The Japanese language consists of three written systems. Did you know that Kanji originated from Chinese is one of them? Here are 10 facts on enlighten you on Kanji (漢字)!
The Japanese language consists of three written systems. Did you know that Kanji originated from Chinese is one of them? Here are 10 facts on enlighten you on Kanji (漢字)!
Well known linguists such as De Saussere, F. and Bloomfield, L. main representative theoretician of a school of language called Structuralism. De Saussere, F. belongs to the group of European linguistics who developed studies on the language field at the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century while Bloomfield, L. belongs to the group of the North American ones.
Introduction to English Linguistics, 2nd edition, is a book primarily intended to be used by beginning university students of English. Although this co-authored work is written within a German setting, it is undoubtedly accessible world-wide. For while it "presupposes no prior knowledge of linguistics" (p. xi), it must also be admitted that the book is written in such a lucid and enjoyable style that the reader barely finds any abrupt cut in the flow of information. And rather than adopting one particular theoretical framework, the book draws on insights from various traditions. In addition to being written in user-friendly English, the book is error-free. It comprises a two-page introduction, seven chapters, each of which ending with a section on recommended readings and a few exercises for both basic and advanced levels, a glossary of terms used throughout the book, a list of references and a subject index.
Modern Japanese uses a combination of four different writing systems. The oldest form, Kanji, borrows heavily from classical Chinese. Before the 5th century, Japanese was not a written language. However, after Chinese characters were introduced through trade, the Japanese incorporated this writing system into their language.
Initially, the Japanese used Chinese characters to describe Japanese words phonetically. Eventually, Kanji was simplified and evolved into two separate syllabic alphabets. Kanji is still used in Japan to depict nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Although there are thousands of Kanji characters, reading Japanese fluently requires only around 2100 Kanji characters. Contemporary writing also contains elements of the newer writing systems, Katakana and Hiragana.
Well known linguists such as De Saussere, F. and Bloomfield, L. main representative theoretician of a school of language called Structuralism. De Saussere, F. belongs to the group of European linguistics who developed studies on the language field at the end of the 19th century and beginning of 20th century while Bloomfield, L. belongs to the group of the North American ones.
Introduction to English Linguistics, 2nd edition, is a book primarily intended to be used by beginning university students of English. Although this co-authored work is written within a German setting, it is undoubtedly accessible world-wide. For while it "presupposes no prior knowledge of linguistics" (p. xi), it must also be admitted that the book is written in such a lucid and enjoyable style that the reader barely finds any abrupt cut in the flow of information. And rather than adopting one particular theoretical framework, the book draws on insights from various traditions. In addition to being written in user-friendly English, the book is error-free. It comprises a two-page introduction, seven chapters, each of which ending with a section on recommended readings and a few exercises for both basic and advanced levels, a glossary of terms used throughout the book, a list of references and a subject index.
Modern Japanese uses a combination of four different writing systems. The oldest form, Kanji, borrows heavily from classical Chinese. Before the 5th century, Japanese was not a written language. However, after Chinese characters were introduced through trade, the Japanese incorporated this writing system into their language.
Initially, the Japanese used Chinese characters to describe Japanese words phonetically. Eventually, Kanji was simplified and evolved into two separate syllabic alphabets. Kanji is still used in Japan to depict nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Although there are thousands of Kanji characters, reading Japanese fluently requires only around 2100 Kanji characters. Contemporary writing also contains elements of the newer writing systems, Katakana and Hiragana.
The history of Korean literature, Dating back in the Early days of the Goryeo period till the fall of Joseon. The literature of modern Korea, and the explanation of different Korean forms of writing.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Origin of writing in korea
1. Origin of writing in Korea
Chinese writing has been known in Korea for over 2,000 years. It was used widely during the
Chinese occupation of northern Korea from 108 BC to 313 AD. By the 5th century AD, the
Koreans were starting to write in Classical Chinese - the earliest known example of this dates
from 414 AD. They later devised three different systems for writing Korean with Chinese
characters: Hyangchal (향찰/鄕札), Gukyeol (구결/口訣) and Idu (이두/吏讀). These systems
were similar to those developed in Japan and were probably used as models by the Japanese.
The Idu system used a combination of Chinese characters together with special symbols to
indicate Korean verb endings and other grammatical markers, and was used to in official and
private documents for many centuries. The Hyangchal system used Chinese characters to
represent all the sounds of Korean and was used mainly to write poetry.
The Koreans borrowed a huge number of Chinese words, gave Korean readings and/or meanings
to some of the Chinese characters and also invented about 150 new characters, most of which are
rare or used mainly for personal or place names.
The Korean alphabet was invented in 1444 and promulgated it in 1446 during the reign of King
Sejong (r.1418-1450), the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty. The alphabet was originally called
Hunmin jeongeum, or "The correct sounds for the instruction of the people", but has also been
known as Eonmeun (vulgar script) and Gukmeun (national writing). The modern name for the
alphabet, Hangeul, was coined by a Korean linguist called Ju Si-gyeong (1876-1914). In North
Korea the alphabet is known as 조선글 (josoen guel).
The shapes of the consonants are based on the shape the mouth made when the corresponding
sound is made, and the traditional direction of writing (vertically from right to left) most likely
came from Chinese, as did the practice of writing syllables in blocks.
Even after the invention of the Korean alphabet, most Koreans who could write continued to
write either in Classical Chinese or in Korean using the Gukyeol or Idu systems. The Korean
alphabet was associated with people of low status, i.e. women, children and the uneducated.
During the 19th and 20th centuries a mixed writing system combining Chinese characters
(Hanja) and Hangeul became increasingly popular. Since 1945 however, the importance of
Chinese characters in Korean writing has diminished significantly.
Since 1949 hanja have not been used at all in any North Korean publications, with the exception
of a few textbooks and specialized books. In the late 1960s the teaching of hanja was
reintroduced in North Korean schools however and school children are expected to learn 2,000
characters by the end of high school.
In South Korea school children are expected to learn 1,800 hanja by the end of high school. The
proportion of hanja used in Korean texts varies greatly from writer to writer and there is
considerable public debate about the role of hanja in Korean writing.
2. Most modern Korean literature and informal writing is written entirely in hangeul, however
academic papers and official documents tend to be written in a mixture of hangeul and hanja.
Notable features of Hangeul
Type of writing system: alphabet
Direction of writing: Until the 1980s Korean was usually written from right to left in
vertical columns. Since then writing from left to right in horizontal lines has become
popular, and today the majority of texts are written horizontally.
Number of letter: 24 (jamo): 14 consonants and 10 vowels. The letters are combined
together into syllable blocks.
The shapes of the the consontants g/k, n, s, m and ng are graphical representations of the
speech organs used to pronounce them. Other consonsants were created by adding extra
lines to the basic shapes.
The shapes of the the vowels are based on three elements: man (a vertical line), earth (a
horizontal line) and heaven (a dot). In modern Hangeul the heavenly dot has mutated into
a short line.
Spaces are placed between words, which can be made up of one or more syllables.
The sounds of some consonants change depending on whether they appear at the
beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a syllable.
A number of Korean scholars have proposed an alternative method of writing Hangeul
involving writing each letter in a line like in English, rather than grouping them into
syllable blocks, but their efforts have been met with little interest or enthusiasm.
In South Korea hanja are used to some extent in some Korean texts.
Used to write
Korean (한국어 / 조선말), a language spoken by about 63 million people in South Korea, North
Korea, China, Japan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Russia. The relationship between Korean and
other languages is not known for sure, though some linguists believe it to be a member of the
Altaic family of languages. Grammatically Korean is very similar to Japanese and about 70% of
its vocabulary comes from Chinese.
The Hangeul alphabet (한글)
3. The double consonants marked with * are pronounced fortis. There is no symbol in IPA to
indiciate this.
Note on the transliteration of Korean
There are a number different ways to write Korean in the Latin alphabet. The methods shown
above are:
1. (first row) the official South Korean transliteration system, which was introduced in July
2000. You can find further details at www.mct.go.kr.
2. (second row) the McCune-Reischauer system, which was devised in 1937 by two
American graduate students, George McCune and Edwin Reischauer, and is widely used
in Western publications. For more details of this system see: http://mccune-reischauer.org
Download
Download a Korean alphabet chart in Word or PDF format (letters arranged in South Korean
order but without the double consonants).
4. Sample text in Korean (hangeul only)
Sample text in Korean (hangeul and hanja)
Transliteration
Modeun Ingan-eun Tae-eonal ttaebuteo Jayuroumyeo Geu Jon-eomgwa Gwonrie Iss-eo
Dongdeunghada. Ingan-eun Cheonbujeog-euro Iseong-gwa Yangsim-eul Bu-yeobad-ass-eumyeo
Seoro Hyungje-ae-ui Jeongsin-euro Haengdongha-yeo-yahanda.
Hear a recording of this text
Translation
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason
and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)