1. Hegel viewed bureaucracy as the "State formation" of civil society and the manifestation of the world spirit. Bureaucracy was important for administering the civil society. 2. Gaetano Mosca argued that in every developed society, there is a governing minority class that rules over the governed majority class due to certain special qualities. 3. Vilfredo Pareto viewed society as divided into two strata - a higher ruling stratum of administrators and a lower subordinate stratum. Administration involves both force and consent of the majority.

2. ALI JAN
ROLL # 16957
BS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

3. THROUGH VARIOUS AUTHOURS
Hegel’s Concept:
Gaetano Mosca (1858-1941):
Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1892)

4. • The term or word bureaucracy has two parts-
one is bureau which means an office
transacting particular business or a government
department.
• Cracy denotes a particular form of government.
• Hence bureaucracy implies a system of gov-
ernment in which most of the decisions are
taken by state officials rather than by elected
representatives. So bureaucracy is a form of
government run or managed by some officers.

5.  A very good number of eminent persons have expressed their opinion
about bureaucracy and the famous German philosopher is one of them. He
is Hegel. Hegel in his Philosophy of Right (1821) has dealt with the issue.
According to Hegel, bureaucracy can be defined a “State formation” of
civil society. Hegel has also used other terms to mean bureaucracy, such as
state’s consciousness, states will, state power.
 According to Hegel, the State is the final stage of evolution and this
evolution has progressed through dialectics.
 In the process of evolution, according to Hegel, the civil society is a very
important stage. The state is the manifestation of world spirit and beyond it
there exists nothing. But Hegel thought that civil society constituted a very
vital part of the evolution and to him its administration was very important.
For that reason he has talked about bureaucracy.

6. • Again, in his Germany, civil servants played very important
part in state administration. For this reason he mentioned it.
B.B. Mishra in his article says: “Hegel was a supporter of the
bureau system which Germany had adopted after 1806. He
pointed out that public servants were to discharge specific
duties on the principle of division of labour…
• Hegel’s concept of bureaucracy was indeed based on the
abstract philosophy of law. He did not draw that philosophy
from an analysis of existing social and political organisations.
On the contrary, he recognised law as an expression of
objective morality, a metaphysical entity that determined
political organisations a priori.”

7. The concept of bureaucracy has been elaborated by an Italian
scholar known as Gaetano Mosca. Mosca, when 26 year old,
published his first political work: The Theory of Governing
and Parliamentary Government (1884).
• “In all human societies that have attained a certain level
of development and culture, political administration in the
widest sense of the word, including administrative,
military, religious, economic and moral leadership, is
implemented continually, by a special i.e., organised,
minority.”

8. • The gist of Mosca’s view is that in every developed society there are mainly
two classes — one is governed and the other is governor. The latter class has
certain special qualities which virtually make it to be better equipped and to
rule the society.
• Mosca delineates four separate types of political organisation. These are city,
states, the feudal state, the bureaucratic state, and the modern representative
state. But from his analysis it appears to us that his main interest centred
around bureaucratic state.

9. The name of Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1892) is associated with the theory of
bureaucracy. He has said, “The least we can do is to divide society into
two strata —i.e., into a higher stratum in which the rulers are normally
found, and lower stratum where the ruled are to be found”.
• Pareto further observes that everywhere there exists an administrative,
relatively small, class which holds on to power partly by force and
partly by consent of the large subordinate class.
• Pareto has taken it for granted that no society can be ruled by all men
as Rousseau thought. But he has said that behind the rule of minority
there is the consent of majority. This is the general characteristic of
administration.

10. • The persons who rule the society are called rulers or
bureaucrats.
• In the arena of administration there are both force and
consent. But force is not frequently used. Pareto calls the
administrative class as elitist class and his concept is
called elite theory.
• Paretor’s elite class and Mosca’s political class are almost
identical. It is now obvious that even before Max Weber
both Mosca and Pareto elaborately talked about
bureaucracy.