The document discusses effective communication, emphasizing the importance of connection and how different factors affect communication styles and language use. It provides examples of various scenarios that require different language forms, ranging from formal to informal, and highlights how speech context, style, and act influence the duration and quality of interactions. Additionally, it outlines the importance of audience and purpose in selecting appropriate language forms for successful communication.

1. Sit Dolor Amet
1

2. ◦Oprah Winfrey, a renowned American
talk show host, once said that
successful communication always
begins with connection.
◦You have to understand, however,
that connection between two or more
communicators is only achieved if the
conditions and factors relevant to the
communicative process make it so.

3. ◦Just like a balancing and juggling act
that needs to make adjustments
with movements to keep everything
steady and controlled,
communication is also a process
where connection is maintained
through careful balancing and
juggling of all factors involved in the
communication process.

4. ◦Allow me to engage you in a roleplaying activity.
Imagine that you are a Grade 12 honor student and
the president of your school’s Supreme Student
Government. For the past two days, you have been
preparing for a final graded report in your Oral
Communication class which you are going to
present during your first period in the morning.
You now come to school feeling confident and
thinking that it is going to be one great day.

5. ◦With the provided context above, think of
the ways you will handle the conversation
with the person inside each box. A brief
description of the person is provided to
give you an idea on how you are going to
respond or communicate to them.

6. ◦1. Mr. Reyes, your Oral Communication
teacher, calls you to briefly explain to him
how you are going to present your
group’s work before you present in front
of the class.

7. ◦"Good morning, Mr. Reyes. Our group is
excited to present today. We've organized our
report into three main sections to ensure it's
clear and engaging. First, I'll introduce the
topic and explain its significance, followed by a
detailed discussion of our research findings
led by each group member. We plan to wrap
up with a summary of key points and our
conclusions. I believe this approach will make
our presentation both informative and
dynamic."

8. ◦2. Over the phone, you call your
cousin, Karl, to remind him not to
forget to buy the surprise gift for
your father.

9. ◦"Hey, Karl! Just a quick reminder not to
forget about the surprise gift for Dad.
His birthday is coming up, and I want
to make sure everything's perfect. I
know you're super busy, but could you
pick it up before the weekend? Thanks
so much! I really appreciate it, and
Dad’s going to love it!"

10. ◦3. Susan, your Mother, calls you over
the phone to remind you to come
home early to help prepare the
surprise birthday party for your
father.

11. ◦"Hey, Mom! Thanks for the reminder.
Don’t worry, I’ll make sure to come
home early. I’m really excited to help
set everything up for Dad's surprise
party. Let me know if there’s anything
else you need me to grab on my way
home. See you soon!"

12. ◦4. Your school principal asks you to
give Mrs. Caparas, the 60-year-old
District Supervisor, a run-through of
the plan for the tree-planting activity
of the senior high school
department.

13. ◦ "Good morning, Mrs. Caparas. I’m honored to walk you
through the plan for the upcoming tree-planting activity
for the senior high school department. The event is
scheduled for next Friday, starting at 8:00 AM. We’ve
divided the students into teams, each responsible for
different areas of the school grounds. Each team will be
supervised by a teacher and equipped with the
necessary tools. We’ve also coordinated with the local
environmental office to provide us with saplings and
guidance. Safety protocols are in place, and we’ve
planned a short program to open the event. I’ll be
overseeing the entire activity to ensure everything runs
smoothly.

14. ◦5. You are in hurry to go home when
your best friend and classmate,
Diego, asks you if you could help him
finish his own report in Oral
Communication for tomorrow.

15. ◦"Hey, Diego! I’d love to help you out,
but I’m in a bit of a hurry to get home
right now. How about we meet up
online later this evening? I can spare
some time to go over your report with
you then. I want to make sure you're all
set for tomorrow too!"

16. ◦Now, here comes your challenge. We will make
some critical changes in the context of the
previous situations and let’s find out how you will
respond to the changes and how they will affect
your manner of communication.

17. ◦ How to communicate successfully in different situation?

18. ◦1. Mr. Reyes, your Oral
Communication teacher,
calls you to briefly
explain to him how you
are going to present
your group’s work
before you present in
front of the class.

19. ◦ How to communicate successfully in different situation?

20. ◦2. Over the phone, you
call your cousin, Karl, to
remind him not to
forget to buy the
surprise gift for your
father.

21. ◦ How to communicate successfully in different situation?

22. 3. Susan, your Mother,
calls you over the
phone to remind you to
come home early to
help prepare the
surprise birthday party
for your father.

23. ◦ How to communicate successfully in different situation?

24. ◦4. Your school principal
asks you to give Mrs.
Caparas, the 60-year-
old District Supervisor,
a run-through of the
plan for the tree-
planting activity of the
senior high school
department.

25. ◦ How to communicate successfully in different situation?

26. ◦5. You are in hurry to
go home when your
best friend and
classmate, Diego, asks
you if you could help
him finish his own
report in Oral
Communication for
tomorrow.

27. ◦Communication entails a delicate balancing in order to
sustain connection and transact successfully. Let us dig
in a little deeper and examine the factors involved in
this balancing act.
◦As you have learned in the previously, each speech
style - intimate, frozen, consultative, casual or formal -
or the way language is used, will greatly depend on the
speakers’ relationship, purpose of the conversation and
the speech context - dyad, small group, public, and
mass communication - which, in turn, will also
determine what type of utterance or speech act will be

28. ◦While communication is on-going,
communicative strategies such as repair,
topic shifting, restriction, topic control, turn-
taking, nomination and termination, will be
used to maintain the connection in order to
successfully impart the message and achieve
the purpose of communication.

29. ◦ How to communicate successfully in different situation?

30. Sit Dolor Amet
2
Language Form

31. Language Form
◦the formality or informality of the language used
and it involves the choice of words and how
sentences or utterances are structured.
◦Two types of language form are:
Formal language
Informal language

32. ◦Formal language
:used when talking with professionals or persons in
authority in a formal, official or ceremonial occasion,
situation, gathering or event.
:Talking with a lawyer, a doctor or even with your
teacher often creates a formal ambiance in
communication.
:Complete sentences
:Proper grammar and punctuation
:Avoids contractions and slang

33. ◦Informal language
:used without much consideration to rules of convention
or etiquette.
:It is casual and mostly not well-thought-of or prepared
because it is used to communicate with people with
whom you have close association with like parents,
siblings and friends.
:Colloquialisms and slang
:Contractions and abbreviations
:More personal tone
• Examples: Text messages, social media posts, friendly

34. ◦Speech Context and Language Forms
• Speech context: The situation in which communication
occurs
• Influences choice between formal and informal
language
 Formal contexts, such as a job interview or an
academic presentation, often require the use of formal
language forms, including proper grammar, complete
sentences, and specific vocabulary.

35.  Informal contexts, like chatting with friends, allow
for more relaxed language forms, such as slang,
contractions, and sentence fragments.
• Examples:
1.Job interview (formal) vs. chatting with friends
(informal)
2.Classroom presentation (formal) vs. group project
discussion (informal)
3.Writing an email to a teacher (formal) vs. texting a
classmate (informal)

36. ◦Speech Style and Language Forms
◦• Speech style: The way language is used to convey a
message
• Varies based on the speaker's intention and audience
• Formal style:
:demand precise grammar, complex sentence structures,
and professional vocabulary. This is often seen in public
speaking or written reports.

37. ◦Informal style:
:used in everyday conversation, are more lenient,
allowing for simpler structures, idiomatic expressions,
and even grammatical flexibility
•Examples:
1. Greeting
•Formal: "Good morning, Mr. Smith. It's a pleasure to see
you today."
•Informal: "Hey, John! How's it going?"

38. 2. Making a Request
•Formal: "Could you kindly provide me with the necessary
documents by tomorrow?"
•Informal: "Can you send me the papers by tomorrow?"
3. Apologizing
•Formal: "I sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this
may have caused. It was not my intention."
•Informal: "Sorry about that! Didn't mean to mess things
up."

39. ◦Speech Act and Language Forms
◦• Speech act: The purpose or function of an utterance
• Influences the choice of formal or informal language
◦Direct speech acts/ Formal (e.g., commands) typically
use imperative forms ("Close the door")
◦Indirect speech acts/ Informal (e.g., polite requests) use
more complex or softened language forms ("Could you
please close the door?").

40. • Examples:
1.Making a request to a supervisor (formal) vs. asking a
favor from a friend (informal)
2.Giving a presentation in class (formal) vs. explaining a
concept to a classmate (informal)
3.Writing a complaint letter (formal) vs. expressing
dissatisfaction to a family member (informal)

41. ◦Communicative Strategy and Language Forms
◦• Communicative strategy: Techniques used to achieve
communication goals
• Affects the choice between formal and informal
language
• Formal strategies:
•Use of evidence and logical arguments
•Maintaining professional distance
• Informal strategies:
•Storytelling and humor

42. ◦Examples:
◦1. Clarification
•Formal:
• "Could you please elaborate on your point regarding
the financial report? I want to ensure I fully
understand your perspective."
•Informal:
• "Wait, what do you mean by that? Can you explain it a
bit more?"

43. 2. Rephrasing
•Formal:
• "To clarify, what I meant was that the project timeline
needs to be adjusted to accommodate the new
requirements."
•Informal:
• "I meant that we need to change the schedule to fit
the new stuff."

44. 3. Turn-taking
•Formal:
• "Excuse me, may I add to the point just mentioned? I
believe there’s an additional factor we need to
consider."
•Informal:
• "Hold on a sec, I just want to add something real
quick."

45. ◦Factors Influencing Language Form Choice
◦• Audience: Who are you communicating with?
• Purpose: What is the goal of your
communication?
• Setting: Where is the communication taking
place?
• Relationship: What is your relationship with the
audience?
• Cultural norms: What is appropriate in the given
culture?

46. ◦Developing Language Form Awareness
◦• Practice identifying formal and informal language in various
contexts
• Analyze the effectiveness of language choices in different
situations
• Seek feedback on your own language use
• Stay updated on evolving language norms and expectations

47. Language form is dynamic and flexible, changing
in response to shifts in speech context, speech
style, speech act, and communicative strategy.
These factors require speakers to modify their
grammatical structures, vocabulary choices, and
overall language use to match the demands of the
communicative situation.

48. 1. True or False: Formal language is used primarily in
casual conversations and informal settings.
2. True or False: Informal language includes slang,
colloquialisms, and contractions.
3. True or False: The choice between formal and informal
language is influenced solely by the audience.
4. True or False: An example of formal language would
be writing a business letter.
5. True or False: Informal language can include personal
anecdotes and emotional expressions.
6. True or False: A job interview is an example of a
context where informal language is appropriate.

49. 7. True or False: The communicative strategy used can
affect whether one chooses formal or informal language.
8. True or False: Complete sentences and proper grammar
are characteristics of informal language.
9. True or False: An academic paper is an example of a
situation that typically requires formal language.
10. True or False: Texting a friend usually involves the use
of formal language.
11. True or False: Cultural norms can influence the
appropriateness of language forms in communication.
12. True or False: Mastering language forms is not essential
for effective communication.

50. 1. True or False: Formal language is used primarily in
casual conversations and informal settings.
2. True or False: Informal language includes slang,
colloquialisms, and contractions.
3. True or False: The choice between formal and informal
language is influenced solely by the audience.
4. True or False: An example of formal language would
be writing a business letter.
5. True or False: Informal language can include personal
anecdotes and emotional expressions.
6. True or False: A job interview is an example of a
context where informal language is appropriate.
False
True
False
True
True
False

51. 7. True or False: The communicative strategy used can
affect whether one chooses formal or informal language.
8. True or False: Complete sentences and proper grammar
are characteristics of informal language.
9. True or False: An academic paper is an example of a
situation that typically requires formal language.
10. True or False: Texting a friend usually involves the use
of formal language.
11. True or False: Cultural norms can influence the
appropriateness of language forms in communication.
12. True or False: Mastering language forms is not essential
for effective communication.
True
False
True
False
True
False

52. Sit Dolor Amet
3
Duration of
Interaction

53. Duration of Interaction
◦the amount of time a conversation takes between
and among communicators.
•Importance:
•Affects the depth and quality of information
exchanged
•Influences relationship building and understanding
•Can vary greatly depending on communication
factors

54. ◦Speech Context: Impact on Duration
•Formal contexts often lead to longer, more
structured interactions
•Informal contexts may result in shorter, more
flexible durations
•Professional contexts typically have pre-
determined time frames

55. ◦Speech Context: Impact on Duration
◦Example: Consider a workplace scenario versus a
casual coffee shop conversation.
•Formal Context: In a board meeting, participants
discuss quarterly results. This context often requires
longer interactions because the discussion involves
data analysis, detailed explanations, and formal
presentations. Each participant may take turns to
provide input, leading to a longer duration of
interaction.

56. ◦Speech Context: Impact on Duration
◦Example: Consider a workplace scenario versus a
casual coffee shop conversation.
•Informal Context: At a coffee shop, friends catch
up. They might exchange stories and updates
quickly, resulting in a shorter duration of interaction
because the conversation is casual and fluid without
the need for in-depth analysis.

57. ◦Speech Style: Impact on Duration
•Formal speech styles often lead to longer
interactions
•Casual styles may result in shorter, more
relaxed exchanges
•Technical or academic styles can extend the
duration due to complexity

58. ◦Speech Style: Impact on Duration
◦Example: Compare a formal presentation versus
casual banter among friends.
•Formal Style: A professor giving a lecture may use
complex vocabulary and structured arguments,
such as, “In conclusion, the findings indicate a
significant correlation between X and Y.” This
precise language and structure can lead to longer
interactions as students may have questions or
need clarification, extending the overall time of the
session.

59. ◦Speech Style: Impact on Duration
◦Example: Compare a formal presentation versus
casual banter among friends.
Casual Style: In contrast, a group of friends
discussing weekend plans might say, “Hey, what do
you want to do this weekend?” This informal
approach allows for quick back-and-forth exchanges,
resulting in a much shorter interaction.

60. ◦Speech Act: Impact on Duration
•Some speech acts naturally require more time
(e.g., explaining a concept)
•Others are typically brief (e.g., giving a simple
command)
•The complexity of the speech act affects
duration

61. ◦Speech Act: Impact on Duration
◦Example: An apology versus a request.
•Apology: If someone says, “I’m really sorry for
being late; there was a traffic jam,” this may lead to
a longer discussion as the other party might
respond with, “No worries, but it’s important to
keep time.” This back-and-forth can prolong the
interaction as they discuss the implications of the
lateness.

62. ◦Speech Act: Impact on Duration
◦Example: An apology versus a request.
◦Request: A simple request, like “Can you pass the
salt?” typically results in a quick exchange, as the
other person can respond immediately without
requiring much elaboration, thus shortening the
duration of the interaction.

63. ◦Communicative Strategy: Impact on Duration
•Different strategies require varying amounts
of time
•Persuasion and negotiation often lead to
longer interactions
•Information sharing can be brief or extended,
depending on complexity

64. ◦Communicative Strategy: Impact on Duration
◦Example: Using storytelling versus straightforward
communication.
•Storytelling Strategy: If a speaker shares a
personal experience to illustrate a point, like, “Let
me tell you about the time I tried to cook dinner
and ended up setting off the smoke alarm…” this
narrative can lead to a longer interaction. Listeners
might engage, ask questions, or share their own
stories, extending the duration of the conversation.

65. ◦Communicative Strategy: Impact on Duration
◦Example: Using storytelling versus straightforward
communication.
◦Straightforward Strategy: Conversely, a speaker
who directly states a fact, such as, “The meeting
starts at 10 AM,” typically has a brief interaction.
There’s little elaboration needed, which keeps the
duration short.

66. ◦Activity: Act it out
Scene 1: Formal Meeting: Discussing quarterly financial
results in a boardroom.
Scene 2: Casual Coffee Shop: Friends catching up over
coffee.
Scene 3: Lecture Setting: A professor explaining a complex
theory.
Scene 4: Quick Request: Asking a colleague for a document.
Scene 5: Storytelling: Sharing a personal anecdote about a
travel experience.
Scene 6: Brief Command: Asking someone to close the
window

67. Sit Dolor Amet
4
Relationship of the Speaker

68. ◦Relationship of the Speaker:
:the speech style used by the speaker suited to
his/her relationship to the person with whom
he/she is communicating.
:Styles can be classified as intimate, frozen,
consultative, casual or formal.

69. ◦Intimate style – the speaker talks to family
members, best friends or romantic
partners. This may comprise private
conversations or personal interactions.

70. •Speech Context: Private, informal conversations, usually
between close friends, family members, or romantic partners.
•Speech Style: Intimate or personal, where speakers use
informal language, inside jokes, pet names, slang, or
incomplete sentences that only the people involved
understand.

71. Speech Act: Direct and expressive, where the speaker might
make assumptions about the listener's feelings and
knowledge due to the closeness of the relationship. Speech
acts are usually spontaneous, with a focus on emotional
connection rather than formality.
•Communicative Strategy: Use of implicit meaning, non-
verbal cues like touch, eye contact, or gestures to enhance
understanding. Less need for clarification because of shared
context.

72. •Example: A couple talking about their day, using
affectionate terms, and leaving sentences
unfinished, trusting the other person to fill in the
blanks.
•Example: The bride gives a speech, addressing the
crowd politely but switching to personal, tender
language when speaking directly to her partner.

73. ◦Frozen – the speaker addresses an
audience in a formal gathering such as
ceremonial events, Eucharistic celebrations
or even court hearings. The style is “set” or
“fixed” and thus, it rarely or never changes.
Audience feedback is not required.

74. •Speech Context: Often found in ceremonial, legal, or
religious contexts where language remains static and
predetermined.
•Speech Style: Frozen or fixed, such as the use of legal
language, religious rites, or formal speeches. There is little or
no personal interaction, and the language doesn’t change
according to the audience.

75. •Speech Act: Performative, formal, and unchanging, focused
on delivering a message with precision and maintaining
tradition or protocol.
•Communicative Strategy: Little to no modification of
language or gestures to accommodate different listeners, as
the form is pre-established.

76. •Example: A judge reading a formal verdict or a
priest reciting a prayer during a religious service.
•Example: A wedding officiant reading the
marriage vows or a lawyer reading the terms of a
contract.

77. ◦Consultative – the speaker communicates with a
person whom he/she may have to clarify things,
discuss a problem, or seek advice.

78. •Speech Context: Semi-formal or formal exchanges
between experts and non-experts where guidance is sought
or given.
•Speech Style: Consultative, polite but with some degree of
formality. There is a back-and-forth exchange, but one party
often leads the conversation.

79. •Speech Act: Directive or informative, with one party offering
advice or instruction and the other seeking clarification or
assistance.
•Communicative Strategy: Use of clarifying questions,
paraphrasing, and summaries to ensure understanding, as
there is a knowledge gap between the parties.

80. •Example: A patient asking a doctor about
treatment options or a student consulting a
professor for advice on an assignment.
•Example: A lawyer consulting with a client,
explaining legal procedures in a way the client
can understand, then asking if the client has
questions or concerns.

81. ◦Casual – the speaker shares close and personal
information with friends, classmates or
colleagues. This ordinarily occurs in everyday life.

82. •Speech Context: Informal exchanges in social settings,
often between friends, acquaintances, or colleagues.
•Speech Style: Casual, relaxed, and spontaneous.
Language is less formal, with the use of slang, colloquial
expressions, and contractions.

83. •Speech Act: Directive or expressive, but more relaxed.
Conversations may be lighthearted or humorous, with less
concern for structure or politeness.
•Communicative Strategy: Use of humor, informal
gestures, and shared experiences to facilitate
communication. There may be less emphasis on
grammatical correctness.

84. •Example: Friends talking at a party, using
slang and joking around.
•Example: Coworkers chatting in the
breakroom about weekend plans, using
colloquial expressions, and interrupting
each other in a relaxed, familiar manner.

85. ◦Formal – the speaker has to deliver a pre-
planned or written speech to address a crowd of
people such as giving opening remarks during a
seminar, or the president making a public
announcement or delivering SONA.

86. •Speech Context: Professional, academic, or official
situations where formality is required.
•Speech Style: Formal, polite, and structured. Language is
carefully chosen to show respect, maintain professionalism,
and ensure clarity.

87. •Speech Act: Informative or performative, often delivering
information or instructions. The tone is respectful and
serious, with clear boundaries between speaker and listener.
•Communicative Strategy: Use of polite forms, titles, and
formal language. Speakers are careful with their words, often
using indirect language to avoid offending the listener.

88. •Example: A manager delivering a
presentation to a board of directors or a
politician giving a speech at a public event.
•Example: A university professor delivering a
lecture, using formal language and providing
clear, structured information while
encouraging respectful questions during
designated times.

89. Sit Dolor Amet
5,6, & 7
Role and Responsibility of
Speaker
Message
Delivery

90. •Role and Responsibility of the Speaker: which
will depend on the purpose and context of
communication.
•SPEAKER: a person who gives information and
additional knowledge to another person or an
audience; someone who convinces others for a
cause or an individual who provokes laughter for
diversion and fun.

91. •Role and Responsibility of the Speaker:
•Hence, his responsibility depends on his purpose
for communication which may be to inform, to
persuade, or to entertain.

92. •Message: the content of the message.
facts, opinion, feelings, order, suggestions, and
questions.
•Delivery: the manner of delivery involving verbal and
nonverbal cues made by the speaker.
•Delivery can be classified as:
1. Extemporaneous
2. Impromptu
3. Memorized
4. Manuscript

93. 1. Extemporaneous:
-speaking with limited preparation and guided
by notes or outline.
TIPS:
 Structure your speech : Introduction, Body and
Conclusion.
 Use transitions effectively: to link your points with
smooth transitions and guide your audience as well (on
the other hand, furthermore, etc.)
 Be clear and concise: avoid rambling or using fillers like
“um” or “uh”.

94. 2. Impromptu – speaking without advanced preparation
or unrehearsed speech
TIPS:
 Stay Calm and Composed: stay confident with your
thoughts
 Focus on Key Ideas: Keep your thoughts organized;
Don’t try to cover too much, simplicity leads to clarity;
 Engage the Audience: Make eye contact, use natural
gestures, and maintain an engaging tone, this makes you
appear more confident
End Strong: Summarize your main point or offer a
concluding thought. Even if your speech is short, a clear
and confident ending leaves a positive impression.

95. 3. Memorized – planned and rehearsed speech
TIPS:
Understand your material: makes it easier to remember
 Break it down into sections: Memorize it chunk by
chunk rather than trying to tackle the entire speech at
once.
Practice out loud: builds muscle memory for the words
and allows you to hear how your speech sounds.
Use movements or gestures: serve as memory cues;
However, make sure gestures are natural and
purposeful, not overdone or distracting
 Emphasize Natural Delivery: Avoid sounding robotic or
rehearsed by varying your tone, speed, and emotion.

96. 4. Manuscript – reading aloud a written message.
TIPS:
 Familiarize Yourself with the Script: will allow you to
glance down occasionally rather than read word-for-
word.
Maintain Eye Contact: Use natural pauses in your
speech to look up and make eye contact.
Use Vocal Variety: Emphasize key words or phrases, vary
your pacing, and pause for effect to create a more
dynamic and interesting delivery.
Use Body Language: to maintain a sense of energy and
connection
Stay Flexible: While you’re reading from a script, be
prepared to adapt if needed.

97. End