucks, cars). Traffic density would be monitored using vehicle counters, and traffic lights would change based on congestion levels. A SCADA interface would allow monitoring of traffic status and diversions. The system aims to reduce congestion and accidents by separating vehicle types into different lanes based on weight.
This document summarizes a traffic light control circuit project. The circuit uses an IC4017 decade counter and 555 timer to generate timing signals that control the lighting of red, yellow, and green LEDs in sequences that mimic standard traffic lights. The circuit was designed in Proteus and ARES circuit design software and implemented on a breadboard. Diagrams illustrate the circuit components, logic diagram of the IC4017, and characteristics of the IC4017 and 555 timer chips used. Screenshots show the circuit designs and a 3D view of the PCB layout.
This document describes a traffic light simulation project using a PLC and infrared sensors. It discusses the typical sequence of traffic light colors, history of traffic lights, purposes for using traffic lights, and design of the traffic light states. The project aims to control traffic lights according to vehicle density on the road. An AT89s52 microcontroller and infrared sensors will perform computations and control. The document concludes that using a PLC makes the smart traffic controller a low-cost system that can realize traffic flow optimization strategies.
This document outlines a technical seminar on a microcontroller-based traffic signaling system. It includes sections on the introduction, history of traffic lights, a flow chart of the system, details about the microcontroller and AT89S52 pin diagram used, the circuit diagram, hardware description, advantages, and conclusions. It aims to reduce traffic congestion through an optimized traffic flow system using a microcontroller.
VEHICLE DENSITY CONTROLLED AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC LIGHT from KMP Engineering collegeHIGHVOLTEEE
ABSTRACT
The project is designed to develop a density based dynamic traffic signal
system. The signal timing changes automatically on sensing the traffic density
at the junction. Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many major cities
across the world and it has become a nightmare for the commuters in these
cities. Conventional traffic light system is based on fixed time concept allotted
to each side of the junction which cannot be varied as per varying traffic
density. Junction timings allotted are fixed. Sometimes higher traffic density at
one side of the junction demands longer green time as compared to standard
allotted time. The proposed system using a microcontroller of 8051 series duly
interfaced with sensors, changes the junction timing automatically to
accommodate movement of vehicles smoothly avoiding unnecessary waiting
time at the junction. The sensors used in this project are IR and photodiodes are
in line of sight configuration across the loads to detect the density at the traffic
signal. The density of the vehicles is measured in three zones i.e., low, medium,
high based on which timings are allotted accordingly. Further the project can
be enhanced by synchronizing all the traffic junctions in the city by establishing
a network among them. The network can be wired or wireless. This
synchronization will greatly help in reducing traffic congestion.
The document provides an introduction and overview of a project that aims to reduce traffic congestion by implementing a density-based traffic control system using infrared (IR) technology and an 89C51 microcontroller. The system would track the number of vehicles on each road and adjust traffic light times accordingly, with more vehicles resulting in longer green light times. It describes the existing fixed-time system, the proposed vehicle counting system using IR sensors, and the process of adjusting light times based on vehicle density readings from the sensors.
density based traffic control system with mannual overridemokshi koganti
so,,here is the documentation for this project which will be helpful to u regarding the project reviews
..................................................................mokshi
any doubts here to help
Command based street light controlling through pc (2)Ravinder Katla
This document describes a street light controlling system that uses a microcontroller to turn lights on and off based on commands sent from a PC. The system includes a microcontroller, power supply, MAX232 for serial communication, relays to control the lights, and an LED lighting system. The microcontroller receives commands from the PC via the serial connection and uses relays to toggle the street lights. This allows remote control of street lights to save power and reduce maintenance needs.
Neural network for real time traffic signal controlSnehal Takawale
This document describes a neural network system for real-time traffic signal control using a hybrid multi-agent approach. It discusses previous work using neural networks and stochastic approximation for traffic control. The proposed system uses multiple sensors to continuously learn traffic patterns and control signals. Simulation results over 3, 6, and 24 hours showed the hybrid neural network approach had lower mean delays than other methods, especially over longer periods as traffic fluctuated. While this system can automatically control traffic with minimal maintenance, limitations include potential unsuitability for areas with less variable traffic and high implementation costs.
Density Based Traffic signal system using microcontrollerkrity kumari
This document describes a density based traffic signal system using a microcontroller. It uses IR sensors to measure traffic density on each road and the microcontroller controls the traffic lights accordingly. The microcontroller receives input from the IR sensors and determines which path has traffic, providing a green light to that path while giving red lights to other paths. This allows the traffic light timing to dynamically adjust based on real-time traffic conditions to reduce congestion compared to traditional fixed-time traffic lights. The goal is to minimize traffic jams and delays by prioritizing paths with higher vehicle density.
Density based traffic light controlling (2)hardik1240
The document discusses the aims and scope of a project to build a traffic control system based on density. It uses IR sensor pairs placed at intervals to automatically detect traffic density and give priority to heavier traffic. The system aims to solve the problem of wasted time at intersections when traffic density is uneven between sides. It will control traffic lights based on real-time density calculations from the sensor data.
This document provides a summary of an industrial project on a four way traffic control system implemented using an FPGA. The project was completed by Ameesha Singh and Chetan Dabral for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Mahatma Gandhi Mission's College of Engineering and Technology, affiliated with Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University. The project aims to design a traffic light controller using Verilog HDL that can manage traffic flow at a four road intersection through sequencing the red, yellow, and green lights. Xilinx ISE Project Navigator and iSIM simulator were used for the design, simulation, and testing of the traffic light controller system implemented on an FPGA
Project report on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicleNeeraj Lohani
This document presents a preliminary project report on a proposed wireless traffic control system for emergency vehicles. The system would use radio frequency (RF) transmission to automatically control traffic lights and give priority to emergency vehicles. It discusses the need for such a system due to increasing traffic and delays for emergency vehicles. It then outlines the basic technology of RF transmitters and receivers that would be used and provides a basic design of the system including encoders, decoders, microcontrollers and the traffic light sequences. The goal is for emergency vehicles to bypass traffic with minimal disruption to regular traffic flow.
DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER BY SAIKIRAN PANJALASaikiran Panjala
This document describes a density-based traffic light controller that uses image processing and infrared sensors. It enhances traditional traffic lights by adjusting light durations based on detected vehicle density from 0-100% matching. This is done by acquiring images with cameras, converting to grayscale, enhancing the images, and analyzing them with edge detection to match images and control light conditions. The system aims to reduce vehicle wait times and conflicts at intersections in a low-cost way using a microcontroller rather than a PLC. In conclusion, the microcontroller-based design allows for accurate, independent and consistent timing at a lower cost than traditional controllers.
Density based traffic signal control using microcontrollerkrity kumari
Description : This project includes controller ATmega 32A, Led (blue,red,yellow), IR sensor modules.
Specification : Power supply (12 v -1amp), frequency of controller Atmega 32A is 8 Mhz, range of IR
module is 1m and frequency of IR module is 32KHz.
Method of work : 1.Design of circuit
2. Programming in ICC AVR.
3. Simulation of design through Proteus.
Density Based Traffic System with Emergency override using BluetoothChull Productions
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their bachelor's degree. It outlines a density based traffic system with emergency override using RFID. The proposed system allocates different time slots to roads based on vehicle density to improve time management. It also provides priority traffic signal management for high density lanes and emergency vehicles. An additional feature allows pedestrians to safely cross the road based on their request. The project implements a prototype for an automatic and safer traffic signal management system based on emergency conditions.
Traffic density dependent taffic light controller pdf NAVODITA KUMARI
By using this system configuration we can reduce the possibilities of traffic jams caused by traffic lights to an extent. The number of passing vehicles on the road decides the density range of traffics and on the basis of vehicle count microcontroller decides the traffic light delays.
This document describes a density based traffic control system that uses sensors and a microcontroller to dynamically control traffic lights based on vehicle density. Sensors placed on roads measure traffic and transmit values to a microcontroller. As traffic increases on a road, the values change and the microcontroller prioritizes that road's traffic light to allow traffic to flow more efficiently. The system aims to reduce traffic congestion through adaptive, density-based traffic light timing.
Intelligent ambulance car witch controle traffic lightsPadmakar Mangrule
This document describes a project to design an intelligent ambulance car that can control traffic lights. An infrared transmitter would be installed in ambulances to send a signal to receivers at intersections. The microcontroller at intersections would detect the ambulance's signal and switch all lights to green in the ambulance's direction and red in other directions, clearing a path for the emergency vehicle. The goal is to reduce waiting times at lights for ambulances responding to emergencies to save time. Block diagrams and interfaces like sensors, displays and buttons are discussed. Software like compilers and debug tools would be used to program the microcontrollers.
Micro controller based Traffic control systemRohit Kumar
This project deals with traffic system controlled by a microcontroller.
using IR controllers instead of using old timing circuits.
This system aims to provide much better and safer way of controlling Traffic signal system.
This system of controlling will help a lot in future.
Density based-traffic-light-control-system project-2 (3)Rishik kanth
This document describes a density based traffic control system that uses sensors and a microcontroller to dynamically adjust traffic light timing based on current traffic conditions. It includes sections that describe the objective to reduce traffic congestion, block diagram of the system components including sensors, microcontroller and lights, hardware such as the microcontroller and sensors, software used for design and programming, advantages like reduced traffic and time savings, and applications for improving traffic flow. The conclusion states that adopting this density based system could help overcome limitations of current time based traffic control systems.
O documento discute as 8 P's do marketing digital aplicadas à empresa Flores de Brasília. São elas: Pesquisa, Projeto, Produção, Publicação, Promoção, Precisão, Personalização e Propagação. O objetivo é tornar o e-commerce da empresa mais atrativo para o cliente, aumentando lucros e engajamento nas redes sociais no primeiro semestre de 2016.
Anthony Phillips is an Automation and Controls Manager with over 40 years of experience in electrical engineering. He has 20 years of experience in industrial controls and automation projects up to £1.8 million. His skills include PLC and HMI programming for Siemens, Mitsubishi, Rockwell, and other brands, as well as electrical design, robot programming, safety assessment, and project management. He is currently the Automation and Controls Manager at QM Systems, where he manages teams of up to six engineers and is responsible for design, testing, and commissioning of automation systems.
This document outlines a technical seminar on a microcontroller-based traffic signaling system. It includes sections on the introduction, history of traffic lights, a flow chart of the system, details about the microcontroller and AT89S52 pin diagram used, the circuit diagram, hardware description, advantages, and conclusions. It aims to reduce traffic congestion through an optimized traffic flow system using a microcontroller.
VEHICLE DENSITY CONTROLLED AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC LIGHT from KMP Engineering collegeHIGHVOLTEEE
ABSTRACT
The project is designed to develop a density based dynamic traffic signal
system. The signal timing changes automatically on sensing the traffic density
at the junction. Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many major cities
across the world and it has become a nightmare for the commuters in these
cities. Conventional traffic light system is based on fixed time concept allotted
to each side of the junction which cannot be varied as per varying traffic
density. Junction timings allotted are fixed. Sometimes higher traffic density at
one side of the junction demands longer green time as compared to standard
allotted time. The proposed system using a microcontroller of 8051 series duly
interfaced with sensors, changes the junction timing automatically to
accommodate movement of vehicles smoothly avoiding unnecessary waiting
time at the junction. The sensors used in this project are IR and photodiodes are
in line of sight configuration across the loads to detect the density at the traffic
signal. The density of the vehicles is measured in three zones i.e., low, medium,
high based on which timings are allotted accordingly. Further the project can
be enhanced by synchronizing all the traffic junctions in the city by establishing
a network among them. The network can be wired or wireless. This
synchronization will greatly help in reducing traffic congestion.
The document provides an introduction and overview of a project that aims to reduce traffic congestion by implementing a density-based traffic control system using infrared (IR) technology and an 89C51 microcontroller. The system would track the number of vehicles on each road and adjust traffic light times accordingly, with more vehicles resulting in longer green light times. It describes the existing fixed-time system, the proposed vehicle counting system using IR sensors, and the process of adjusting light times based on vehicle density readings from the sensors.
density based traffic control system with mannual overridemokshi koganti
so,,here is the documentation for this project which will be helpful to u regarding the project reviews
..................................................................mokshi
any doubts here to help
Command based street light controlling through pc (2)Ravinder Katla
This document describes a street light controlling system that uses a microcontroller to turn lights on and off based on commands sent from a PC. The system includes a microcontroller, power supply, MAX232 for serial communication, relays to control the lights, and an LED lighting system. The microcontroller receives commands from the PC via the serial connection and uses relays to toggle the street lights. This allows remote control of street lights to save power and reduce maintenance needs.
Neural network for real time traffic signal controlSnehal Takawale
This document describes a neural network system for real-time traffic signal control using a hybrid multi-agent approach. It discusses previous work using neural networks and stochastic approximation for traffic control. The proposed system uses multiple sensors to continuously learn traffic patterns and control signals. Simulation results over 3, 6, and 24 hours showed the hybrid neural network approach had lower mean delays than other methods, especially over longer periods as traffic fluctuated. While this system can automatically control traffic with minimal maintenance, limitations include potential unsuitability for areas with less variable traffic and high implementation costs.
Density Based Traffic signal system using microcontrollerkrity kumari
This document describes a density based traffic signal system using a microcontroller. It uses IR sensors to measure traffic density on each road and the microcontroller controls the traffic lights accordingly. The microcontroller receives input from the IR sensors and determines which path has traffic, providing a green light to that path while giving red lights to other paths. This allows the traffic light timing to dynamically adjust based on real-time traffic conditions to reduce congestion compared to traditional fixed-time traffic lights. The goal is to minimize traffic jams and delays by prioritizing paths with higher vehicle density.
Density based traffic light controlling (2)hardik1240
The document discusses the aims and scope of a project to build a traffic control system based on density. It uses IR sensor pairs placed at intervals to automatically detect traffic density and give priority to heavier traffic. The system aims to solve the problem of wasted time at intersections when traffic density is uneven between sides. It will control traffic lights based on real-time density calculations from the sensor data.
This document provides a summary of an industrial project on a four way traffic control system implemented using an FPGA. The project was completed by Ameesha Singh and Chetan Dabral for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Mahatma Gandhi Mission's College of Engineering and Technology, affiliated with Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University. The project aims to design a traffic light controller using Verilog HDL that can manage traffic flow at a four road intersection through sequencing the red, yellow, and green lights. Xilinx ISE Project Navigator and iSIM simulator were used for the design, simulation, and testing of the traffic light controller system implemented on an FPGA
Project report on wireless based traffic control for emergency vehicleNeeraj Lohani
This document presents a preliminary project report on a proposed wireless traffic control system for emergency vehicles. The system would use radio frequency (RF) transmission to automatically control traffic lights and give priority to emergency vehicles. It discusses the need for such a system due to increasing traffic and delays for emergency vehicles. It then outlines the basic technology of RF transmitters and receivers that would be used and provides a basic design of the system including encoders, decoders, microcontrollers and the traffic light sequences. The goal is for emergency vehicles to bypass traffic with minimal disruption to regular traffic flow.
DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER BY SAIKIRAN PANJALASaikiran Panjala
This document describes a density-based traffic light controller that uses image processing and infrared sensors. It enhances traditional traffic lights by adjusting light durations based on detected vehicle density from 0-100% matching. This is done by acquiring images with cameras, converting to grayscale, enhancing the images, and analyzing them with edge detection to match images and control light conditions. The system aims to reduce vehicle wait times and conflicts at intersections in a low-cost way using a microcontroller rather than a PLC. In conclusion, the microcontroller-based design allows for accurate, independent and consistent timing at a lower cost than traditional controllers.
Density based traffic signal control using microcontrollerkrity kumari
Description : This project includes controller ATmega 32A, Led (blue,red,yellow), IR sensor modules.
Specification : Power supply (12 v -1amp), frequency of controller Atmega 32A is 8 Mhz, range of IR
module is 1m and frequency of IR module is 32KHz.
Method of work : 1.Design of circuit
2. Programming in ICC AVR.
3. Simulation of design through Proteus.
Density Based Traffic System with Emergency override using BluetoothChull Productions
This document is a project report submitted by four students for their bachelor's degree. It outlines a density based traffic system with emergency override using RFID. The proposed system allocates different time slots to roads based on vehicle density to improve time management. It also provides priority traffic signal management for high density lanes and emergency vehicles. An additional feature allows pedestrians to safely cross the road based on their request. The project implements a prototype for an automatic and safer traffic signal management system based on emergency conditions.
Traffic density dependent taffic light controller pdf NAVODITA KUMARI
By using this system configuration we can reduce the possibilities of traffic jams caused by traffic lights to an extent. The number of passing vehicles on the road decides the density range of traffics and on the basis of vehicle count microcontroller decides the traffic light delays.
This document describes a density based traffic control system that uses sensors and a microcontroller to dynamically control traffic lights based on vehicle density. Sensors placed on roads measure traffic and transmit values to a microcontroller. As traffic increases on a road, the values change and the microcontroller prioritizes that road's traffic light to allow traffic to flow more efficiently. The system aims to reduce traffic congestion through adaptive, density-based traffic light timing.
Intelligent ambulance car witch controle traffic lightsPadmakar Mangrule
This document describes a project to design an intelligent ambulance car that can control traffic lights. An infrared transmitter would be installed in ambulances to send a signal to receivers at intersections. The microcontroller at intersections would detect the ambulance's signal and switch all lights to green in the ambulance's direction and red in other directions, clearing a path for the emergency vehicle. The goal is to reduce waiting times at lights for ambulances responding to emergencies to save time. Block diagrams and interfaces like sensors, displays and buttons are discussed. Software like compilers and debug tools would be used to program the microcontrollers.
Micro controller based Traffic control systemRohit Kumar
This project deals with traffic system controlled by a microcontroller.
using IR controllers instead of using old timing circuits.
This system aims to provide much better and safer way of controlling Traffic signal system.
This system of controlling will help a lot in future.
Density based-traffic-light-control-system project-2 (3)Rishik kanth
This document describes a density based traffic control system that uses sensors and a microcontroller to dynamically adjust traffic light timing based on current traffic conditions. It includes sections that describe the objective to reduce traffic congestion, block diagram of the system components including sensors, microcontroller and lights, hardware such as the microcontroller and sensors, software used for design and programming, advantages like reduced traffic and time savings, and applications for improving traffic flow. The conclusion states that adopting this density based system could help overcome limitations of current time based traffic control systems.
O documento discute as 8 P's do marketing digital aplicadas à empresa Flores de Brasília. São elas: Pesquisa, Projeto, Produção, Publicação, Promoção, Precisão, Personalização e Propagação. O objetivo é tornar o e-commerce da empresa mais atrativo para o cliente, aumentando lucros e engajamento nas redes sociais no primeiro semestre de 2016.
Anthony Phillips is an Automation and Controls Manager with over 40 years of experience in electrical engineering. He has 20 years of experience in industrial controls and automation projects up to £1.8 million. His skills include PLC and HMI programming for Siemens, Mitsubishi, Rockwell, and other brands, as well as electrical design, robot programming, safety assessment, and project management. He is currently the Automation and Controls Manager at QM Systems, where he manages teams of up to six engineers and is responsible for design, testing, and commissioning of automation systems.
Formación: "Posicionamiento en Google y en los Medios Sociales"Eclectica DV
El documento habla sobre estrategias de optimización para motores de búsqueda (SEO) y redes sociales (SMO). Recomienda validar la estructura y velocidad del sitio web, y optimizar el contenido con títulos, metadatos y enlaces semánticos. También habla sobre construir una presencia en redes sociales mediante el diseño de una narrativa coherente, definir objetivos y conocer la audiencia. El objetivo final es atraer visitantes y generar participación a través de contenidos atractivos y aprovech
How to make e-commerce site with Taobao goodsTatyana Sinenko
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by simply clicking the "GET STARTED" prompt. In just one sentence, it pitches presentation creation using Haiku Deck on SlideShare's platform.
Taller: "Web 2.0 para domesticar la sobreinformación: Google Reader"Eclectica DV
Durante el taller "Web 2.0 para domesticar la sobreinformación" Ecléctica DV identifica las herramientas de la web 2.0 para buscar, filtrar, organizar, compartir y gestionar el flujo de (sobre)información al cual estás expuesta diariamente:
http://www.eclecticadv.net/spip.php?article279
El taller fue el segundo módulo de la formación "Web 2.0 para el sector artístico":
http://www.eclecticadv.net/spip.php?article276
Los y las asistentes aprendieron que la sobreinformación en la web 2.0 es un hecho, pero la web 2.0 también nos ofrece una batería de herramientas, servicios y tecnologías que nos ayudan a filtrar la información que nos interesa y dejar aparte el ’ruido’ que provocan las nuevas calles de internet.
This document discusses different types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals when electrons are transferred from the metal atom to the nonmetal atom. Covalent bonds form between nonmetal atoms through the sharing of electron pairs. Metallic bonds form between metal atoms when electrons are delocalized and pooled throughout the structure. Examples of ionic bonding forming between sodium and chlorine atoms and covalent bonding forming between oxygen and hydrogen atoms are provided. Single, double, and triple covalent bonds are also defined based on the number of electron pairs shared.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A PROTOTYPE REMOTE CONTROL FOR HOME APPLIANCE USING rStephen Achionye
This document describes the design and construction of a prototype remote control system for home appliances using radio frequency (RF). It includes an introduction outlining the aims and objectives of the project, as well as the scope of work. It then provides a literature review on remote control systems and describes the proposed design which consists of transmitting and receiving sides. The document analyzes the hardware components that will be used, including transformers, bridge rectifiers, diodes, capacitors, voltage regulators, LEDs, resistors, microcontrollers, crystal oscillators, transistors, relays, and infrared transmitters and receivers. It outlines the system design methodology and discusses how the system will be tested.
Examen de informática del 1er trimestreTommy Idrovo
Este documento proporciona instrucciones en 5 pasos para subir una presentación a SlideShare. Explica cómo abrir una cuenta de SlideShare, seleccionar el archivo a subir, agregar información como título y etiquetas, y compartir el documento en línea o en redes sociales una vez completada la subida.
Technical report on Transistor Based Intercom SystemSourav Rakshit
The intercom circuit will let us talk with another person in a distant room. The kit will be in one room and speaker will be in other room. When a person speaks, his voice signals will be changed into electrical signal by a condenser microphone and then the electrical signals generated will be transmitted through the circuit. The electrical signals at the other end will be converted into analog or voice signals by the speaker used and hence the person at the other end can hear the message. The unit having all components is called master unit and the unit having only the speaker is called slave unit.
This document is a project report on the design of a multi-band rejection electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield using a frequency selective surface. It includes an abstract, table of contents, introduction on EMI and EMI shielding materials and techniques. It also provides background on frequency selective surfaces including their history, design principles, common element geometries and applications. The report was submitted by four students for their BTech final year project and approved by their supervisor and head of department. It details the design, simulation and fabrication of an ultra-thin, flexible EMI shield capable of rejecting multiple unwanted frequencies using a frequency selective surface approach.
Lecture 6: The New York School comes of age with the mature work of Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, and Willem de Kooning. We also discuss the 'second generation' artists such as Joan Mitchell and Morriss Lewis. A strong focus on expressive brushwork, personal emotion and the underlying tenets of existentialist thought is on full display. Clement Greenberg's thoughts on the inherent flatness of the picture plane also exert a strong influence. The work should also be seen in the context of the Cold War and 'soft power'.
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the larynx. It discusses the larynx's location in the neck, its composition of cartilages, muscles, and ligaments. The key functions of the larynx are identified as protection of the respiratory tract, respiration, phonation (voice production), fixation of the chest, and closure of the glottis. Diagrams are included showing the anterior and posterior views of the larynx cavities and structures.
The document provides an acknowledgement and abstract for a project on designing a microcontroller-based moving message display. It thanks various individuals for their support and contributions. The abstract indicates that the project focuses on designing and constructing a moving message display system using a dot matrix arrangement of LEDs controlled by a microcontroller. It provides details on the dot matrix technology and scanning method used to display information.
This document describes the design and construction of an electronic sign post. It begins with an introduction and objectives. It then discusses the literature review on the history of electronic signs, including the evolution of technologies from manually changed signs to early electronic signs using light bulbs and reflective materials to modern LED displays. It describes the design methodology, including the power supply, control unit, line decoders, character font formation, and microcontroller programming. It discusses the system software and operation, and concludes with recommendations. The overall document presents the process of designing and building an electronic sign display system.
This document describes the design and construction of an electronic display of the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA) emblem using LEDs and a microcontroller. Key steps included:
1) Choosing dimensions for the FUTA emblem logo and constructing a frame out of wood and rubber.
2) Designing a transistor switching circuit to control the LEDs and interfacing it with an ATmega16 microcontroller.
3) Creating a power supply and writing firmware in C to control lighting patterns.
4) Troubleshooting issues during construction and achieving a 92% functioning electronic display of the FUTA emblem logo.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CAMERA-BASED INTERACTIVE TOUCH SCREENJournal For Research
The document describes the design and implementation of a camera-based interactive touch screen. It uses a coated glass sheet as a projection surface and cameras to detect touches. When a finger touches a laser light plane in front of the screen, it is detected by the camera. An ATmega16 microcontroller processes the camera images and communicates touch locations to an external device via UART. This technology allows for large, low-cost touch displays without individual sensors. It has advantages over other touch detection methods and can enable applications like advertising, presentations, and outdoor displays.
This document describes the design of a wireless LED notice board. It uses a PIC microcontroller and XBEE modules for wireless communication between a transmitter and receiver. The transmitter is connected to a host computer and sends messages over XBEE to the receiver. The receiver PIC then distributes the data in parallel to LED driver chips that control 5x7 LED dot matrix displays to show scrolling text messages. The design aims to cascade multiple displays for viewing messages over a wide area through low power wireless transmission.
The document describes the development of an embedded system for low power message display using a scanning technique. Specifically, it presents a Master's thesis that developed a system to display a Muslim calendar with date, time, and prayer times using seven segment displays in an energy efficient manner. The system uses a microcontroller to continuously scan each display unit, ensuring that only one unit is on at any given time. This scanning technique aims to significantly reduce power consumption compared to conventional static display systems.
Decibel meter using IoT with notice boardIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to monitor sound levels using an IoT device and display the results. A sound sensor measures noise intensity and sends the data to a NodeMCU microcontroller via WiFi. The NodeMCU then uploads the real-time data to a cloud database and displays it on a local LCD screen. The system can detect low, moderate, and high noise levels and activate different colored LEDs and a buzzer accordingly. The cloud database allows monitoring sound levels remotely from any location. The system is intended to help control and monitor noise, especially in industrial areas.
LED display system is aimed at the colleges and universities for displaying day-to-day information continuously or at regular intervals during the working hours. Being GSM based system, it offers flexibility to display flash news or announcements faster than the programmable system.
The LED display system mainly consists of a receiver and a display board which can be programmed from an Arduino.
It receives the message through serial port and display the desired information after necessary code conversion.
It can serve as an electronic notice board and display the important notices without any delay thus avoiding the latency.
A design of multifunctional led written screen based on wireless transmissioneSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents a design of a LED dot matrix written display system using Single Chip Micyoco (SCM). It completes the data acquisition function through the light pen with excellent photographic performance phototransistor, then it can achieve the following functions, such as click light, draw light, reverse display, entire screen erasure, stroke erasure, multi characters written and so on. The display includes two parts, handwriting screen and color dot matrix screen display, which are connected by wireless. By light pen writing in the writing area, it can display in color dot matrix display area, it also has the function of key operation and has a USB interface. Therefore, it can transfer text and picture messages to dot matrix display area. This paper presents the hardware design and its schematics, gives the general flowchart of software. This design is a low-cost wireless display design scheme, it has the advantages of simple design, easy to use, etc.
Keywords: LED, Wireless transmission, Light pen, SCM
Table of Contents
History of Core technology 2
Magnetic Core Memory 2
Who Invented Core Memory? 2
What is Core-i Technology ? 2
Single core, Dual core, Quad core and Octa core. 3
ADVANTAGES : 3
CURRENT LINEUP CORE PROCESSORS 3
Q: 2 Computer transformation 4
Q:3: Vendors of Technology Hardware 5
Q: 4 Counter Argument 8
Will this be a hard sell? why or why not? 9
Q-5: Specialized Organizations In Creating Customized Software Applications For The Clients 9
This document discusses the I2C bus protocol and its implementation on an FPGA to interface with low speed peripheral devices. It also provides background on VLSI design, including the evolution of integration density over time, the VLSI design flow from behavioral to layout representations, and historical context on increasing processing power needs driving advances in integration technologies. The I2C protocol allows communication between multiple chips using only two pins, addressing the need for lower pin counts as chip sizes decrease. The document implements I2C on an FPGA to interface with a DS1307 peripheral and synthesizes it on a Spartan 3E chip.
A collision prevention warning system is an automobile safety system which enables vehicles to identify the chances of collision and give visual and audio warning to the driver so that the driver can take necessary action to avoid `a collision.
The document provides an overview of embedded systems and printed circuit board (PCB) design. It defines embedded systems as computers dedicated to specific tasks and optimized for size and cost. Examples of embedded systems include appliances, vehicles, and medical devices. The document then discusses PCB design software Eclipse and Tina Pro and the PCB design process in OrCad, including schematic capture, board layout, and routing. Key steps are summarized as importing schematics, setting board parameters, manually or automatically placing components, and routing connections between components.
The document describes a wireless electronic notice board project that uses GSM technology to display messages sent via SMS. The system receives SMS messages, validates the sender, and displays the text on an LED screen. It then deletes the message to make space for new ones. The document discusses extending the system to convert received text to speech for audible notifications. It outlines the hardware and software components used to realize the text-to-speech conversion and integration with the existing electronic notice board system.
SIMPLIFIED SECURED WIRELESS RAILWAY / AIRWAY FOR RESERVATIONRicky Drk
This document discusses embedded systems and describes them as a combination of computer hardware and software designed to perform a specific function within a larger system. It notes that while general-purpose computers can perform many different tasks, embedded systems are designed for a dedicated purpose like controlling anti-lock brakes in a vehicle. Real-time embedded systems must also meet precise timing requirements to ensure functions are performed within required time constraints.
The document discusses the five generations of computers from the first vacuum tube based generation to the current fifth generation using ULSI microprocessors. It describes the key characteristics of each generation including the technologies used and operating systems. The document also provides definitions and descriptions of computer hardware components including the system unit, motherboard, processor, memory, monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, printer, scanner, modem and ports. Finally, it outlines some common uses of computers in business, education, medicine and at home.
IRJET - Web-based Chatbot for Continuous Conversation using Artificial Intell...IRJET Journal
This document describes a web-based chatbot for continuous conversation using artificial intelligence. The proposed system uses a chatbot connected to an Arduino microcontroller and servo motor to provide dynamic answers through an MP3 module and mouth movements. The chatbot is designed to identify queries, respond verbally through the speaker, and move the servo motor to simulate mouth movements. It aims to provide an effective solution for conversational agents using technologies like fuzzy logic and natural language processing.
This document appears to be a seminar paper on embedded web technology presented by Sruthi R Babu. It includes an introduction, sections on embedded web technology basics covering embedded systems, embedded web servers, and the client-server model. It also discusses HTML, XML, explanations of embedded web technology, and applications. The paper was completed to fulfill requirements for a BTech degree and was certified by several professors from the College of Engineering Pathanapuram.
This document provides an overview of a textbook on computer fundamentals for the second semester of a diploma in hotel and hospitality management. It was compiled and printed by ECDL Educations Pvt. Ltd. The textbook covers topics such as introduction to computers, hardware, software, operating systems, internet, MS Office, and other computer concepts. It is divided into four blocks containing units on various topics with detailed contents outlined for each unit.
Advanced Braille System-Communication Device for Blind-Deaf PeopleIRJET Journal
This document describes a communication device that allows blind-deaf people to send and receive SMS messages independently. The device uses Braille as an interface, representing letters as vibrations from small motors. It contains an Arduino, GSM module, LCD, buzzer, vibrator motors and keypad. To receive a message, the device reads the SMS using AT commands, converts letters to Braille vibrations and displays the text on the LCD. To send a message, the user enters text through the keypad which is converted to SMS and sent via the GSM module. The system aims to improve communication access for physically impaired users.
Advanced Braille System-Communication Device for Blind-Deaf People
ORIGINAL PROJECT
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My profound gratitude goes to my parents Mr and Mrs ………… for their invaluable
contribution to my educational pursuit and every others sector of life.
My warm regards goes to my elder brother, ---------. for his support and various
suggestions during the writing of this project, and to my younger siblings, Eunice and
Prosper for their love and understanding.
I also want to appreciate the efforts of my friends and well wishers who in one way or the
other contributed to my happiness and sustenance during my stay in school.
To my supervisor, Engr……………….. for his instructions, my lecturers; Engr…….,
Engr…………….., Engr................, Engr........... for their numerous teachings and
impartation in my life, while an undergraduate.
And not forgetting Engr Jude Ogbunachi of Daystar Electronix Consort for providing me
with some of the materials needed for the write up of this project and for his coaching.
Thanks to you all.
2. ABSTRACT
This project focuses on the design and construction of a micro controller based moving
message display. However, since the dot matrix technology is inevitably the underlying
principle of the display system, much attention is focused on it and emphasis is centered
on its streaming effect which employs the scanning method of displaying information
under the hard wired system using the dot matrix arrangement of light emitting diodes in
rows and columns. These light emitting diodes which form a hardware part of the system,
provide a suitable way of displaying the information, radiating light in a specific color
(red). The hard ware structure is interfaced with a programmed microcontroller in order
to achieve the desired information.
3. CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BRIEF OVER VIEW
Recently there has been major advancement in technology. Thee advancement have
spurred to virtually every sector of life. The advertisement industry is no exclusion.
Today sign boards and even bill boards have been gradually replaced by electronic
displays which are more attention catching and flexible.
The moving message display is an electronic system which uses a series of LEDs (light
emitting diodes) to display messages in a moving pattern. Generally, such messages were
scrolled so that they move either from the left to right or vice versa.
However, the LEDs cannot do that alone, thus for full functionality of the moving display
system, the LEDs are connected to either computer or micro – controller which is the
major brain behind the formation and movement of message letter or figures. Moreover,
the computer or micro – controller needs the aid of line decoders, crystal oscillators, semi
conductors components such as transistors, resistors and switches and the power supply
unit for proper implementation.
In this work, I shall be focusing in the design and construction of a moving message
which will display 5 characters at a time, each consisting of 5 x 7 LEDs.
The messages display system will then display the message, “WELCOME TO
ELECTRICAL/ ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MICHEAL
OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE….. DESIGNED BY KINGSLEY”
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
The aims and objectives of these projects are as follows:
4. To realize an electronic display system which has some level of flexibility in its
operations that is erasing and re – programming the content stored in the memory
to vary the display output is possible.
To implement in system, whose materials and components used in the design of
the hardware are sample and cheap and easily available in the local market, thus
making the whole system to be simple or design and reducing cost.
To implement open module architecture that can be easily upgraded to suit the
specification of producers and manufacturers.
To make a system operations more appreciable by making the system re –
programmable.
To employ dot matrix arrangement on the display unit so as to allow ease in
expansion of both width and length of the display board.
To design a system which has human – machine inter – face in the operations,
completing transparent and applicable to end – users
1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Despite the previous efforts and methods in building moving message displays,
development problems still exist in the realization of ideal electronic displays that is one
that possesses the qualities such as high intensity, contrast, response, resolution, full
color, large capacity, flat form, light weight, low power consumption, low cost and life
time reliability.
In time past, electronic moving message displays were achieved electromagnetically by
the use of relays and these led to a lot of problems with high cost of materials, flexibility
in the way information were presented.
Due to these, I decided to design a project that overcame the above mentioned
limitations.
5. 1.4 WORK ORGANIZATION
This work presents the design and construction of a re-programmable electronic moving
message display system using dot matrix arrangements of LEDs. This is presented
through hard wiring which gives a faster response when arranged in modular
configuration, which introduces some level of convenience to the designer.
Chapter one discusses the background information of micro re-programmable digital
display. Chapter two tells the literature review, chapter three describes the design and
methodology, discusses the system software. Chapter five is the concluding chapter
which also proffers future recommendations.
6. CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORY OF MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY SYSTEM
The advent of MMDSs began in the entry twentieth century by countries like the United
State of America, Germany, Japan and Soviet Union, but huge successes did not
materialize till the 1920s. Still a major problem encountered was how to produce less
bulky MMDSs, However in the 1950s, with the advent of integrated circuit, switches and
large scale integration lower voltage and power consumption, coupled with reduction in
size and weight was achieved.
This contribution to the full construction and usage of MMDS began in the 1960s. AS a
result, there were higher demands for MMDSs in the commercial industry, domestic,
sporting and aesthetic sectors. At this time, passive display technology for liquid crystal
displays (LCDs) and electrochemical display (ECDs) arose at approximately the same
time and active displays for the vacuum florescent display (VFD) and the light emitting
diode (LED) were first implemented for small capacity MMDS.
Series of researches followed as Wolf wt al in 1954, implemented that observation of
Gallium phosphate (Gal) lighting emitting phenomena and the injection
electroluminescence effect of Gallium Arserdie Phosphide (Ga Ar P) red LED in 1968
subsequently colours of LED were introduced, these include orange, yellow and green
types. In the early 1970s, however, the use of programmable dot matrices LCDs or LEDs
were made possible. These could be implemented with the use of keyboard.
Today, the advanced electronic message display system can present multiple view and
objects that have realistic motions.
2.2 SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of this project is to design moving message display system of the type
commonly used in shop windows, airports, fast food venues and other public buildings
7. The display will be required to be able to scroll a message of at least 300
characters from right to left, with at least five characters on screen at any instant
A dot matrix style of LED display will be used that is capable of displaying the
ASCII character set
To achieve a moving message display with these features: single color, one
brightness level, 7.5 cm by 4.5 cm character size, 5 by 7 dot-matrix module, 1 LED
per pixel.
Other display features (such as flashing) will not be added, since it would be
extremely difficult to add these using ordinary logic ICs
2.3 SOFTWARE CONTROLLED MESSAGE DISPLAY SYSTEM
This kind of display system uses a computer to control the nature and movement of
messages. There is no need for a microcontroller since the control basically comes from
the computer’s microprocessor, which has powerful processing powerful capability. The
message system is controlled with the aid of application software that drives it.
The message board is usually connected to the computer with the aid of a serial or
parallel interface. This interface could be a virtual or physical link between the computer
and its peripherals through which compatibility is achieved.
2.4 MICRO-CONTROLLER BASED MESSAGE DISPLAY SYSTEM
In this kind of display system, a micro-controller is used to control the display of
messages on the dot-matrix LEDs which it is interfaced with. They are usually costumed
made or designed to carry about the logic needed to generate required lighting sequences
and output them to the display. The logic is usually available as a firmware in the
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM), which is then interfaced to the
appropriate display.
Advantages of a micro controller based display system include: greater flexibility, ability
to implement very complex logic at no extra hardware cost ability to receive inputs
dynamically and displays them. Cheap, memory can be erased and reprogrammed.
This is the method employed in this project, the versatility was adequately employed.
2.5 COMPONENTS AND FEATURES
List of components part Quantity
8. Resistors
R1 1
R2 1
R3.1 – 8 8
CAPACITORS
C1 1
C2 1
C3 1
C4 1
TRANSISTORS
T1 – 8 8
LEDs 210
DECODER
DEC 74138 8
MICRO – CONTROLLER
AT89C51 Micro – controller 1
RESISTORS
A resistor is a two terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance to
ohms law.
TRANSISTOR
This is a semi – conductor device commonly used to accomplish or switch electronic
signals. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals changes the
current following through another pair of terminals changes the current following through
another pair of terminal. The transistor provides an amplification of signal.
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LEDs)
LEDs from the numbers on digital clock transmission from remote controls, light up
watches, etc. They are tiny bulbs, but unlike ordinary incandescent bulb, they don’t
9. filament that will burn off and they don’t get hot. They are illuminated solely by the
movement of electron in a semi – conductor material and they last just as long as a
standard transistor.
LINE DECODERS
Decoders are collection of logical gates, which are arranged in a specific way so as to
break down any combination of inputs to a set of terms that are all set to 0 apart from 1
term.
MICR-CONTROLLER
This is a single programmable chip that is designed to control circuits that are interfaced
with it. They usually consist of ports and other activation pins having specific functions.
There are of various families including the 8086, 8088, 8951 series.
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS
10. 3.1 INTRODUCTION
This project is designed so as to realize an efficient, maintainable, and most importantly,
affordable electronic re-programmable display system using dot matrix technology. The
moving message display system is designed in modules, which involves the techniques of
modularity. For simplicity, the suitability and compatibility of a stage to conform to the
changing circuit parameters in other stages were considered. Another important step
taken was early identification of hazards and the development of appropriate steps to
isolate and control them in the design phase. The different section/modules that make up
the whole system are shown below.
Block diagram of a Micro programmable moving message display system showing
its principle of operation.
3.2 THE POWER SUPPLY UNIT
The power supply unit is a system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an
output or group of loads.
MICRO
CONTROLLER
LINE
DECODERS
DISPLAY
UNIT
CRYSTAL
OSCILLATOR
POWER
SUPPLY
UNIT
11. The power supply unit is a system that supplies voltage to all parts of a circuitry. There
are basically two main types of power supplies – linear power supply and switched mode
power supply.
In this project, the linear power supply was used principally the linear power supply
consists of four sections. Complete implementation. They include:
1. Transformation
2. Rectification
3. Filtration
4. Regulation
A typical block diagram of the linear power supply unit is as shown
below.
Block diagram of the power supply unit
THE TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER REGULATOR
12. In this project, a 240/12V, 500MA based transformer is used based on the fact that the
means supply is rated at 240V and the actual voltage required by the circuit components
(micro – controller, line decoder LEDs etc.) is a regulated 5V
However, a 7805 regulator is used which required a minimum of 8V. The back drop
voltage from the regulator is 1.4v given a total of 9.4V. The 12V transformers are
available. A current of 500mA is sufficient to drive all the circuit components.
THE RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current
(DC), a process known as rectificatioin.
Rectification can either be half wave or full wave.
Half – Wave Rectification
In half – wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed,
while the half of the other is blocked.
Full – Wave Rectification
A full wave rectifier converts the whole of the input form if the inputs wave form to
constant polarity at its output.
In this project, full wave bridge rectifier is used because it provides a better efficiency
compared to half wave and bridge rectifier, because the transformer used not center
tapped.
FILTER
Filters are electronic circuit which perform signal processing functions, specifically to
remove unwanted frequency component from the signal to enhance wanted ones or both.
They consists of a capacitor connected across the rectified output for the purpose of
13. smoothening out the unwanted ripple in the output. The capacitors basically store charges
temporarily and the stored charges are measured in farad, micro – farad and pico – farad.
The Regulator
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active
electronic component. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more
AC or DC voltages.
The voltage regulator used in this project is 78HC05 integrated circuit. It has three
terminals and is capable of supplying 5+ 10% at 100Ma
]
1 3
2
Circuit symbol of a voltage regulator with pin out indicator
Terminal 1 serves as the input. 2 serves as ground and 3 as the input terminal.
The 7805 used takes 12V from the transformer and gives output of 5V± 0.2%.
Power Indicator
Diode D5 is a light emitting diode used as power on indicator. This glows once power is
on. Resistor R1 is a circuit-limiting resistor, which helps to limit the amount of current
flowing through the diode D5.
The value of the limiting resistor is gotten by the expression.
Resistor R1 = (Vdc – Vd)
Imax
U 1
78105
14. Where:
Vdc = the calculated dc voltage which is given by
Vdc = Vac √2
= 12* √2
Vdc = 16.97
Vd = Diode voltage drop = 1.7V
I2 = Maximum circuit rating of the LED (D5) = 20Ma
Value of the limiting resistor becomes
R1 = 16.07 - 1.7
20 * 10
R1 = 763.5Ω
Therefore for safety reasons, a value of 1000Ω or 1KΩ which is a little higher than
763.5Ω is used to take care of inconsistencies.
3.3 THE CONTROL UNIT
The control unit is made up of a single micro controller chip that can execute a user
program, normally for the purpose of controlling the device; the transistors serve as
switches and the line decoders.
ATMEI 8951
The ATMEI 8951 is a single chip micro-controller that has random access memory
(RAM) and read only memory (ROM). It has instruction set and is compatible with any
other MC51 controller family.
The RAM (Random Access Memory) – This consists of 128 byte arranged as four
register bank, each containing 8 registers given the label R0 to R7.
The ROM (Read Only Memory) – The 8951 has 4K bytes ROM. This portion of the
8951 is made available for the storage of program written by the system designer. The
operation of the 8951 depends on the program.
Serial Communication Ports/Pin Configuration- The 8951 micro-controller is a 40 pin IC
with basically four communication ports with pin 20 and 40 as ground and voltage supply
respectively. The four communication ports are ports are port 0, port 1, port 2 and port 3.
This is illustrated in the fig below.
15. Diagram of 8951
ALE/PROG: Address latch enable output pulse latching the low byte of the address
during accessory to external memory. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 of the
oscillator frequency for external timing or clocking purposes even when there are no
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during
EPROM programming.
PSEN: Program store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
device is executing out of external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle (except that two PSEN activation are skipped during access to external
Data Memory). PSEN is not activated when the device is executing out the internal
program memory.
EA/VPP: When EA is held high, the CPU executes out of external program memory.
Holding EA low forces the CPU to execute out of external memory regardless of the
program counter value.
XTAL1: Input to the inventing oscillator amplifier
XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator.
16. PORT 6: Port is an 8 bit drawn bi – directional port. As as open drawn output port, it can
sink eight LS TTL loads. Port ) pins that have 1s written to them float and in that state
will function as high impedance inputs. Ports 0 is also the multi plexed lower – order and
data bus during access program and data memory.
PORT 1: Port 1 is also 8 bit bi – directional I/O port with internal pull – ups. The port 1
output buffers can drive TTL inputs. Port 1 pins that have 1s written to them are pulled
high by the internal pull – ups, and in that state can be used as inputs, ports 1 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current because of the internal pull – ups.
PORT 2: Port 2 is an 8 bit bi – directional I/O port with pull – ups. Port 2 emits the high
order address byte during accesses to external memory that use 16 bit addresses.
PORT 3: Port 3 is an 8 bit bi – directional I/O port with internal pull ups.
VCC: Supply voltage
VSS: Circuit grounded potential
LINE DECODERS
Binary Decoder
It is basically, a combinational type logic circuit that converts the binary code data at its
input into one of a number of different output lines, one at a time producing an equivalent
decimal code at its output. Binary Decoders have inputs of 2-bit, 3-bit or 4-bit codes
depending upon the number of data input lines, and a n-bit decoder has 2n output lines.
Therefore, if it receives n inputs (usually grouped as a binary or Boolean number) it
activates one and only one of its 2n outputs based on that input with all other outputs
deactivated. A decoder’s output code normally has more bits than its input code and
practical binary decoder circuits include 2-to-4, 3-to-8 and 4-to-16 line configurations.
A binary decoder converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output
codes are different and decoders are available to "decode" either a Binary or BCD (8421
code) input pattern to typically a Decimal output code. Commonly available BCD-to-
Decimal decoders include the TTL 7442 or the CMOS 4028. An example of a 2-to-4 line
decoder along with its truth table is given below. It consists of an array of four NAND
gates, one of which is selected for each combination of the input signals A and B.
17. 2-to-4 Binary Decoders
A binary decoder converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output
codes are different and decoders are available to "decode" either a Binary or BCD (8421
code) input pattern to typically a Decimal output code. Commonly available BCD-to-
Decimal decoders include the TTL 7442 or the CMOS 4028. An example of a 2-to-4 line
decoder along with its truth table is given below. It consists of an array of four NAND
gates, one of which is selected for each combination of the input signals A and B.
2-to-4 Binary Decoders
In this simple example of a 2-to-4 line binary decoder, the binary inputs A and B
determine which output line from D0 to D3 is "HIGH" at logic level "1" while the
remaining outputs are held "LOW" at logic "0" so only one output can be active (HIGH)
at any one time. Therefore, whichever output line is "HIGH" identifies the binary code
present at the input, in other words it "de-codes" the binary input and these types of
binary decoders are commonly used as Address Decoders in microprocessor memory
applications.
Some binary decoders have an additional input labelled "Enable" that controls the outputs
from the device. This allows the decoders outputs to be turned "ON" or "OFF" and we
can see that the logic diagram of the basic decoder is identical to that of the basic
demultiplexer. Therefore, we say that a demultiplexer is a decoder with an additional data
line that is used to enable the decoder. An alternative way of looking at the decoder
18. circuit is to regard inputs A, B and C as address signals. Each combination of A, B or C
defines a unique address which can access a location having that address.
In this simple example of a 2-to-4 line binary decoder, the binary inputs A and B
determine which output line from D0 to D3 is "HIGH" at logic level "1" while the
remaining outputs are held "LOW" at logic "0" so only one output can be active (HIGH)
at any one time. Therefore, whichever output line is "HIGH" identifies the binary code
present at the input, in other words it "de-codes" the binary input and these types of
binary decoders are commonly used as Address Decoders in microprocessor memory
applications.
Some binary decoders have an additional input labelled "Enable" that controls the outputs
from the device. This allows the decoders outputs to be turned "ON" or "OFF" and we
can see that the logic diagram of the basic decoder is identical to that of the basic
demultiplexer. Therefore, we say that a demultiplexer is a decoder with an additional data
line that is used to enable the decoder. An alternative way of looking at the decoder
circuit is to regard inputs A, B and C as address signals. Each combination of A, B or C
defines a unique address which can access a location having that address.
Sometimes it is required to have a Binary Decoder with a number of outputs greater than
is available, or if we only have small devices available, we can combine multiple
decoders together to form larger decoder networks as shown. Here a much larger 4-to-16
line binary decoder has been implemented using two smaller 3-to-8 decoders.
4-to-16 Binary Decoder Configuration
Inputs A, B, C are used to select which output on either decoder will be at logic "1"
(HIGH) and input D is used with the enable input to select which encoder either the first
or second will output the "1".
19. Binary Decoders are most often used in more complex digital systems to access a
particular memory location based on an "address" produced by a computing device. In
modern microprocessor systems the amount of memory required can be quite high and is
generally more than one single memory chip alone. One method of overcoming this
problem is to connect lots of individual memory chips together and to read the data on a
common "Data Bus". In order to prevent the data being "read" from each memory chip at
the same time, each memory chip is selected individually one at time and this process is
known as Address Decoding.
In this application, the address represents the coded data input, and the outputs are the
particular memory element select signals. Each memory chip has an input called Chip
Select or CS which is used by the MCU to select the appropriate memory chip and a logic
"1" on this input selects the device and a logic "0" on the input de-selects it. By selecting
or de-selecting each chip, allows us to select the correct memory device for a particular
address and when we specify a particular memory address, the corresponding memory
location exists ONLY in one of the chips.
In this project the work of 74ls138 is working as a master for chip selection its input is
come from microcontroller and its output is used for chip selection its output is active
low so as a low signal is applied on the 18 or 19 pin of 4*16 decoder it activated and get
start working. When a port 1 value is 16 then first 74ls154 is disabled and other is
enabled.
20. Here A0, A1, A2 and A3 are the inputs of the 74ls154. Its output is active low .E0 and E1
are two inputs for enabling the ic. I ground a pin 19 and pin 18 is controlled by the
74ls138 to enable it at a specific time. It should not be on at every time.
The 74138 line decoder is a high performance memory decoding or data-routing IC that
requires a very short propagation delay times. The 74138 decodes one of the seven lines
depending on the conditions at the three binary SELECT INPUTS and the three
ENABLE INPUTS.
3.5 FORMATION OF CHARACTER FONT ON THE DISPLAY
21. Use of fonts.exe
This exe files can be used to generate a 7*5 (7 rows*5 column) fonts size pattern in
hardware..
In the above diagram row 6,7 and 8 has code 00h mean no display by using 8*8 just one
00h is used if use three 00h the gap is seems too much between two characters.
Below is the screen shot of fonts.exe that how I use it, it has many formats and option to
do as I check three boxes and then generate a font’s pattern code.
22. Dot matrix internal structure:
In the above diagram rows are supplied by 5 volt and ground provided at column then led
glow.
I am using the same pieces it is called common cathode configuration.
3.6 CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
23. 3.3.1 CONSTRUCTION
The construction of the moving message display system was don in such a way that
connections followed the circuit diagram. The LEDs were connected anode to anode and
cathode to cathode in a 7 by 25 format so that the system can display 5 characters at a
time, each comprising of 7 by 5 LEDs. Thus each letter is typified with 7 LEDs on the
vertical axis and 5 LEDs on the horizontal axis.
The connection of LEDs is interfaced with the micro controller and four line decoders
which control the display and movement of messages.
The system’s internal circuit is connected in such a way that every unit except the
transformer is mounted on the same circuit board. This was done to minimize the weight
of the message display system.
The casing is 2.5 ft by 6 ft. and a total number of 210 LEDs were used in order to display
five letters at a time. A reddish translucent glass was used in order to make the display
visible and attractive.
3.3.2 OPERATION
24. When the system is powered on, the powered supply unit provides the voltage (5V)
necessary to power the micro controller, the LEDs and other circuit element. The micro –
controller receives 5V from pin 1 with pin 20 grounded, begins to execute programmes
from its internal memory. As a result of this, data signals are sent from the micro –
controller port 1 to the input pins of the eight line decoders and clock signals are sent to
their clock input pin from port of the micro – controller. At the same time, base biased
signals are sent to the bases of the transistors from the micro controller’s port 2.
Immediately the line decoder receives the clock signals from micro – controller, the
decoders transfers their data to other output pins, which are connected to the cathode of
the LEDs. Also when the transistors receive their base bias currents from the micro
controller they switch power to the LEDs, since they are wired to the anode of the LED
array. At this time, LED will only grow if its anode is positive with respect to the
cathode. Thus, by controlling the system sent to the decoders and transistors, the micro –
controller controls LED which needs to be on/off for the device to achieve the display.
25. CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Micro- controllers Program
In this project, the program used is assembly language. Assembly language is a low key
programming language that makes use of mnemonics or symbols to program the
computer. This makes the assembly language user-friendly, since it is easier for a user to
remember programming symbols which are far easier than complex machine codes.
However, it employs a utility program that translates its symbols into a form that is
readable by the computer’s machine. The assembly language is usually employed in the
programming of computers, microprocessors, microcontrollers and even integrated
circuits. They implement a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and
other constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture.
The utility program called the assembler is used translate assembly language into the
target computer machine code. In this project however, the assembler used is the A51
Macro Assembler.
4.2 A51 MACRO ASSEMBLER
The A51 assembler is an Intel ASM51-compatible macro assembler for the 8051 family
of microcontrollers. The A51 assembler translates symbolic assembly language
mnemonics into relocatable object code where utmost speed, small code size, and
hardware control are critical. The macro facility speeds development and conserves
maintenance time, because common sequences need be developed only once. The
assembler supports symbolic access to all features of the 8051 and is configurable for
each 8051 derivative.
The A51 assembler translates an assembler source file into a relocatable object module. If
the DEBUG control is used, or if the “Include debugging information” option is checked,
this object file will contain full symbolic information for debugging with the WinSim-51
debugger/simulator or an in-circuit emulator. The A51 assembler generates a list file,
optionally with symbol table and cross references. The A51 assembler is fully compatible
with Intel ASM51 assembly programs.
4.3 Assembling with A51
This chapter explains how to use the A51 assembler to assemble 8051 assembly source
files and discusses the assembler controls that you may specify on the command line and
within the source file.
Using the controls described in this chapter, you can specify which operations are
performed by A51. For example, you may direct the A51 assembler to: generate a listing
26. file, produce cross reference information, and control the amount of information included
in the object file. You may also conditionally assemble sections of code using the
conditional assembly controls.
Running the Assembler
First the ASSEMBLER is invoked by selecting TRANSLATE, MAKE, or BUILD ALL
from the Project menu in preview. The TRANSLATE command will assemble only the
source file that is selected in the project window. The MAKE command will compile and
link all changed files in the project. The BUILD ALL command will compile, assemble
and link all of the files in the project.
To invoke the Assembler, you enter A51 at the DOS prompt. The command line must
contain the name of the 8051 assembly source file to be assembled as well as any
required command-line controls. The format for the A51 assembler command line is:
A51 sourcefile controls…
where sourcefile is the name of the source program you want to assemble. The A51
assembler controls are used to direct the operation of the assembler. Refer to the
“Assembler Controls” section later in this chapter for more information.
SYSTEM PROGRAM
org 00h
call gap
call shift
call shift
call shift
call shift
call shift
call shift
start: call capw
call shift
call cape
call shift
call capl
call shift
call capc
call shift
call capo
call shift
call capm
call shift
call cape
call shift
call gap
39. MOV 49,#00H
MOV 50,#00H
MOV 51,#00H
MOV 52,#00H
ret
end
SYSTEM INTEGRATION
Usually before a system is developed, other subsystems are brought together in such a
way as to achieve a singular purpose. In this piece of work, the case is not different.
Subsystems were designed and integrated to each other. The hardware and the software
are interwoven to realize a desired result. They must be compatible for there to be a
smooth protocol or receiving and processing of the information.
TEST PLAN
To verify the functionality of various subsystems, a test plan is adopted. Here, we are
using a module by module testing plan. This is necessary to ensure the smooth operation
of the project work. The plan helps to detect any abnormality should there be any
malfunctioning.
MODULE BY MODULE TESTING
1. POWER UNIT TESTING: this unit comprises the transformer, bridge rectifier,
filtering capacitor and a voltage regulator. All electronic gadgets use a DC voltage
source. In this work, TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) was used, hence the need
to use 5Volt source. The regulator 7805 stabilizes the DC voltage to +5V. At the
end of the construction, the test was ok. This unit is very vital in any electronic
circuit in that it supplies the required energy to each module.
2. DEMULTIPLEXERS AND LINE DECODERS
It operates on a principle of causing the output that correspond to the binary input
to go LOW. At each binary input, the output pins respond only if the enable pins
are activated. The line decoders has a tristate capability. Therefore its operation is
dependent on the activation pins and the supply of the binary codes at the input
pins.
3. PROCESSING UNIT TEST
This is tested based on its connection to other subsystems. It is the unit that
establishes control over all other subsystems. The test has to include the software
40. programs written to drive the hardware. More still, simulation software could be
used to debug the program to verify its workability and compatibility to other
modules.
CONTROL SYSTEM TESTING
The control is provided by a microcontroller based on the software program
burned into it. It is expected to switch each lamp at appropriate time and also
switch them OFF when it is desired. After the design, the software drives the
hardware as expected and is working quite well.
USER MANUAL AND PRECAUTION
It is expected that the user must have read this manual before operating this
system.
Operation procedure:
1. Connect the mains plug to the mains.
2. Switch ON the system
3. Change the direction of the traffic by pressing the appropriate button. Do
not press any if you wish not to change the direction of traffic.
4. Do not open the casing to avoid electric shock. For services, take to a
registered service personnel.
5. Switch OFF the system when it is not in use.
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
In the course of carrying out this project, several problems were encountered
First, sourcing for materials was pretty difficult as most of the circuit elements could not
be found in neighboring markets. Traveling out town to get them was the only solution.
41. Second, during the course of building, some components got damaged. Such damage
could be allotted to over-heating during soldering, careless handling, environmental
distortions and even incompetence of manufacturing.
Third, due to wrong connection on one occasion, a fault arose, leading to the demand for
trouble shooting which was time consuming and stressful.
Fourth, due to my non conversance with this project, a lot of errors where registered in
programming which had to be debugged for the program to run accurately.
42. CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
The digital electronic message display system has been modernized with sophisticated
electronic devices, which center on the urgent needs in our advertising industry. They
provide various applications in different aspects of our economy such as banks, airports,
restaurants, superstores, institutions, entertainment, stock exchange market and
directional venue guides.
The light emitting diodes which constitute of the hardware system is mainly used to
display alphanumeric characters and symbols in various systems such as digital clocks,
microwave ovens, stereo tuners and calculators.
The design of moving massage display systems have a single micro- controller chip
which provides 8 kilobytes of flash, 256 of ram, 31 input/output lines, three 16 bit timer
counters, six vector two-level interrupt architecture, full duplex serial port, on chip
oscillator and clock that provides the necessary control and flexibility of display.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
The design of a micro controller based moving message display system has characters
showing five pages at a time. There is a great need for future design and implementations
to cater for animations and symbols.
43. Again, plasma display panels may be used in place of light emitting diodes to
accommodate certain areas of our economy that may require large display board for
advertisement.
There is significant need for future design to include a universal serial bus of a serial
interface that was used for the same purpose.
REFERENCES
B. Bahadur, Liquid Crystals: Applications and Uses. London: World Scientific, 1990
Coship. (n.d.) LED Basic Information. [Online]. Available:
www.coshipled.com/english/downloads/basic%20concepts.pdf August 8, 2008
[date accessed]
44. C. Kuhnel, BASCOM Programming of Microcontrollers with Ease. Berlin: Universal-
Publishers, 2001.
Focon Engineering. (n.d.) LED Colour Display Matrix Controller. [Online]. Available:
www.fuse-network.com/fuse/demonstration/34_35/22918/FL_22918.pdf August
8, 2008 [date accessed]
National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Impact of Video Viewing on Vision of
Workers, Video Displays, Work and Vision. Washington: National Academies
Press, 1983. The Decoder. (n.d.). [Online]. Available: http://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/combination/comb_5.html September 2, 2008 [date accessed]
R.K. Jurgen, Automotive Electronics Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional,
1999
45. Steven F. Barrett and Daniel J. Pack, Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer: Programming and
Interfacing. London: Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2007.
Viscomm Solutions. (n.d.). VS-4000 Next Generation LED Flexible Process Control Boards.
[Online]. Available: http://chris-hutchings.com/VS4000_LED_Display_Brochure.pdf
August 8, 2008 [date accessed]