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3. Aims for today’s workshop
• To explore how oral language relates to the
curriculum
• Increase awareness of the impact of language
difficulties on learning
• Gain an understanding of normal language
development
• Discuss strategies to support language development
in the classroom
4. Exploring Language
> Discussion – oral language & the curriculum
9.10
> The impact of language difficulties on learning
> How language develops… 10.00
> Conversational styles…
Morning tea 11:00
> Oral language strategies 11.30
4
5. Discussion cards
• Discuss the points on
the card with people at
your table
(“ratings” are personal, and do not
need to be shared – this is just for
personal reflection)
• Offer feedback to the
whole group
6. Key Competencies
Managing self
• Understands verbal and written instructions.
• Seeks and requests information.
Thinking
• Uses different question types.
• Sequences information logically.
6
7. Key Competencies
Relating to Others
• Understands a listener’s perspective.
• Gives sufficient relevant information.
Participating and contributing
• Expresses ideas confidently.
• Understands rules and expectations for
interaction
7
8. Key Competencies
Managing self, Relating to others,
Participating and Contributing
Understands facial
Follows routines Listens to others
expressions and
independently Takes turns
body language
Understands rules
for classroom and
Follows instructions Asks questions
games
Provides relevant
Responds to
and sufficient
Expresses feelings questions
information
8
9. Literacy Foundations
Responding to texts in ways that
demonstrate engagement
Follows adult finger
Understands the Points to a picture
when pointing to a
concept of a story named by an adult
picture
Understands that
print has a Names pictures in a Makes comments
meaning book about pictures
Answers questions Takes turns in
Asks questions about the characters conversations about
about the story and events books
9
10. Numeracy Foundations
Count a set of objects or form sets of objects.
Order and compare objects or events by
length, area, volume and capacity.
Understands, describes or explains:
One, two... objects More than one One-to-one
object correspondence
Shapes, colours, Items that don’t
Comparisons:
functions, physical belong in a group
big, bigger, biggest
attributes
10
11. Why link language and learning ?
• Oral language underpins all learning and all
social interaction (Learning through talk: Years
1-3, p.7).
• Strong oral language skills are linked to
literacy and numeracy achievement.
(Tunmer et al., 2006)
12. Evidence
• Oral language underpins written language
(Effective Literacy Practice in years 1-4)
Plus
• Language
Plus
• Interaction
Plus
• Classroom Environment
Increased success with Literacy
13. Language difficulties
When school age children have significant language
difficulties they are likely to need learning support.
• Children’s early identified language difficulties may
persist into their school years.
• Children with spoken language difficulties may
experience difficulties learning to read and write.
14. The impact of language difficulties at school
> Consider how language difficulties affect:
following teacher instructions
sharing news
asking questions
answering questions
expressing feelings
asking for help
reading
writing
numeracy
making friends
expressing wants
anything else?
14
15. The impact of language difficulties at home
and in the community
> Consider how language difficulties affect:
sharing news
asking for help
sharing ideas
answering questions
expressing feelings
making friends
talking with whānau/family
expressing wants
anything else?
15
16. Other risks
Children’s language difficulties may have an impact on
their:
• behaviour
(Snow & Powell , 2004; 2008).
• social and emotional development
self-esteem
establishing peer relationships.
(Jerome, Fujiki, Brinton, & James, 2002)
17. What helps children with language difficulties?
• Frequent engagement in interactions with responsive
conversational partners.
• We know from the research that responsive
conversational partners :
– wait for the child to initiate or respond
– talk about the child’s interests
– balance questions with comments
– provide models
– give constructive feedback.
21. What
• Content of what is understood and
expressed.
• Includes vocabulary:
labels (nouns)
action words (verbs)
describing words (adjectives)
• The meaning of the message.
21
22. How
• Content is understood and expressed in various ways.
• May involve pointing, gestures, facial expressions, eye
contact, sounds, reaching, actions, pictures.
• Children might use signs, speech sounds, words or
sentences.
• Includes interaction skills, such as taking turns, and
the ability to start, maintain and finish a conversation.
22
23. Why
• The reason for communicating.
• Includes understanding and using language for
purposes such as:
following instructions
questioning
learning new information
responding
greeting
gaining attention
commenting
giving instructions
re-telling
Protesting.
• 23
24. Language steps
• Early words user
• Word combiner.
• Early sentence user.
• Complex sentence user.
24
25. Early words user (think 1-2 years)
• Follows familiar instructions,
eg, “Get your coat.”
• Responds to simple questions,
eg, “What’s this?”, “Where’s …?”
• Single word stage … uses up to 50 words.
• A single word conveys a whole message.
25
26. Word combiner (think 2-3 years)
• Follows instructions with two key words,
eg. “Put the book on the shelf”.
• Understands what things are used for,
eg. lunch box holds their lunch.
• Combines two words together,
eg. “Bye Mark”, “Daddy gone”, “More drink”.
• Makes simple requests,
eg. “My turn?” “What’s that?”
26
27. Early sentence user (think 3-4 years)
• Follows instructions with two related steps
without cues.
• Understands a variety of questions
eg, ‘who’, ‘why’, ‘where’.
• Uses sentences of three or more words – may not
be grammatically correct or complete.
• Talks about objects and activities that are
not present, eg, their bike at home.
27
28. Complex sentence user (think 4-5 years)
• Follows instructions with two unrelated steps.
• Understands a variety of concepts
eg. big, bigger, biggest.
• Retells a sequence of events using grammatically
correct sentences most of the time.
• Listens to simple stories and answers related
questions, eg. ‘when’
28
29. Language steps
Complex sentence user
Early sentence user
Word combiner
Early words user
29
32. Participator
• Children who initiate and take
part in interactions.
• They are responsive and will try
(and keep trying) to communicate.
• Adults might describe them as
“easy to talk to”.
32
33. Responder
• Children rarely start the
conversation.
• They may find it easier to
respond more to adults than
their peers.
• Adults might say the child
“takes a while to warm up”.
33
34. Do my own thing
• Children mostly communicate
about their interests and needs.
• Rarely respond to attempts to
engage them in conversation.
• Adults might think they are
“in their own world”.
34
35. Reserved communicator
• Children often have little or no
response to your efforts to
engage them.
• Children rarely initiate and show
little interest in people or objects
in their environment.
• Adults find it difficult to engage
the child.
35
38. A teacher’s role
Teachers are significant conversational partners
in a child’s life.
Talk is the central tool of teachers’ trade. With
it they mediate children’s activity and
experience, and help them make sense of
learning, literacy, life, and themselves.
Johnston, 2004
39. Implications for teachers
Critical relationship between oral language and learning -
means close attention to speaking and listening skills is
necessary
Students with less developed oral language skills need more
teacher time, explicit instruction, and more opportunities to
talk to support their learning.
Need to consider oral language requirements of learning tasks.
Implications for teaching include –
1. waiting time,
2. clarification ,
3. links been their use of strategies for spoken and written language.
41. Knowledge of the learner
Teachers need extensive and continually developing
knowledge of their students
Not all children need focused oral language
assessments
Contexts for gathering data
What should an assessment process involve
Commonly used standardised assessment tools.
42. Scaffolding students learning
To help a child participate in classroom talk, need to know if they
understanding this way of speaking.
Can do this by: looking for signs that a student hasn’t
understood (watch facial expression, listen for signs of
hesitation)
Encourage to ask questions
Ask to restate an instruction or idea or ask to explain to another
student
Establish a signal (thumbs up) as a non-verbal way for quieter
students to signal they need something clarifying.
Repetition is a powerful way to scaffold oral learning
43. What are the features of a great conversation?
• An opportunity to:
talk
ask questions or clarify.
• A shared understanding and context.
• A shared interest.
• Ideas are listened to, acknowledged and
valued.
• One speaker does not dominate the talking
time.
• The conversation reaches a natural end.
43
44. What does the research tell us about
classroom conversations?
• Most of the talk in classrooms is teacher talk.
• Research in New Zealand new entrant classrooms
found that:
> teachers’ talk made up 76% of classroom talk
> teachers’ requests for information and actions
made up 60% of their classroom talk
> children’s questions ranged from 2% to 8% of their
total talk.
(Doell , 2005) 44
45. Initiation, response, feedback (IRF)
Initiation (I) Teacher: “What day is it today?”
Response (R) Child: “Tuesday.”
Feedback (F) Teacher:(optional)
“That’s right it is Tuesday today.”
45
46. Importance of follow-ups
“The most powerful single moderator that enhances
achievement is feedback.”
(Hattie, 1999, p. 9)
Feedback must be constructive and provide information about
how and why the child understands or misunderstands.
New Zealand research found that constructive
feedback was not used frequently.
• Approximately 20% of children’s responses received feedback.
• 63% of the feedback was constructive.
(Doell, 2005)
46
47. Deliberate acts of teaching
Deliberate use of interactional strategies is crucial to student
achievement.
These strategies are effective across all curriculum areas
Different types of deliberate acts of teaching are :
Modelling,
prompting,
questioning,
giving feedback,
telling,
explaining
directing
48. Classroom talk
What teachers need to consider when planning
Look at classroom talk in terms of:
• social language,
• independent listening,
• independent speaking
• discussion.
49. Social language - the way we use language to
engage with people in social settings, particularly the form
and use of holding a conversation
Formulaic phrases and expressions need to repeated frequently by
teachers and students to embed them into everyday talk
There are established ways of initiating, joining, ending conversation
and introducing new topics.
In conversations partners have to work at making sense of
things, responding, checking for meaning
Teachers can support the many uses of social language through
explicit instruction, which includes explaining, modelling and creating
language opportunities. How?
50. Independent listening– the ability to listen to
extended talk and retain information to recall without the
support of a conversational partner
Progression through school requires the student to listen for longer
periods of time without responding immediately.
Children at school need to develop skills when listening to text.
Teachers can effectively scaffold development of independent
listening. When reading txt teachers can :
1) control the length of time
2)Use strategies such as summarising what has happened so far
3)Encourage students to make connections with other texts
4)Use a graphic organiser to help keep track of events and characters in a
story read over several sessions
51. Independent speaking– the ability to use extended
talk (retelling a story, news, or express an idea) without support of a
conversational partner.
Independent speaking requires the speaker to use precise and
sophisticated language to ensure they convey their message
clearly
Some students develop independent speaking skills easily
Some don’t - Teacher can help develop independent speaking
by:
1. Providing opportunities to recall/ retell events that are important to them
2. Providing scaffolding
3. Use routines such as do and review (locke and beech 05)
4. Use wordless picture books to encourage narrative talking
5. Allow time for students to practice and become competent
6. Notice when a child uses new vocabulary and language structures.
52. Discussions - Are the purposeful learning
conversations that help thinking and learning to develop
Within a discussion students learn to build knowledge and
understanding, expand vocabulary, learn new ways of expressing ideas
and develop critical thinking.
Teachers can support students learning before and during discussions
by:
1. Teaching the protocols of group interactions
2. Allow time for initiation, response and reflection
3. Carefully scaffolding instructions to encourage purposeful talk
4. Monitoring groups
5. Providing feedback
Types of discussion – group discussions, paired discussions, think pair and
share and using buddies.
53. StoryTalk Organiser
• Contributes to a literate environment
• Child-directed, play-based event
• Narrative discussion (photos or drawing)
• Print awareness
• Enriched language
• Phonological awareness
• Sound production PrepTalk Project, Jenny
Matthews and Catriona
Pine, EQ SLPs, 2006
55. Narrative discussion (during activity)
Focus on the communicative intent of the speaker
/writer.
• Talk about photos
• Use sequencing
Use:
• Commenting
• Blank’s levels of questioning
PrepTalk Project, Jenny Matthews
and Catriona Pine, EQ SLPs,
2006
56. Print awareness
Focus on the writing
process.
• Write the story together.
Use and comment on:
• Speech bubbles
• Left right
• Space between each word
• Words vs a sentence
PrepTalk Project, Jenny Matthews
and Catriona Pine, EQ
SLPs, 2006
57. Enriched language
Focus on word
meaning, grammar and
sentence length.
• Expand sentences.
Use:
• past tense to retell
• future tense to predict
• adjectives
PrepTalk Project, Jenny Matthews
and Catriona Pine, EQ SLPs,
2006
58. Phonological awareness
Focus on listening to
the sounds spoken.
• Look at words in the
story.
Use:
• syllables
• rhyming
• first and last sounds PrepTalk Project, Jenny
Matthews and Catriona
• letters Pine, EQ SLPs, 2006
59. Sound production
Focus on the spoken
production of words.
• Choose a sound.
Use words to describe:
• body part used
• length (long/short)
• voice (soft/noisy)
PrepTalk Project, Jenny Matthews
and Catriona Pine, EQ SLPs,
2006
60. Discussion time
• Chose an activity to could use with the
StoryTalk oral language organiser.
• Discuss how you would apply it in your class.
• Give feedback and ideas to whole group.
PrepTalk Project, Jenny Matthews
and Catriona Pine, EQ
SLPs, 2006
61. Building vocabulary
Vocabulary - develops in many different ways
1. learn words associated with topics, contexts and environments.
2. Extend the range of words known
3. Knowledge of morphology generates new forms of words
4. Understand words in a greater depth
Building academic language
Academic language –
• is likely to be associated with abstract concepts - ‘fairytale’ ‘explain’
• Has specialised vocabulary and language structures - ‘uppercase’
• Uses general vocabulary of academic language - ‘task’ ‘learning goal
• Includes more specialised vocabulary of discourse structures of the
curriculum – measure, beat, order
65. What helped you engage in the interaction?
• Introducing the topic.
• Making links with known information.
• Talking slowly and repeating.
• Using visual supports.
• Sharing relevant information.
• Sticking to the point!
• Maintaining eye contact.
• Responding to body language.
• Encouraging questions.
65
66. Summary – How to engage children in conversations
• Be face-to-face with children.
• Respond to children’s attempts to initiate.
• Notice children who are feeling ‘left out’ or
uncomfortable.
• Pause to give time for responses.
• Make comments and wait for the child to initiate
a comment.
• Repeat and go slow.
• Provide encouraging and explicit feedback.
66
67. Workshop evaluation
Thank you for participating in
this workshop.
Please take some time to complete
the evaluation form.
67
Editor's Notes
A bit about me:Speech and Language therapist – have been working for 5 years for Special EducationMy mother is a primary teacher – currently teaches Y7 and Y8Always wanted to work with children – I took some papers in child development before working as a Nanny for five years with children aged 0 – 16.Returned to NZ to study Speech and Language Therapy at Canterbury University – 4 year course. Used to be associated with Teachers Training, but now stand-alone degree exploring developmental communication disorders (children) and acquired communication disorders (adults).Have worked for the Ministry of Education Communication Service since I graduated 5 years ago – first on the West Coast and now in Dunedin.Historically, speech and language services provided by the Ministry of Education were split across 3 strands – Early Intervention (children under 5)/ The Communication Service for School-aged children, primarily between the ages of 5 and 8 and the High and Complex Needs service for ORS funded Children. Work across the 3 strands – Jack of all trades, Master of none!Love childrens books and games – some of my favourites…Terrible with names – to help me remember, will you tell me your favourite childrens bookNot an ‘expert’ but happy to share what knowledge I have. Libby has asked me to talk to you about oral language – but I’d really like to be guided by what you want to know. Feel free to ask questions as we go along – write your questions on the sticky notes provided and put on wall, or outline on course evaluation
Sources:Language for Learning InterventionMuch More Than Words (bring book)Learning Through Talk (bring book)Prep Talk Project (Queensland)
The NZ curriculum key competencies are described as the “key to learning in every learning area.”Using and understanding language is essential for all the key competencies, not only literacy and numeracy but also managing self.Difficulties understanding language are likely to impact thinking, managing self, using language and symbols, relating to others and participating and contributing.Oral language supports students thinking especially as they link their new learning to universal themes and conceptsHelping students explore new understandings and applying them in class and beyond, enables students to participate and contribute in rich and varied contextsHelp students relate to others by discussing different types of texts enables them to relate to perspectives , experiences and behaviours of others. Helping students manage themselves as they plan, work, communicate and self assess allows students to achieve own learning goalProvide a wide range of social and academic contexts for using language, symbols and texts allows development of listening and speaking skills for learning and for life.
Tunmer, W, Chapman, J. & Prochnow J (2006). Literate cultural capital at school entry predicts later reading achievement: A seven year longitudinal study. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 183-204). The cultural literate capital is emergent literacy skills, phonological awareness, vocabulary and receptive language skills.
Effective Literacy Practice in Years 1-4, Ministry of Education 2003www.thechair.minedu.govt.nz
Longitudinal effects - Beitchman, et al., 2001- large Canadian study followed children from 4 years – 72% had language impairment that persisted at 12 and 19 years.Catts, Fey,Tomblin & Zhang, (2002).Children with language impairment at preschool were at high risk for reading disabilities in 2nd & 4th gradesProfessor Sheena Riley, an Australian based researcher described how there has been a significant economic shift from valuing brawn to brain over the last 50 years that has placed more emphasis on the value of strong speech and language skills. The workforce is now required to have more competent communication and literacy skills even in professions that have historically been considered more physical e.g. farming, truck driving, and the trades.
Pam Snow’s Australian research found as many as 72% of children with language impairment exhibited challenging behaviours and 50% entered the juvenile justice system. Fujiki and Brinton and colleagues have conducted many studies. Their research on socio-emotional wellbeing suggests that children with language impairment are more likely to have negative perceptions about themselves compared to their peers with typical language. Also they have decreased access to peer-peer interactions.
Refer to Learning, Language and Loving it blue pages p17 in Hanen manual. (Doherty 1991, McCartney Dickinson 2001, Dickinson & Tabors, 2002)Or refer to the research summaries for LLI for background information on PPSS.
Oral language is much more than speaking and listening. We think and learn through language To support learning, teachers need a sound knowledge of the nature of oral language, how oral language develops and how it supports students’ learning. What is - When we use oral language we drawn on many aspects of information: existing vocabulary, grammar knowledge, our prior knowledge to the topic, the speaker, the content and our awareness of verbal and non verbal features of language that affect meaning and understanding of the forms, purposes and conventions for using them. Nature - Researchers estimate that when a children who are native English speakers start school, they know between 2500 and 5000 English words (Snow, griffin and Burns, 2005) and this rapidly increases at school as a result of exposure to oral and written language across a range of contexts.
Bloom and Lahey’s diagram: Semantics (meaning), pragmatics (use), syntax (form)
This morning we have talked about oral language, which sits under the broader frame of ‘communcation’(very proud of this diagram)These are some of the areas I work in – Don’t have time to cover any of them today in any depth, but maybe as a group you would like to look at one of these areas in more depth at a later time.We are going to start with some general principles and then briefly touch on some strategies for some of these areas
Before morning tea, we discussed factors that relate to a child’s communication abilities – their language stage and conversational style. We’re now going to talk about what we can do to support a child’s oral language developmentLearning through Talk – have a copy with you to show the teachers Good teachers discussion – physical setting, classroom culture (personality of teacher, values, attitudes) teacher interactions
How do you provide the support required when there are so many competing demands.
Students oral language improves through practice, with different purposes and different partnersThese four kinds of oral language use underpins the curriculum and the students ability to learn.
greetings, expressions of thanks/apology/excuse, interjections or gestures that encourage the speaker to continue/respond and linguistic lubricants that shape learning exchangesUse discourse makers to link ideas and signal changes. How? – give children responsibility that require a range of oral language skills, welcome students to class, role play with a small group, devise rules for a familiar game. Provide frequent opportunities for students to talk, groups, pairs, whole class settings, one to one with adults. Personally greeting each student when they arrive at school – child feels noticed and provides a model of appropriate social conventions. Incorporate into their own talk and correctly pronounce some words or phrases from all the languages of the students in class and expect other students to do the same. Games – allow social language skills, negotiation, expressing disagreement, explaining, making collaborative decisions and being gracious for victory or defeat .
Scaffolding – frameworks for new ways of talking such as teaching the use of tenses and sequencing of words (first then next) to students so they can learn to sequence events. Do and review – student talks about what they are going to do an activity and then talk about what they did.