'Invited Lecture Talk' at 3rd International Conference on Nanomaterials:Synthesis,Characterization & Applications(ICN 2018)'s "CEMENT Session" Chaired by Pen Jung,Northeast Normal University,P.R.China & organised by M G University,Kottayam,Kerala;Gdansk University of Technology,Poland;Beijing University of Chemical Technology,China

1. Mainak Ghosal  Ph.D Research
Scholar
&
Prof.Arun Kr. Chakraborty
Deptt. of Civil
Engineering,IIEST,Shibpur,India.
(Formerly
Bengal Engineering & Science University)

2. Bird's Eye View
Why nanotechnology in
building and
construction?
Technical barriers
OPPORTUNITIES
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
With Emerging
Nanomaterials in
IIESTS Lab

3. ADVANCED MATERIALS
 Electronic Materials
 Bio Materials
 Nano Materials - the 21st Century Challenge

4. Nano Material Needs
in Building and
Construction
 Deterioration of
the nations
infrastructure:
 Cost in
INFRASTRUCTURE[along with
FAILURES] is estimated to
exceed $1.5 trillion .
 Recent Building Collapses-
Housing is plagued with
POOR MATERIAL QUALITY that
have led to
premature failures.
 Nanotechnology

5. The Construction Industry was
the only industry to identify
Nanotechnology as a promising
emerging technology in the UK
Delphi Survey in the early
1990s
However, Construction has
lagged behind other
industrial sectors, such as
automotive, chemicals,

6.  Strong industry interest
 Lack of measurement
science capability

US,Germany,Japan,Korea,Swi
tzerland -Nanotechnology
 Measurement science
research should facilitate
Indian industry to innovate
& respond to global
conditions & new

7. Properties of
Nanomaterials
Size DECREASES 
Mechanical Properties & Durability INCREASES

8. Nanostructured
Materials
Materials
at the
Nanoscale
brings
different
laws of

9. Nanomaterials Biological (rice husk)
& Industrial Wastes
n-TiO2
CO2

10. WHY NANO ?
 Improves the materials’ bulk properties
 To obtain thinner final elements(more Floor Space) ,quicker setting
time & less shrinkage
 Doubles the Service Life
 Allows for Crack-Bridging
 Lowered levels of environmental contamination.
, *Ghosal M, Chakraborty,‘‘Influence of Nano-Additions on Geopolymer & Concrete’, International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research,
Volume 3, Issue 7, pp.80-91,July 2015

11. HOW
NANO-TECHNOLOGY
AFFECTS/EFFECTS CEMENT
CONCRETE BEHAVIOUR
???
1.FRESH PROPERTIES
2.HARDENED PROPERTIES

12. Normal Cement
Concrete
Nano- Cement
Concrete
WORKABILITY
‘Nanomaterials & Nanotechnology for High Performance Cement Composites’, Konstantin Sobolev, Ismael Flores, Roman Hermosillo, Leticia M. Torres-Martínez , Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and
Future Perspectives”November 7, 2006, Denver, USA,PP 91-118.

13. NORMAL CEMENT CONCRETE NANO CEMENT CONCRETE
Nanomaterials & Nanotechnology for High Performance Cement Composites’, Konstantin Sobolev, Ismael Flores, Roman Hermosillo, Leticia M. Torres-Martínez , Proceedings of ACI Session on “Nanotechnology of Concrete: Recent Developments and
Future Perspectives”November 7, 2006, Denver, USA,PP 91-118.

14. HOW
NANO-TECHNOLOGY
AFFECTS/EFFECTS CEMENT
CONCRETE BEHAVIOUR
???
1.FRESH PROPERTIES
2.HARDENED PROPERTIES

15. NORMAL CEMENT CONCRETE
BEHAVIOUR
NANO CEMENT CONCRETE
BEHAVIOUR
‘Improvement of Concrete Durability by Nanomaterials’A Nasution, I Imran, M Abdullah - Procedia Engineering, 2015 –
Elsevier,Vol 125,PP 608-612

16. NORMAL CEMENT CONCRETE
BEHAVIOUR
NANO CEMENT CONCRETE
BEHAVIOUR
Yen Lei Voo & Stephen J. Foster (2010) Characteristics of ultra-high performance ‘ductile’ concrete and its impact on sustainable construction, The IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural
Engineering, 3:3, 168-187, DOI: 10.1080/19373260.2010.492588

17. Nanomaterials in
Civil Engineering
“Jubilee Church” in Rome

19. Further Applications of
Nanomaterials in
Civil Engineering
Conventional
Glass
Self-Cleaning
Glass
Nano-Coatings on Brick
SMOG EATING PAINT

20. How Nano MaterialsWork ???
- CNTs exist in Entangled Mass
like form -- like COTTON FIBRES
- Dispersion Agent(Poly Carboxylate
Ether(PCE)  ACTIVATE Nucleation

21. Nano-
Silica/
CNTs
 Nano Silica -- first nano-
product that replaced micro-
silica
 Carbon Nano Tubes – “Top ten
advances in materials science”
over the last 50 years, Materials Today,
2008(l/d=13,20,00,000)
*Ghosal M, Chakraborty,‘A Comparative Study of Nano Embedments on Different Types of Cements,’ International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Volume 8,
Issue 2, pp.92-103,April 2015

22. Nano Materials
:General
Properties
CNTs Description
Diameter 20-40nm
Length 25-45nm
Purity 80-85%(a/c Raman
Spectrometer & SEM
analysis)
Amorphous
Carbon
5-8%
Residue(Calc
ination in
Air)
5-6% by Wt.
Average
interlayer
distance
0.34nm
Specific
surface
area
90-220 m2/g
Bulk density 0.07-0.32gm/cc
*Ghosal M, Chakraborty, ‘A Study On Applicability Aspects Of Nano
Materials In Cement-Construction’, International Journal of
Research in Engineering and Technology, 2016, DOI:
10.15623/ijret.2016.0532027, pp 179-187
Nano-
Silic
a
Sampl
e
%
Soli
d
(Lit
)
%
Solid
(Lab)
Sp.
Gravit
y
(Lit)
Sp.
Gravit
y
(Lab)
XLP 14-16% 21.40% 1.08-1.11 1.12
XTX 30-32% 40.74% 1.20-1.22 1.16
XFXLa 40-43% 41.94% 1.30-1.32 1.24

23. TEST:
Compressive Strength/
Durability
&
Volume Stability

24. :a case for Durable
Structures ?
SO4
-2
SO4
-2
SO4
-2
SO4
-2
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
Cl- Cl-

25. Structures affected by
Chloride (due to Cl-) attack
in coastal areas

26. Structures affected by
Sulfate (due to SO4
-2) attack
in inland (urban) areas

27. VOLUME CHANGE
is one of the most detrimental
properties of cement concrete
which affects
MECHANICAL STRENGTH
&
DURABILITY

28. SHRINKAGE/Vol. Change
Effects
1.LENGTH REDUCTION
2.OPENNING -UP OF JOINTS
3.FAULTY LOAD TRANSFER AT JOINTS
4.INDUCES CRACKING

29. EXPANSION TEST OF CEMENT
[AUTO CLAVE-SOUNDNESS TEST]
Soundness Test - Specimen of
hardened cement paste is boiled
for a fixed time[100° C] so
that any tendency to expand is
speeded up and can be detected
. Soundness means the ability to
resist VOLUME EXPANSION

30. Materials
Cement-
OPC
Water
Drinking/Tap
water
Chemical
Admixture
Superpasticizer
( Poly
Carboxylate
Ether)
&
*n-SILICA &
CNT
Fine /Coarse
Aggregate
Natural
River
Sand/20
&10mm

32. TEST-PROCEDURES

33. Compressi
ve
Strength
of
Composite
Cement
Mortar
at 7,
28,90,1
80 & 365
days in
TESTING
M/C as
per IS:
4031
(I)
Mechan
ical
Testing
&
Compati
bility
of
nS/CNT
in OPC

35. *Ghosal M, Chakraborty, ‘Short Term V/s Long Term Optimizations of Nano-Additions on Ordinary Portland Cement’, European Journal of Advances in
Engineering & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 7, pp.71-77, 2016

36. % Nano
additions in
OPC
7 Days
Strength
(% incr.)
28 Days
Strength
(% incr.)
90 Days
Strength
(% incr.)
180 Days
Strength
(% incr.)
365 Days
Strength
(% incr.)
0% nS
21.08 MPa
(-- )
31.89MPa
(-- )
31.20MPa
(-- )
30.01MPa
(-- )
30.01 MPa
(---)
0.5% nS
23.85MPa
(1 3.14% )
35.1MPa
(11 .35% )
41.30MPa
(32. 37% )
27.47MPa
(-9.24% )
26.76 MPa
(-4.29%)
0.75% nS
27.73MPa
(31.54%)
42.27MPa
(32.55%)
49.85MPa
(59.78%)
32.52MPa
(8.36%)
31.5 MPa
(4.96 %)
1.0% nS
25.07MPa
(18.93%)
37.36MPa
(17.15%)
42.98MPa
(37.76%)
33.68MPa
(12.23%)
32.41 MPa
(8.0%)
1.25% nS
23.17MPa
(9.91%)
30.85MPa
(-3.26%)
39.45MPa
(26.44%)
35.24MPa
(17.43%)
31.3 MPa
(4.29%)
1.50% nS 23.81MPa
(12.95%)
37.79MPa
(18.50%)
33.42MPa
(7.12%)
31.23MPa
(4.07%)
29.12 MPa
(-2.96%)

37. % Nano
additions
in OPC
7 Days
Compressi
ve
Strength
(%
incr.)
28 Days
Compressive
Strength
(% incr.)
90 Days
Compressive
Strength
(% incr.)
180 Days
Compressive
Strength
(% incr.)
365 Days
Compressive
Strength
(% incr.)
0% CNT 21.08MP
a
(--)
31.89MPa
(--)
31.20MPa
(--)
30.01MPa
(--)
30.01MPa
(--)
0.02%CNT 17.69MP
a
(-
16.08%)
43.75MPa
(37.19%)
35.59MPa
(14.07%)
30.89MPa
(0%)
28.53MPa
(-4.93%)
0.05%CNT
27.19MP
a
(28.98%)
34.88MPa
(9.37%)
31.85MPa
(2.08%)
38.55MPa
(3%)
41.69MPa
(38.92%)
0.1%CNT 21.69MPa
(2.89%)
24.83MPa
(-22.14%)
31.50MPa
(0.96%)
30.16MPa
(0%)
50.78MPa
(69.21%)

38. CONCRETE
TEST-
RESULTS
As per IS:516
*Ghosal M, Chakraborty ,’Estimation of the Mechanical Response of Nano Materials in Cement Concrete – A Study’, International Journal of Scientific Engineering & Science,
Volume 1, Issue 6,pp.42-46,2017

39. Durability Tests
Type of Concrete Exposure Conditions Strength
at 28 days
Strength
at 90 days
(% incr.)
Strength
at 180 days
(% incr.)
Control Concrete
In Air 40.12 49.71 48. 34
In MgCl2 -- 48.51 57.63
In MgSO4 -- 47.04 47. 96
M-40 Concrete
( CNT))
In Air 54.58
(36.04%)
72.37
(45.58%) 73.67
(52.40%)
In MgCl2 -- 67.78
(39.72%) A79.73
(38.35%)
In MgSO4 -- 65.07
(38.33%)
68.54
(42.91%)
M-40 Concrete
( nS))
In Air 49.77
(24.05%)
38.28
(-22.99%)
56.44
(16.76%)
In MgCl2 -- 34.19
(-29.52%)
33.43
(-41.99%)
In MgSO4 -- 33.29
(-29.23%)
33.99
(-29.13%)

40. VOLUME STABILITY
TEST RESULTSAs per
IS:4031

41. Volume Stability
RESULTS
Type of Cements Original Length of
Sample(mm)
Average Expansion(%)
after Autoclaving
% Change
1.OPC 282 0.049% --
2.OPC+ 0.75%
nS
282 0.03% -38.77%
3.OPC+0.02%C
NT
282 0.0074% -84.90%

43. OPTIMIZATION OF NANO-MATERIALS in
OPC
27.73
42.27
31.5
17.69
43.75
28.53
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
7 day Strength 28 day Strength 365 day Strength
nS(opt.)
CNT(opt.)
Control Sample

44. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Compressive Strength
49.77
54.58
40.12
nS
CNT
Control
Concrete

45. VOLUME STABILITY
0.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.02%
0.03%
0.03%
0.04%
0.04%
0.05%
0.05%
Avg. Expansion
0.03%
0.01%
0.05%
nS
CNT
Control
Specimen

46. Challenges in Construction
 Techniques for dispersing nanomaterials .
 Chemical and mechanical measurements at the nanoscale.
 Prediction of nanocomposites’ properties and service life over
a wide range of length scales.
 Unknown health and environmental effects – virgin, released
material.

48. v Further research on micro structural studies like
XRD,SEM,AFM,TEM,STM are necessary for
characterization of nano materials in concrete.