Dorothea Orem was an American nurse theorist born in 1914 who developed the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory. She received her nursing degree and later pursued further education, earning several honors for her work. Orem's major theory centered around the idea that nursing is needed when individuals cannot care for themselves. It included the concepts of self-care, self-care deficits, and nursing systems. The theory aims to help nurses assess patient needs, design care plans, and evaluate outcomes of nursing interventions. Orem's work has greatly influenced nursing practice and education.

1. DOROTHEA E.
OREM

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DOROTHEA E.
OREM

3. Dorothea Orem was born on July 15,
1914, in Baltimore, Maryland.
Her father was a construction worker,
and her mother is a homemaker.
She was the youngest among two
daughters
She died on june 22, 2007 3
EARLY LIFE

4. EDUCATION
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Dorothea Orem graduated in 1931 from Seton High
School in Baltimore.
In 1934, she graduated with a nursing degree from
the Providence Hospital School of Nursing in
Washington, D.C.
She then pursued a B.S. at Catholic University of
America. in 1939 in Nursing Education and an M.S.
year 1945 in Nursing Education.

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AWARDS AND HONORS OF
DOROTHEA
The Linda Richards Award from the National League for
Nursing in 1991 and an Honorary Fellow of the American
Academy of Nursing in 1992.
In 1980, she received the Catholic University of America
Alumni Achievement Award for Nursing Theory.
She also got honorary degrees from Georgetown
University, Incarnate Word College, Illinois Wesleyan
University, and the University of Missouri-Columbia in
recognition of her services to nursing.

6. WORK OF DOROTHEA OREM
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The "Guidelines for Developing Curricula for the Education of
Practical Nurses" were published in 1959 with assistance from
Dorothea Orem.
Orem's Nursing: Concepts of Practice, which details her nursing theory, the
Self-care Deficit Theory of Nursing, was released in 1971. The popularity of this
work and the theory it advances made Orem a preeminent thinker of nursing
practice and education.
Additionally, she led over the Nursing Development Conference
Group, whose work was compiled into the 1973 book Concept
Formalization in Nursing.

7. MAJOR CONCEPT OF THE SELF-
CARE DEFICIT THEORY
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Nursing is an art in which a nurse provides individuals with disabilities
with specialised help, going above and beyond standard care to meet
their needs for self-care. Along with informed participation, the nurse
helps the patient obtain medical care from the doctor.
Humans act as the "material object" of nurses and other carers and
are defined as "men, women, and children cared for either singly or
as social units."
The environment consists of physical, chemical, and biological
components. It includes the family, the community, and culture.
Human health is defined as the ability to critically think about oneself,
connect with others, and represent experience. It also encompasses
the state of health of both an individual and a group. Health is defined
as "being structurally and functionally whole or sound."
NURSING
HUMANS
ENVIRON
MENT
HEALTH

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THERAPEUTIC SELF-CARE DEMAND

9. The Self-Care or Self-Care Deficit Theory
of Nursing is composed of three
interrelated theories:
SELF-SELF DEFICIT
A self-care deficit occurs when an adult (or, in
the case of a dependent, the parent or
guardian) is incapable of providing
continuous, effective self-care. This is when
nursing care is necessary.
NURSJNG AGENCY
Nursing agency is a complex characteristic or quality of
persons who have obtained education and training to
become nurses. It refers to the capacity to act, identify,
and help others in satisfying their therapeutic self-care
demands by exercising or developing their own self-care
agency.
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THEORY
The theory of self-care
1.
2. The self-care defiicit theory
3. The theory of nursing system

10. THEORY OF SELF -CARE
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This theory deals with the performance or practice of actions
that people take on their own initiative to preserve their own
life, health, and well-being.
SELF-CARE REQUISITES
Self-care Requisites or requirements can be defined as
actions directed toward the provision of self-care. It is
presented in three categories:
1. Universal self-care Requisites
2. Developmental self-care requisites
3. Health deviation self-care requisites

11. THEORY OF SELF-CARE DEFICIT
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This theory delineates when nursing is needed. Nursing is
required when an adult (or in the case of a dependent, the parent
or guardian) is incapable of or limited in providing continuous
effective self-care. Orem identified 5 methods of helping:
• Acting for and doing for others
• Guiding others
• Supporting another
• Providing an environment promoting personal development
about meet future demands
• Teaching another

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THEORY OF NURSING SYSTEM
This theory is the product of a series of relations between the persons:
legitimate nurse and legitimate client. This system is activated when the
client’s therapeutic self-care demand exceeds the available self-care
agency, leading to nursing.
WHOLLY COMPENSATORY NURSING SYSTEM
This is represented by a situation in which the individual is unable “to engage in
those self-care actions requiring self-directed and controlled ambulation and
manipulative movement or the medical prescription to refrain from such
activity… Persons with these limitations are socially dependent on others for
their continued existence and well-being.”

13. PARTIAL COMPENSATORY NURSING SYSTEM
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This is represented by a situation in which “both nurse and
perform care measures or other actions involving
manipulative tasks or ambulation… [Either] the patient or the
nurse may have a major role in the performance of care
measures.”
SUPPORTIVE-EDUCATIVE SYSTEM
This is also known as a supportive-developmental system. The
person “can perform or can and should learn to perform required
measures of externally or internally oriented therapeutic self-
care but cannot do so without assistance.”

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DOROTHEA OREM'S THEORY AND THE
NURSING PROCESS
The Nursing Process presents a method in determining self-care
deficits and defining the roles of persons or nurses to meet the self-
care demands.
Assessment
• Diagnosis and prescription; determine why nursing is needed.
Analyze and interpret by making a judgment regarding care.
• Design of a nursing system and plan for delivery of care.
• Production and management of nursing systems.

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Step 1 – Collect Data in Six Areas
1. The person’s health status
2. The physician’s perspective of the person’s health status
3. The person’s perspective of his or health health
4. The health goals within the context of life history, lifestyle, and health status.
5. The person’s requirements for self-care
6. The person’s capacity to perform self-care
Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plans
Step 2
• The nurse designs a system that is wholly or partly compensatory or supportive-educative.
• The two actions are: (1) Bringing out a good organization of the components of patients’ therapeutic self-ca
demands. (2) Selection of a combination of helping methods will be effective and efficient in compensating
for/overcoming the patient’s self-care deficits.
Implementation & Evaluation
Step 3
• A nurse assists the patient or family in self-care matters to identify and describe health and health-related
results. Collecting evidence in evaluating results achieved against results specified in the nursing system
design.
• The etiology component of nursing diagnosis directs actions.

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