Turn-taking refers to the process where participants alternate between speaking and listening in a conversation. There are three turn-taking acts: keeping a turn by continuing to speak, releasing a turn by signaling readiness to let others speak, and taking a turn by starting to speak when others have yielded the floor. Speakers use verbal cues like intonation and nonverbal cues or gestures to signal when they want to keep speaking, are ready to let others talk, or want to start talking. For conversations to go smoothly, participants must understand when it is their turn to speak and when they should listen to others instead of talking over them.