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”Organizational
  change and
 development”

 Karl E. Weick & Robert E. Quinn
• Organisationsförändring
• Författarna
• Två olika sätt att beskriva förändring
• Mer om episodisk förändring
• Mer om kontinuerlig förändring
• Jämförelse
• Slutsats
• Kafferast
• Diskussion
Organisationsförändring
      som vetenskaplig disciplin
Organisationsförändring




             ”Change would not be
            necessary if people had
            done their jobs right in
                the first place.”
                            Dunphy 1996
Organisationsförändring




           ”First there were losses,
          then there was a plan of
        change, and then there was
          an implementation, which
         led to unexpected results.”
                          Czarniawska & Joerges 1996
Organisationsförändring




     Unfreeze             Change   Refreeze



                                    Lewin 1951
Organisationsförändring




           ”You cannot understand
           a system until you try to
                  change it.”
                             Schein 1996
Organisationsförändring




             ”The reason American
            businessmen talk about
          gurus is because they can’t
           spell the word charlatan.”

                          Micklethwait & Wooldridge 1996
Organisationsförändring
Författarna




              Karl E. Weick   Robert E. Quinn
Artikelintroduktion
   ”Vad handlar artikeln om?”
Artikelintroduktion




             ”[...] an important
        emerging contrast in change
         research is the distinction
           between change that is
          episodic [...] and change
           that is continuous [...].”
                                Weick & Quinn 1999
Artikelintroduktion




          ”The contrast between
         episodic and continuous
        change reflects differences
         in the perspective of the
                 observer.”
                             Weick & Quinn 1999
Artikelintroduktion




              Dunphy’s framework
              • Metaphor of organization
              • Analytic framework
              • Ideal organization
              • Intervention theory
              • Role of change agent
Artikelintroduktion




             Två typer av förändring:


                      •   Episodisk

                      •   Kontinuerlig
Artikelintroduktion




               Episodisk förändring
Artikelintroduktion - Episodisk förändring




               Sällan förekommande

                  Osammanhängande

                                     Avsiktlig
Artikelintroduktion - Episodisk förändring




          ”Episodic change occurs
              during periods of
              divergence when
          organizations are moving
              away from their
           equilibrium conditions.”
                                             Weick & Quinn 1999
Kontinuerlig förändring
Artikelintroduktion
Artikelintroduktion - Kontinuerlig förändring




                             Fortlöpande

                           Utvecklandes

                       Ackumulerande
Artikelintroduktion - Kontinuerlig förändring




             ”[Continuous change is]
              the realisation of a new
              pattern of organizing in     Det hände något nytt på golvet.




             the absence of explicit a
                 priori intentions.”
                                                                             Weick & Quinn 1999
Artikelintroduktion - Kontinuerlig förändring




           ”[Continuous change is]
          situated and grounded in
            continuing updates of
          work processes and social
                  practices.”
                                                Weick & Quinn 1999
Mer om
  episodisk förändring
• Grundläggande metaforer
• Analytiskt ramverk
• Ideal organisation
• Interventionsteori
• Rollen som förändringsagent
Episodisk förändring




         Grundläggande metaforer
                       inom episodisk förändring
Episodisk förändring - Grundläggande metaforer




          ”Punctuated equilibria”
Episodisk förändring - Grundläggande metaforer




              ”The edge of chaos”
Episodisk förändring - Grundläggande metaforer




         ”Second-order change”
Episodisk förändring




                 Analytiskt ramverk
                       för episodisk förändring
Episodisk förändring - Analytiskt ramverk




 Inertia
Episodisk förändring - Analytiskt ramverk




        The triggering of change
Episodisk förändring - Analytiskt ramverk



                              Replacement
Episodisk förändring




                   Ideal organisation
                       för episodisk förändring
Episodisk förändring - Ideal organisation


         ”If organizational change generally
          occurs in the context of failure to
         adapt, then the ideal organization
          is one that continuously adapts.”




                                            Weick & Quinn 1999
Episodisk förändring




                  Interventionsteori
                       för episodisk förändring
Episodisk förändring - Interventionsteori




         De 3 unfreeze-stegen:
          A) Visa skäl till förändring


          B) Oroande insikt
             infinner sig


          C) Konvertera oron
             till motivation
             för förändring
Precontemplation   Contemplation   Action               Maintenance




                                   Grimley et al 1994 & Prochaska et al 1992
Precontemplation   Contemplation   Action               Maintenance




                                   Grimley et al 1994 & Prochaska et al 1992
Precontemplation   Contemplation   Action               Maintenance




                                   Grimley et al 1994 & Prochaska et al 1992
Precontemplation   Contemplation   Action               Maintenance




                                   Grimley et al 1994 & Prochaska et al 1992
Precontemplation   Contemplation   Action               Maintenance




                                   Grimley et al 1994 & Prochaska et al 1992
Precontemplation   Contemplation   Action               Maintenance




                                   Grimley et al 1994 & Prochaska et al 1992
Precontemplation   Contemplation   Action               Maintenance




                                   Grimley et al 1994 & Prochaska et al 1992
Precontemplation   Contemplation   Action               Maintenance




                                   Grimley et al 1994 & Prochaska et al 1992
Episodisk förändring




                          Rollen som
                       förändringsagent
                          i episodisk förändring
Episodisk förändring




  ”A prime mover
  who creates
  change”




                       Weick & Quinn 1999
Episodisk förändring


 ”A talent for speaking
 differently rather than
 for arguing well, is the
 chief instrument
 of cultural
 change.”


                            Weick & Quinn 1999
Episodisk förändring



                       Differences in
                       cultural lenses
Mer om
kontinuerlig förändring
• Grundläggande metaforer
• Analytiskt ramverk
• Ideal organisation
• Interventionsteori
• Rollen som förändringsagent
Kontinuerlig förändring




         Grundläggande metaforer
                          inom kontinuerlig förändring
Kontinuerlig förändring


                          Improvisation
Kontinuerlig förändring




Translation
Kontinuerlig förändring




                          Learning
Kontinuerlig förändring




                 Analytiskt ramverk
                          för kontinuerlig förändring
Kontinuerlig förändring




         Inertia              Tendency to
                              normalization



         Triggers of change   Temporal milestones




         Replacements         Substituting
                              expert practices for
                              novice practices
Kontinuerlig förändring




                          Kontinuitet
Kontinuerlig förändring




                          Scale
Kontinuerlig förändring




                    Ideal organisation
                          för kontinuerlig förändring
Kontinuerlig förändring


         ”If organizational change generally
          occurs in the context of failure to
         adapt, then the ideal organization
          is one that continuously adapts.”




                                       Weick & Quinn 1999
Kontinuerlig förändring




                 Interventionsteori
                          för kontinuerlig förändring
Kontinuerlig förändring




        Episodic          Unfreeze   Transition   Refreeze


     Continuous            Freeze    Rebalance    Unfreeze
Kontinuerlig förändring




   Freeze                 Rebalance   Unfreeze
Do not tell people what to
do, show them how to be.
Kontinuerlig förändring




                        Rollen som
                     förändringsagent
                          i kontinuerlig förändring
Kontinuerlig förändring




                    ”Sense maker who
                     redirects change”


                                     Weick & Quinn 1999
Kontinuerlig förändring




           ”[...] managing language,
           dialogue and identity [...]”


                                  Weick & Quinn 1999
Issue-
 oriented,
  rational,
imaginative
and honest
Episodisk   Kontinuerlig

Organisations-
                      ...           ...
  metafor
   Analytiskt
                      ...           ...
   ramverk
     Ideal
                      ...           ...
  organisation
 Interventions-
                      ...           ...
      teori
   Rollen som
                      ...           ...
förändringsagent
Organisationsmetaforer


   Episodic                Continuous


                            Emergent
    Inertial
                          Self-organizing
   Change is:
  - Infrequent               Change is:
- Discontinuous             - Constant
  - Intentional              - Evolving
                           - Cumulative
Analytiskt ramverk


    Episodic                    Continuous




Macro-perspective            Micro-perspective

Short-run adaption          Long-run adaptability
Ideal organisation


Episodic                    Continuous




      The ideal organization is
   capable of continuous adaption.
Interventionsteori


Episodic                      Continuous

Unfreeze                           Freeze



Transition                    Rebalance



Refreeze                          Unfreeze
Rollen som förändringsagent


   Episodic                Continuous




Prime mover who         Sense maker who
 creates change          redirects change
Slutsatser
Slutsatser




             ”[...] change starts with failures
             to adapt and that change never
              starts because it never stops.”


                                         Weick & Quinn 1999
Slutsatser



               ”A shift in vocabulary from
              ‘change’ to ‘changing’ directs
                  attention to actions of
                substituting one thing for
              another, of making one thing
                 into another thing, or of
             attracting one thing to become
                    other than it was.”
                                       Weick & Quinn 1999
Diskussion
Diskussion                                         1/3

                       Köket

    Hur skulle man kunna förbättra situationen i
     köket med episodic respektive continuous
                     change?

         Utgå från ”metaphor of organization” i
                       tabellen.
Diskussion                                           2/3

             Episodiskt scenario


        Konstruera ett scenario
  (fiktivt eller från egna erfarenheter)
    där en episodisk förändring sker.

                        Nyckelord:
          macro, inertia, triggering, replacement,
        unfreeze-transition-refreeze, prime mover
Diskussion                                              3/3

             Kontinuerligt scenario


        Konstruera ett scenario
  (fiktivt eller från egna erfarenheter)
  där en kontinuerlig förändring sker.

                         Nyckelord:
         micro, translation, improvisation, learning,
         freeze-rebalance-unfreeze, sense maker
Tack

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Organizational change and development