This document discusses various control structures and loops in Oracle including simple loops, while loops, for loops, nested loops, and selective statements like if, if/else, if/elsif/else, and case. Loops allow iterating through a block of code until a condition is met. Control structures alter program flow. Nested loops allow looping within other loops. Selective statements perform actions conditionally based on evaluated conditions.

1. 1 Using ORACLE® LOOPS and CONTROL structures

2. 2 CONTROL STRUCTURES Control structures are those constructs that alter the flow of program execution.

3. 3 LOOPS Control structures are those constructs that alter the flow of program execution. Loop is one such control structure. A loop iterates a given set of statements until a condition is satisfied. There are three types of looping constructs: Simple loop. While loop For loop. FOR counter IN Lwr_bnd..Upr_bnd LOOP Statement 1; …… …… END LOOP loop Statement 1; ……. ……. EXIT WHEN[condition] END LOOP WHILE( condition) LOOP Statement 1 …….. ……. END LOOP

4. 4 SIMPLE LOOP A simple loop begins with a LOOP keyword, ends with a END LOOP keyword and in between are the statements to be performed. We must include an EXIT WHEN statement to set the exit condition or else it will form an infinite loop. EXAMPLE: DECLARE ename VARCHAR2(20); counter NUMBER :=40; BEGIN LOOP SELECT age INTO eage FROM InfoTable WHERE age = counter; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Age is’ ||eage); SYNTAX counter += 5; EXIT WHEN counter >50; END LOOP END loop Statement 1; ……. ……. EXIT WHEN[condition] END LOOP

5. 5 WHILE LOOP The WHILE loop is an entry control loop meaning that the condition is checked while entering the loop unlike the Simple loop where condition is checked while exit. EXAMPLE: DECLARE ename VARCHAR2(20); counter NUMBER :=40; BEGIN WHILE counter <55 LOOP SELECT age INTO eage FROM InfoTable WHERE age = counter; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Age is’ ||eage); SYNTAX counter += 5; END LOOP END WHILE( condition) LOOP Statement 1 …….. ……. END LOOP

6. 6 LOOPS The FOR loop is an entry control loop with a LOWER_BOUND.. UPPER_BOUND specified in the condition in the same format. The counter variable will be implicitly declared. EXAMPLE: DECLARE ename VARCHAR2(20); eage NUMBER := 40; BEGIN FOR i IN 40..55 LOOP select name INTO ename FROM Infotable WHERE age = eage; SYNTAX eage := eage+5; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name is'||ename); END LOOP; END FOR counter IN Lwr_bnd..Upr_bnd LOOP Statement 1; …… …… END LOOP

7. 7 NESTED LOOPS We can nest one loop inside another by giving labels to the loops. SYNTAX <<outer_loop>>label for outer loop LOOP <<inner_loop>> label for inner loop LOOP Statement 1; ….. EXIT WHEN [cond] END LOOP inner _loop; Statement 1; …… …… EXIT WHEN [cond] END LOOP outer_loop; <<outer_loop>> FOR counter IN Lwr_bnd..Upr_bnd LOOP <<inner_loop> LOOP Statement 1; ….. EXIT WHEN [cond] END LOOP Inner _loop; Statement 1; …… …… END LOOP Outer_loop;

8. 8 SELECTIVE STATEMENTS Selective statements are the constructs that perform the action based on the condition that is satisfied.There are four selective constructs: IF IF…..ELSE IF……ELSIF……ELSE CASE IF (condition..) THEN Statement1; Statement2; ELSIF Statement1; Statement2; ELSE Statement1; Statement2; END IF; IF (condition..) THEN Statement1; Statement2; …… END IF; IF (condition..) THEN Statement1; Statement2; ELSE Statement1; Statement2; END IF; CASE selector WHEN expression 1 THEN result 1; WHEN expression 2 THEN result 2; ……. ELSE [result n] END

9. 9 IF The IF statement has a condition ,which when satisfied the statements in its body are executed else the are not executed. EXAMPLE: VARIABLE ename VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN ename :=&ename; IF ename=‘Bill‘ THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hi BILL!Welcome'); END IF; END The above code outputs “Hi BILL!Welcome” if the user enters the name as Bill else no output is shown. IF (condition..) THEN Statement1; Statement2; …… END IF;

10. 10 IF….ELSE The IF statement provides only the action to be taken if condition is satisfied . But the IF…ELSE construct provides both the actions to be taken when the condition is satisfied given in the IF block and the action when it is not which is given in the ELSE block. EXAMPLE: VARIABLE ename VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN ename :=&ename; IF ename='bill‘ THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hi BILL!Welcome'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘ Sorry!Access only to bill '); END IF; END Here the output is 'Hi BILL! Welcome’ when user enters Bill and displays the message “Sorry! Access only to bill “ if the user enters any other name. IF (condition..) THEN Statement1; Statement2; ELSE Statement1; Statement2; END IF;

11. 11 IF…ELSIF…ELSE The IF statement provides only the action to be taken if condition is satisfied . But the IF…ELSEIF…ELSE construct provides both the actions to be taken when one the condition ,another action if another condition is satisfies and finally the action is both conditions fail. EXAMPLE: VARIABLE ename VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN ename :=&ename; IF ename=‘Bill‘ THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hi BILL!Welcome'); ELSIF ename= ‘Steve’ THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Hi Steve! Come on in'); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘ Sorry!Access only to bill or steve '); END IF; END Here the output is 'Hi BILL! Welcome’ when user enters Bill, output is 'Hi Steve! Come on in’ when user enters Steve and displays the message "Sorry! Access only to bill “ if the user enters any other name. IF (condition..) THEN Statement1; Statement2; ELSIF Statement1; Statement2; ELSE Statement1; Statement2; END IF;

12. 12 CASE The CASE construct is a special form of the ELSIF construct which matches a selector values with list of expresions and if either is matched the executes those statements. EXAMPLE: VARIABLE ename VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN ename :=&ename; CASE ename WHEN ‘Bill’ THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Hi Bill! Come on in'); WHEN ‘Steve’ THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Hi Steve! Come on in'); WHEN ‘Larry’ THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Hi Larry! Come on in’); ELSE DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘ Sorry!Access only to bill or steve or larry '); END IF; END Here the output is 'Hi BILL! Come on in’ when user enters Bill, output is 'Hi Steve! Come on in’ when user enters Steve and output is 'Hi Larry! Come on in’ when user enters Larry and displays the message "Sorry! Access only to bill “ if the user enters any other name. CASE selector WHEN expression 1 THEN result 1; WHEN expression 2 THEN result 2; ……. ELSE [result n] END

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