Adaptation of renewable energy is inevitable. The idea of microgrid offers integration of renewable energy sources with conventional power generation sources. In this research, an operative approach was proposed for microgrids comprising of four different power generation sources. The microgrid is a way that mixes energy locally and empowers the end-users to add useful power to the network. IEEE-14 bus system-based microgrid was developed in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate the optimal power flow. Two cases of battery charging and discharging were also simulated to evaluate its realization. The solution of power flow analysis was obtained from the Newton–Raphson method and particle swarm optimization method. A comparison was drawn between these methods for the proposed model of the microgrid on the basis of transmission line losses and voltage profile. Transmission line losses are reduced to about 17% in the case of battery charging and 19 to 20% in the case of battery discharging when system was analyzed with the particle swarm optimization. Particle swarm optimization was found more promising for the deliverance of optimal power flow in the renewable energy sources-based microgrid.
Optimal load management of autonomous power systems in conditions of water sh...IJECEIAES
The issues of optimizing the operation of micro hydropower plants in conditions of water scarcity, performed by additional connection to the grid of an energy storage system and wind power turbine, as well as optimal load management, are considered. It is assumed that the load of the system is a concentrated autonomous power facility that consumes only active power. The paper presents a rigorous mathematical formulation of the problem, the solution of which corresponds to the minimum cost of an energy storage system and a wind turbine, which allows for uninterrupted supply of electricity to power facilities in conditions of water shortage necessary for the operation of micro hydropower plants (under unfavorable hydrological conditions). The problem is formulated as a nonlinear multi-objective optimization problem to apply metaheuristic stochastic algorithms. At the same time, a significant part of the problem is taken out and framed as a subproblem of linear programming which will make it possible to solve it by a deterministic simplex method that guarantees to find the exact global optimum. This approach will significantly increase the efficiency of solving the entire problem by combining metaheuristic algorithms and taking into account expert knowledge about the problem being solved.
Control of Hybrid AC DC Micro Grid Involving Energy Storage, Renewable Energy...ijtsrd
Electricity, a remarkable scientific gift to humanity, has fuelled a civilization where it is utilized for myriad purposes. Nevertheless, a paradigm shift is underway in recent times, transitioning from small generating units to large generating plants connected to distribution systems in the form of renewable energy powered micro grids. Reactive power in networks has different alignment and efficiency based on the power factor and setup stage. These rows can be classified as passive networks of independent variables based on the sequence inductance and shunting power of the rows. The reactive power flow does, however, have a number of drawbacks. By raising the attracted line at the same charge rate, it effectively lowers the attracted lines efficiency, service, and costs. This also decreases the proportion of energy stabilization. This article presents the modeling of hybrid micro grids for power system configuration performed in the MATLAB SIMULINK environment. The present work mainly covers the network operation mode of hybrid network. Models have been developed for all converters to maintain a stable system under various load and source conditions, and the control mechanism has also been studied. Dr. Shailendra Verma | Abhishek Janghel | Ashish Dewangan | Prashant Bawane "Control of Hybrid AC/DC Micro Grid Involving Energy Storage, Renewable Energy and Pulsed Loads" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55153.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/55153/control-of-hybrid-acdc-micro-grid-involving-energy-storage-renewable-energy-and-pulsed-loads/dr-shailendra-verma
A review of optimal operation of microgrids IJECEIAES
The term microgrid refers to small-scale power grid that can operate autonomously or in concurrence with the area’s main electrical grid. The intermittent characteristic of DGs which defies the power quality and voltage manifests the requirement for new planning and operation approaches for microgrids. Consequently, conventional optimization methods in new power systems have been critically biased all through the previous decade. One of the main technological and inexpensive tools in this regard is the optimal generation scheduling of microgrid. As a primary optimization tool in the planning and operation fields, optimal operation has an undeniable part in the power system. This paper reviews and evaluates the optimal operation approaches mostly related to microgrids. In this work, the foremost optimal generation scheduling approaches are compared in terms of their objective functions, techniques and constraints. To conclude, a few fundamental challenges occurring from the latest optimal generation scheduling techniques in microgrids are addressed.
New solutions for optimization of the electrical distribution system availabi...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
This paper deals with the availability in microgrids that are composed of a set of sources (Photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries) and a set of loads (critical and uncritical loads). The energy produced by various sources will be grouped in an alternative bus (AC bus), and it will be distributed on loads through an electrical distribution system. The occurrence of a fault in the system can cause a total or partial unavailability of energy required by the loads. The objective of this paper is to characterize the fault caused by the limited reliability of the components of the electrical distribution system and to propose an new design methodology to optimize the availability of this system (as well as the availability of power supply) by taking into account all the economic constraints. The proposed methodology is based on the redundancy of electrical distribution paths. An application of this optimization to a petroleum platform shows clearly a high degree of supply availability distribution in microgrid.
Micropower system optimization for the telecommunication towers based on var...IJECEIAES
This study investigates the technical and cost-effective performance of options renewable energy sources to develop a green off-grid telecommunication tower to replace diesel generators in Malaysia. For this purpose, the solar, wind, pico-hydro energy, along with diesel generators, were examined to compare. In addition, the modeling of hybrid powering systems was conducted using hybrid optimization model for energy (HOMER) simulation based on techno-economic analysis to determine the optimal economically feasible system. The optimization findings showed that the hybrid high-efficiency fixed photovoltaic (PV) system with battery followed by 2 kW pico-hydropower and battery are the optimal configurations for powering off-grid telecommunication towers in Malaysia with the lowest net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). These costs of NPC and COE are more down than diesel generator costs with battery by 17.45%, 16.45%, 15.9%, and 15.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the economic evaluation of the high-efficiency solar fixed PV panels system annual cash flow compared to the diesel generator with the battery system indicated a ten-year payback period.
Optimal load management of autonomous power systems in conditions of water sh...IJECEIAES
The issues of optimizing the operation of micro hydropower plants in conditions of water scarcity, performed by additional connection to the grid of an energy storage system and wind power turbine, as well as optimal load management, are considered. It is assumed that the load of the system is a concentrated autonomous power facility that consumes only active power. The paper presents a rigorous mathematical formulation of the problem, the solution of which corresponds to the minimum cost of an energy storage system and a wind turbine, which allows for uninterrupted supply of electricity to power facilities in conditions of water shortage necessary for the operation of micro hydropower plants (under unfavorable hydrological conditions). The problem is formulated as a nonlinear multi-objective optimization problem to apply metaheuristic stochastic algorithms. At the same time, a significant part of the problem is taken out and framed as a subproblem of linear programming which will make it possible to solve it by a deterministic simplex method that guarantees to find the exact global optimum. This approach will significantly increase the efficiency of solving the entire problem by combining metaheuristic algorithms and taking into account expert knowledge about the problem being solved.
Control of Hybrid AC DC Micro Grid Involving Energy Storage, Renewable Energy...ijtsrd
Electricity, a remarkable scientific gift to humanity, has fuelled a civilization where it is utilized for myriad purposes. Nevertheless, a paradigm shift is underway in recent times, transitioning from small generating units to large generating plants connected to distribution systems in the form of renewable energy powered micro grids. Reactive power in networks has different alignment and efficiency based on the power factor and setup stage. These rows can be classified as passive networks of independent variables based on the sequence inductance and shunting power of the rows. The reactive power flow does, however, have a number of drawbacks. By raising the attracted line at the same charge rate, it effectively lowers the attracted lines efficiency, service, and costs. This also decreases the proportion of energy stabilization. This article presents the modeling of hybrid micro grids for power system configuration performed in the MATLAB SIMULINK environment. The present work mainly covers the network operation mode of hybrid network. Models have been developed for all converters to maintain a stable system under various load and source conditions, and the control mechanism has also been studied. Dr. Shailendra Verma | Abhishek Janghel | Ashish Dewangan | Prashant Bawane "Control of Hybrid AC/DC Micro Grid Involving Energy Storage, Renewable Energy and Pulsed Loads" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55153.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/55153/control-of-hybrid-acdc-micro-grid-involving-energy-storage-renewable-energy-and-pulsed-loads/dr-shailendra-verma
A review of optimal operation of microgrids IJECEIAES
The term microgrid refers to small-scale power grid that can operate autonomously or in concurrence with the area’s main electrical grid. The intermittent characteristic of DGs which defies the power quality and voltage manifests the requirement for new planning and operation approaches for microgrids. Consequently, conventional optimization methods in new power systems have been critically biased all through the previous decade. One of the main technological and inexpensive tools in this regard is the optimal generation scheduling of microgrid. As a primary optimization tool in the planning and operation fields, optimal operation has an undeniable part in the power system. This paper reviews and evaluates the optimal operation approaches mostly related to microgrids. In this work, the foremost optimal generation scheduling approaches are compared in terms of their objective functions, techniques and constraints. To conclude, a few fundamental challenges occurring from the latest optimal generation scheduling techniques in microgrids are addressed.
New solutions for optimization of the electrical distribution system availabi...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
This paper deals with the availability in microgrids that are composed of a set of sources (Photovoltaic generators, wind turbines, diesel generators and batteries) and a set of loads (critical and uncritical loads). The energy produced by various sources will be grouped in an alternative bus (AC bus), and it will be distributed on loads through an electrical distribution system. The occurrence of a fault in the system can cause a total or partial unavailability of energy required by the loads. The objective of this paper is to characterize the fault caused by the limited reliability of the components of the electrical distribution system and to propose an new design methodology to optimize the availability of this system (as well as the availability of power supply) by taking into account all the economic constraints. The proposed methodology is based on the redundancy of electrical distribution paths. An application of this optimization to a petroleum platform shows clearly a high degree of supply availability distribution in microgrid.
Micropower system optimization for the telecommunication towers based on var...IJECEIAES
This study investigates the technical and cost-effective performance of options renewable energy sources to develop a green off-grid telecommunication tower to replace diesel generators in Malaysia. For this purpose, the solar, wind, pico-hydro energy, along with diesel generators, were examined to compare. In addition, the modeling of hybrid powering systems was conducted using hybrid optimization model for energy (HOMER) simulation based on techno-economic analysis to determine the optimal economically feasible system. The optimization findings showed that the hybrid high-efficiency fixed photovoltaic (PV) system with battery followed by 2 kW pico-hydropower and battery are the optimal configurations for powering off-grid telecommunication towers in Malaysia with the lowest net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). These costs of NPC and COE are more down than diesel generator costs with battery by 17.45%, 16.45%, 15.9%, and 15.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the economic evaluation of the high-efficiency solar fixed PV panels system annual cash flow compared to the diesel generator with the battery system indicated a ten-year payback period.
Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Parti...journalBEEI
Recently, a wide range of wind farm based distributed generations (DGs) are being integrated into distribution systems to fulfill energy demands and to reduce the burden on transmission corridors. The non-optimal configuration of DGs could severely affect the distribution system operations and control. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the wind data in order to build a mathematical model for power output and pinpoint the optimal location. The overall objective is minimization of power loss reduction in distribution system. The five years of wind data was taken from 24o 44’ 29” North, 67o 35’ 9” East coordinates in Pakistan. The optimal location for these wind farms were pinpointed via particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm using standard IEEE 33 radial distribution system. The result reveals that the proposed method helps in improving renewable energy near to load centers, reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the system. Moreover, the validity and performance of the proposed model were also compared with other optimization algorithms.
Multi agent oriented solution for forecasting-based control strategy with loa...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
To improve the power supply availability in an island microgrid, this paper proposes a new approach that integrates distributed energy sources economically, reliably and efficiently. In an island mode, a microgrid must ensure its self-sufficiency of energy production since it cannot make an energetic exchange with a main grid. However, in this mode, the random behavior of the resources affected by meteorological factors presents a major constraint. The challenge related to the power availability in microgrids is to find a solution that faces the operation of intermittent power sources. The microgrid should guarantee a useful power management in order to achieve a high availability of energy. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to describe the influence of the meteorological factors on the sources production. We propose a multi-agent control strategy based on the production forecasting and load shedding for a high availability of the microgrid power supply. The proposed multi-agent system uses the master-slave model in which the communication and negotiation between the defined agents are performed by a concept of tokens. The developed control system is implemented on Spartan 6 FPGA-Board. The paper's contribution is applied to a Tunisian petroleum platform where several blackouts are recorded between 2012 and 2014. Simulation and experimental results show clearly a high availability as a performance of the proposed control strategy.
Simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations using a novel ...IJECEIAES
Power loss and voltage magnitude fluctuations are two major issues in distribution networks that have drawn a lot of attention. Combining two of the numerous strategies for solving these problems and dealing with them simultaneously to get more effective outcomes is essential. Therefore, this study hybridizes the network reconfiguration and capacitor allocation strategies, proposing a novel dingo optimization algorithm (DOA) to solve the optimization problems. The optimization problems for simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations were formulated and solved using a novel DOA. To demonstrate its effectiveness, DOA’s results were contrasted with those of the other optimization techniques. The methodology was validated on the IEEE 33-bus network and implemented in the MATLAB program. The results demonstrated that the best network reconfiguration was accomplished with switches 7, 11, 17, 27, and 34 open, and buses 8, 29, and 30 were the best places for capacitors with ideal sizes of 512, 714, and 495 kVAr, respectively. The network voltage profile was significantly improved as the least voltage at bus 18 was increased to 0.9530 p.u. Furthermore, the overall real power loss was significantly mitigated by 48.87%, which, when compared to the results of other methods, was superior.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
Source resizing and improved power distribution for high available island mic...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
A microgrid is a small-scale smart network that contains distributed resources and loads and serves several technical, economic, and environmental aims. In this kind of power system, the energy generated by different sources is often collected in an adequate bus system (ac or dc busses) and transported to loads across a distribution system. In case of islanding operation of a microgrid, each production insufficiency or distribution system fault can cause a partial or total interruption of power supply required by loads of the microgrid. This unavailability can last longer because of the randomness and intermittent behavior of renewable sources and the importance of the maintenance actions of the distribution system. To guarantee high availability of power supply, microgrid must be able to produce and to transfer the power energy requested by loads. The sizing of distributed sources and the design of the distribution system present an important challenge to achieve this goal. This paper offers a new global methodology carried out in two steps: in the first, it aims to optimize the source sizing by adding some microsources for ensuring the balance between sources production and loads requirement, then, in a second step, it aims to enhance the distribution system design by the creation of new paths of power transmission for transferring the produced energy from sources to loads. The proposed optimization methodology aims to achieve the requested availability rate requested by each load (considering their priorities) by taking into account some technical and economic factors. In this methodology based on genetic algorithms, objective functions are defined, and several electrical and economic constraints are formulated. The graph theory is used to represent the architecture of the microgrid distribution system, and Matpower tool of MATLAB is used to model it. An application and implementation of the proposed optimization methodology in a Tunisian petroleum platform indicate that the proposed solution is efficient in optimizing of power supply availability in its microgrid.
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Present day guided weapon systems, especially tactical class missiles use RF seeker, for target tracking towards terminal engagement. The seeker system including its antenna assembly will be onboard the missile. Due to the missile trajectory corrections, the seeker antenna pointing to the target may get disturbed resulting in track loss. To avoid this track loss, it becomes necessary to stabilize the antenna system in two planes. The fundamental role of stabilization loop in seeker application is to precisely follow the angular rate of the target. In order to achieve this requirement, it is essential to highly isolate the gimbaled antenna from the missile body motion due to the maneuvering of target or low frequency vibration during flight. However, the isolation ratio and stability margin of stabilization loop adopting the gimbaled platform with both low stiffness and heavy inertia are limited by mechanical characteristic such as low resonance frequency and its high magnitude. The selection of proper feedback sensors, modeling of the total system are key features of this project. In the end, the performance and the stability of designed stabilization loop are demonstrated using simulation in both frequency and time domain. The Hardware for the system is under realization by the Industry. The whole scheme is simulated in MATLAB off-line for this project.
Keywords: Missile, RF seeker, Track loss, Stabilization loop, Angular Rate Command, Bore-Sight Error, Maneuvering and Gimbaled Platform.
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The availability of energy plays an important role in the development of a country.Electricity availability is essential for economical growth and improvementin quality of life of rural and semi-urban population. In order to achieve this, rural electrification should gain importance. Rural electrification requiresgrid extensionofthe existing power systemto remote areas which is difficult and costly. Impact of burning fossil fuels on environment andrapid depletion increases the supply demand gap. Development of Integrated Renewable Energy System for isolated load is a promisingway outfor rural electrification. Integrated renewable energy systems generate power making use of renewable energy sources that are available regionally which can electrify rural households. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an Integrated renewable energy system for power generation using solar and wind resources.Integration of solar and wind systems has been done for supplying isolated load and the model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are summarized.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Control Strategy for Distributed Integration of Photovoltaic and Battery Ener...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The micro-grid deployments are growing with independently, power system designers,
manufacturers and researchers for the applications where the loads are more efficient association with
extra output sources such as Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and Photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Using renewable source as main sources for micro-grid system also can avoid from the pollution to occur.
Energy storage when combined with PV system can provide a stronger economic performance, as well as
an added benefit of backup power for critical loads. This project proposed control strategies for integration
of BESS and PV in a micro-grid. The operation enables the maximum PV and BESS utilization during
different operating condition of the micro-grid, grid connected, islanded mode or a process between these
two operations. The project will focus on analyzing the performance between photovoltaic system and
battery in the simulations of micro-grids system and validate the simulation result using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software. After the simulation was analyzed, the understanding of benefit in using
renewable energy source as main power supply with support from battery energy storage to supply the
power to the loads and power managements is realized in the different modes on micro-grid which is grid
connected or islanded states. When the power generation from PV system was not enough to
accommodate electric loads, the BESS or from secondary side of transformer will supply the insufficient
power.
An Adaptive Virtual Impedance Based Droop Control Scheme for Parallel Inverte...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents an adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme for parallel inverter operation in low voltage microgrid. Because it is
essential to achieve power sharing between inverters in microgrid, various
droop control schemes have been proposed. In practice, the line impedance
between inverters and the point of common coupling (PCC) in microgrid are
not always equal. This imbalance in line impedance often results in a reactive
power mismatch among inverters. This problem has been solved by
introducing a virtual impedance loop in the conventional droop control
scheme. However, the reactive power sharing performance of this method is
still deteriorated when the line impedances change during operation. To
overcome such a problem, a new control scheme that is based on a virtual
impedance loop and an impedance estimation scheme is proposed.
To monitor the changes in line impedances, the impedance estimator is
implemented by using the output voltages and currents of inverters as well as
the voltages at the PCC. To compensate for the reactive power mismatch due
to the line impedance changes, the estimated line impedance is fed to the
virtual impedance loop in which it adjusts the virtual impedance value.
Comparative simulation results with the conventional ones verify the
effectiveness of the proposed adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
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Optimal Configuration of Wind Farms in Radial Distribution System Using Parti...journalBEEI
Recently, a wide range of wind farm based distributed generations (DGs) are being integrated into distribution systems to fulfill energy demands and to reduce the burden on transmission corridors. The non-optimal configuration of DGs could severely affect the distribution system operations and control. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze the wind data in order to build a mathematical model for power output and pinpoint the optimal location. The overall objective is minimization of power loss reduction in distribution system. The five years of wind data was taken from 24o 44’ 29” North, 67o 35’ 9” East coordinates in Pakistan. The optimal location for these wind farms were pinpointed via particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm using standard IEEE 33 radial distribution system. The result reveals that the proposed method helps in improving renewable energy near to load centers, reduce power losses and improve voltage profile of the system. Moreover, the validity and performance of the proposed model were also compared with other optimization algorithms.
Multi agent oriented solution for forecasting-based control strategy with loa...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
To improve the power supply availability in an island microgrid, this paper proposes a new approach that integrates distributed energy sources economically, reliably and efficiently. In an island mode, a microgrid must ensure its self-sufficiency of energy production since it cannot make an energetic exchange with a main grid. However, in this mode, the random behavior of the resources affected by meteorological factors presents a major constraint. The challenge related to the power availability in microgrids is to find a solution that faces the operation of intermittent power sources. The microgrid should guarantee a useful power management in order to achieve a high availability of energy. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to describe the influence of the meteorological factors on the sources production. We propose a multi-agent control strategy based on the production forecasting and load shedding for a high availability of the microgrid power supply. The proposed multi-agent system uses the master-slave model in which the communication and negotiation between the defined agents are performed by a concept of tokens. The developed control system is implemented on Spartan 6 FPGA-Board. The paper's contribution is applied to a Tunisian petroleum platform where several blackouts are recorded between 2012 and 2014. Simulation and experimental results show clearly a high availability as a performance of the proposed control strategy.
Simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations using a novel ...IJECEIAES
Power loss and voltage magnitude fluctuations are two major issues in distribution networks that have drawn a lot of attention. Combining two of the numerous strategies for solving these problems and dealing with them simultaneously to get more effective outcomes is essential. Therefore, this study hybridizes the network reconfiguration and capacitor allocation strategies, proposing a novel dingo optimization algorithm (DOA) to solve the optimization problems. The optimization problems for simultaneous network reconfiguration and capacitor allocations were formulated and solved using a novel DOA. To demonstrate its effectiveness, DOA’s results were contrasted with those of the other optimization techniques. The methodology was validated on the IEEE 33-bus network and implemented in the MATLAB program. The results demonstrated that the best network reconfiguration was accomplished with switches 7, 11, 17, 27, and 34 open, and buses 8, 29, and 30 were the best places for capacitors with ideal sizes of 512, 714, and 495 kVAr, respectively. The network voltage profile was significantly improved as the least voltage at bus 18 was increased to 0.9530 p.u. Furthermore, the overall real power loss was significantly mitigated by 48.87%, which, when compared to the results of other methods, was superior.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
Source resizing and improved power distribution for high available island mic...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
A microgrid is a small-scale smart network that contains distributed resources and loads and serves several technical, economic, and environmental aims. In this kind of power system, the energy generated by different sources is often collected in an adequate bus system (ac or dc busses) and transported to loads across a distribution system. In case of islanding operation of a microgrid, each production insufficiency or distribution system fault can cause a partial or total interruption of power supply required by loads of the microgrid. This unavailability can last longer because of the randomness and intermittent behavior of renewable sources and the importance of the maintenance actions of the distribution system. To guarantee high availability of power supply, microgrid must be able to produce and to transfer the power energy requested by loads. The sizing of distributed sources and the design of the distribution system present an important challenge to achieve this goal. This paper offers a new global methodology carried out in two steps: in the first, it aims to optimize the source sizing by adding some microsources for ensuring the balance between sources production and loads requirement, then, in a second step, it aims to enhance the distribution system design by the creation of new paths of power transmission for transferring the produced energy from sources to loads. The proposed optimization methodology aims to achieve the requested availability rate requested by each load (considering their priorities) by taking into account some technical and economic factors. In this methodology based on genetic algorithms, objective functions are defined, and several electrical and economic constraints are formulated. The graph theory is used to represent the architecture of the microgrid distribution system, and Matpower tool of MATLAB is used to model it. An application and implementation of the proposed optimization methodology in a Tunisian petroleum platform indicate that the proposed solution is efficient in optimizing of power supply availability in its microgrid.
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Present day guided weapon systems, especially tactical class missiles use RF seeker, for target tracking towards terminal engagement. The seeker system including its antenna assembly will be onboard the missile. Due to the missile trajectory corrections, the seeker antenna pointing to the target may get disturbed resulting in track loss. To avoid this track loss, it becomes necessary to stabilize the antenna system in two planes. The fundamental role of stabilization loop in seeker application is to precisely follow the angular rate of the target. In order to achieve this requirement, it is essential to highly isolate the gimbaled antenna from the missile body motion due to the maneuvering of target or low frequency vibration during flight. However, the isolation ratio and stability margin of stabilization loop adopting the gimbaled platform with both low stiffness and heavy inertia are limited by mechanical characteristic such as low resonance frequency and its high magnitude. The selection of proper feedback sensors, modeling of the total system are key features of this project. In the end, the performance and the stability of designed stabilization loop are demonstrated using simulation in both frequency and time domain. The Hardware for the system is under realization by the Industry. The whole scheme is simulated in MATLAB off-line for this project.
Keywords: Missile, RF seeker, Track loss, Stabilization loop, Angular Rate Command, Bore-Sight Error, Maneuvering and Gimbaled Platform.
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The availability of energy plays an important role in the development of a country.Electricity availability is essential for economical growth and improvementin quality of life of rural and semi-urban population. In order to achieve this, rural electrification should gain importance. Rural electrification requiresgrid extensionofthe existing power systemto remote areas which is difficult and costly. Impact of burning fossil fuels on environment andrapid depletion increases the supply demand gap. Development of Integrated Renewable Energy System for isolated load is a promisingway outfor rural electrification. Integrated renewable energy systems generate power making use of renewable energy sources that are available regionally which can electrify rural households. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an Integrated renewable energy system for power generation using solar and wind resources.Integration of solar and wind systems has been done for supplying isolated load and the model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are summarized.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Control Strategy for Distributed Integration of Photovoltaic and Battery Ener...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The micro-grid deployments are growing with independently, power system designers,
manufacturers and researchers for the applications where the loads are more efficient association with
extra output sources such as Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and Photovoltaic (PV) systems.
Using renewable source as main sources for micro-grid system also can avoid from the pollution to occur.
Energy storage when combined with PV system can provide a stronger economic performance, as well as
an added benefit of backup power for critical loads. This project proposed control strategies for integration
of BESS and PV in a micro-grid. The operation enables the maximum PV and BESS utilization during
different operating condition of the micro-grid, grid connected, islanded mode or a process between these
two operations. The project will focus on analyzing the performance between photovoltaic system and
battery in the simulations of micro-grids system and validate the simulation result using
MATLAB/SIMULINK software. After the simulation was analyzed, the understanding of benefit in using
renewable energy source as main power supply with support from battery energy storage to supply the
power to the loads and power managements is realized in the different modes on micro-grid which is grid
connected or islanded states. When the power generation from PV system was not enough to
accommodate electric loads, the BESS or from secondary side of transformer will supply the insufficient
power.
An Adaptive Virtual Impedance Based Droop Control Scheme for Parallel Inverte...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents an adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme for parallel inverter operation in low voltage microgrid. Because it is
essential to achieve power sharing between inverters in microgrid, various
droop control schemes have been proposed. In practice, the line impedance
between inverters and the point of common coupling (PCC) in microgrid are
not always equal. This imbalance in line impedance often results in a reactive
power mismatch among inverters. This problem has been solved by
introducing a virtual impedance loop in the conventional droop control
scheme. However, the reactive power sharing performance of this method is
still deteriorated when the line impedances change during operation. To
overcome such a problem, a new control scheme that is based on a virtual
impedance loop and an impedance estimation scheme is proposed.
To monitor the changes in line impedances, the impedance estimator is
implemented by using the output voltages and currents of inverters as well as
the voltages at the PCC. To compensate for the reactive power mismatch due
to the line impedance changes, the estimated line impedance is fed to the
virtual impedance loop in which it adjusts the virtual impedance value.
Comparative simulation results with the conventional ones verify the
effectiveness of the proposed adaptive virtual impedance based droop control
scheme.
Similar to Comparative analysis of optimal power flow in renewable energy sources based microgrids (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Comparative analysis of optimal power flow in renewable energy sources based microgrids
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 2, April 2023, pp. 1241~1259
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1241-1259 1241
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Comparative analysis of optimal power flow in renewable
energy sources based microgrids
Raheel Muzzammel1
, Rabia Arshad1
, Sobia Bashir2
, Uzma Mushtaq3,4
, Fariha Durrani1
, Sadaf Noshin4
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
2
School of Informatics, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,
Lahore, Pakistan
4
Department of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 30, 2021
Revised Sep 29, 2022
Accepted Oct 25, 2022
Adaptation of renewable energy is inevitable. The idea of microgrid offers
integration of renewable energy sources with conventional power generation
sources. In this research, an operative approach was proposed for microgrids
comprising of four different power generation sources. The microgrid is a
way that mixes energy locally and empowers the end-users to add useful
power to the network. IEEE-14 bus system-based microgrid was developed
in MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate the optimal power flow. Two cases of
battery charging and discharging were also simulated to evaluate its
realization. The solution of power flow analysis was obtained from the
Newton–Raphson method and particle swarm optimization method. A
comparison was drawn between these methods for the proposed model of the
microgrid on the basis of transmission line losses and voltage profile.
Transmission line losses are reduced to about 17% in the case of battery
charging and 19 to 20% in the case of battery discharging when system was
analyzed with the particle swarm optimization. Particle swarm optimization
was found more promising for the deliverance of optimal power flow in the
renewable energy sources-based microgrid.
Keywords:
IEEE-14 bus system
Microgrid
Newton–Raphson method
Particle swarm optimization
Renewable energy
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Raheel Muzzammel
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Lahore
KM Off Defense Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Email: raheelmuzzammel@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
In the previous era when only the main grid systems were used, the end consumers often suffered
because of the fault condition that occurred in the main grid. It had to be shut down and there was no backup
source to provide energy. The microgrid has solved this problem because it can work in island mode. When
the technology became developed and environment friendly, the distributed generation (DG) units such as
wind energy, gas, and solar energy were broadly used [1]–[7]. Nowadays, the world is giving attention to the
micro grid for providing energy easily and near to the load. When energy is made from natural resources like
wind, bio-gas, and through sunlight (solar), there will be a very good impact on budget and also have benefit
in respect of multiplicity of energy use particularly for developing countries like Pakistan [7]–[11]. While
supplying energy to feeders, some feeders will have complex loads, and the provision of local energy is
essential for reliability. These feeders are island from the grid using a device named static switch that can be
detached in less than a cycle [12], [13]. In this condition, suitable frequency and voltages should be
maintained for proper working. Whenever there will be a problem with the main grid system the static switch
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will open and will start isolating the sensitive loads from the main grid system. The point where these two are
attached is called the point of common coupling [14], [15]. The disturbances can also occur while switching.
In this case, the distributed energy resources will restart the island mode. So, sufficient generation should be
assumed to encounter the demand of loads.
Many studies have been done freshly which emphasizes the unique features of the microgrid. A
group studies optimal power-sharing of disseminated generation such as wind or solar [16]–[18]. Another
group researches and highlights the income of the economy. They want to reduce the overall cost of energy
[19]. Another goal is to obtain extreme profit by the generation of energy. The third group of researchers
determines the best communication of energy storage devices [20]–[22]. Energy can easily be stored when
renewable power is present or transferring energy from one point to another point is low-priced, then the
stored energy is available for the time when we cannot meet our demands or when we do not have access to
renewable energy sources. The main objective is to produce low-priced energy and take advantage of
renewable energy resources and the availability of energy at all times. For example, Brekken et al. [14]
reports a wind farm rewarded by battery energy storage. Levron and Shmilovitz [23] showed storage to time-
shift the production of renewables. In [24], [25], the storage devices operated in a mode of power generation.
In [26], a Newton method is used to solve optimal power flow equations. The drawbacks of this method are
the output results they obtained are quite near to their limits. The optimal power flow will incline variables to
pass the limits and it is not reasonable to apply optimal power flow without scattered methods.
In [27], the linear programming method is proposed for optimal power flow solution [28], [29]. This
method is very good in the management of inequalities and also deals very worthy with local constraints. The
linear programming method is very fast and a trustworthy method for optimal power flow solutions. This
method also has some demerits as it has low accuracy and the cost minimization in this method is not so good
[30]. An efficient method is proposed known as the interior point method. This method took a very good
benefit in the speed of convergence of 12:1 as compared to other programming methods. This method is
selected for optimal power flow due to its consistency, accurateness, and quickness. There are some
boundaries due to starting and ending conditions and this method does not provide a reasonable solution if
the step size is chosen inappropriately. In [31], the genetic algorithm is proposed which can provide overall
optimum solutions because of avoiding the setup of local minima. The main advantage of this method is to
do several objectives in a solo run as it can find solutions in many areas of search space at a time. If the
solution demands to work on a parallel workstation, then this method is feasible to code. The solution
obtained from the genetic algorithm is not definite to be ideal and there is an excess of wastage of
computational efforts in this method if power system is expanding.
All the research and studies undertake minor network topology. They should consider storage
devices in a combined manner with a general proper network, but they did not. The best solution for an
interconnected network with storage devices has not been shown. However, metaheuristic techniques-based
implementation of microgrids is available in literature [32]–[35]. Following are the major contributions of
this research.
− IEEE-14 bus system based microgrid test model is developed and is tested under different scenarios.
− The phenomena of battery charging and discharging is analyzed with this model for effective utilization
of energy storage without compromise on voltage profile.
− Optimal power flow is implemented with Newton–Raphson method and particle swarm optimization
(PSO) and both of these techniques are compared on the basis of voltage profile and transmission losses.
− This research serves as a study of microgrids with the integration of renewable energy and conventional
energy sources.
− PSO comes up with a very good convergence speed and can control the balance between the global and
local survey of search pace. This method also can deal with non-curved and non-distinguishable objective
functions.
In this research, a method for making a microgrid is proposed from renewable energy resources i.e.,
wind and solar to supply energy in local means to end consumers [36]. If you look at the transmission lines in
our country, they are too long and too old to supply energy to the end loads. Therefore, placing a microgrid
near the load is a good approach. If any fault occurs at any point, then the whole area will be affected until
the engineers will remove the fault. So, if we have a microgrid then we can use energy from it by dispatching
it from the main grid. The power flow analysis has done by two different techniques. The first one is
Newton–Raphson and the other is PSO. After comparing the results from both techniques, notice that the
results from the PSO method are far better than that of Newton–Raphson.
The rest of the paper is organized as: section 2 contains the details of the formulation of the optimal
power flow problem in microgrids. Section 3 explains the structure of the IEEE-14 bus system-based
microgrid. Section 4 covers the discussion related to simulations. Significance of results and simulations is
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mentioned in section 5. Performance of different power flow techniques is compared in section 6.
Conclusions are drawn in section 7.
2. OPTIMAL POWER FLOW PROBLEM FORMULATION
Power flow is used to analyze steady-state performance. The optimization of power flow can
improve performance. According to optimization, the objective function should provide the best values of
power flow within the equality and inequality constraints [37]. The optimal power flow problem is (1).
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐹(𝑃_𝐺 ) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑢) = 𝑗(𝑥, 𝑢) (1)
2.1. Objective function
The quadratic nature of the objective function is defined. The objective function is linked to power
generation values. The objective function is given a (2),
J = 𝐹(𝑃𝐺) ∑ (𝑃𝐺𝑖
𝑁𝐺
𝑖=1
) = ∑ (𝑎𝑖 + 𝛽𝑖𝑃𝐺𝑖 + 𝛾𝑖𝑃𝐺𝑖
2
𝑁𝐺
𝑖=1
) (2)
subjected to:
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑢) = 0 represents equality constraints.
ℎ(𝑥, 𝑢) ≤ represents inequality constraints.
𝑋𝑇
= [𝑃𝐺𝑖
, 𝑉𝐿𝑖
… . . 𝑉𝐿𝑁𝐷
, 𝑄𝐺𝑖
… . . 𝑄𝐺𝑁𝐺
, 𝑆𝑙1
… 𝑆𝑙𝑁𝑙
] (3)
where X is the vector of the dependent variable which consist of slack bus power (𝑃𝐺), load bus voltage (𝑉𝑙),
generator reactive power outputs (𝑄𝐺) and transmission line loadings (𝑆𝑙); and 𝑁𝐿 represents the number of
load busses and 𝑁𝐺 represents the number of generators.
𝑈 is the vector of independent variables which consist of voltages of the generator, transformer tap
settings, and shunt compensations. Hence, 𝑢 can be expressed as (4),
𝑢𝑇
= [𝑉𝐺𝑖
… 𝑉𝐺𝑁𝐺
, 𝑃𝐺2
… . 𝑃𝐺𝑁𝐺
, 𝑇1 … 𝑇𝑁𝑇, 𝑄𝐶1
… . . 𝑄𝐶𝑁𝐶
] (4)
where 𝑁𝑇 is the number of regulating transformers and 𝑁𝐶 is the number of shunt compensators. 𝐽 is
objective function to minimize and 𝑔 represents here the equality constraints.
2.2. Inequality constraints responding to the limits
The generator and transformer are subjected to various types of inequality constraints. The
generating voltages, active power, and reactive power are all limited. Similarly, limits are set on the
transformer's control level.
− Generator:
𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑉𝑖 ≤ 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑁, (5)
𝑃𝐺𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑄𝐺𝑖
≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑁𝐺 (6)
𝑄𝑔𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑄𝑔𝑖
≤ 𝑄𝑔𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑁𝑔 (7)
Where 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the minimum voltage of the generator, 𝑉𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum voltage of the generator,
𝑃𝐺𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the minimum active power of the generator, 𝑃𝐺𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum active power of the
generator, 𝑄𝑔𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the minimum reactive power of the generator, and 𝑄𝑔𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum reactive
power of the generator.
− Transformer:
𝑇𝑘𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑇𝑘 ≤ 𝑇𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑖 = 1 … , 𝑁𝑘 (8)
where 𝑇𝑘𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the minimum control level of the transformer and 𝑇𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum control level
of the transformer.
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2.3. Equations of load flow by network equality constraints
Active and reactive power are also subject to equality constraints. The equations are modelled using
known parameters (voltage and angles). Normally, the difference between generation and load is expressed in
the form of equality constraints. The equations are given as (9) to (10),
𝑃𝑖(𝑉, 𝛿) − 𝑃𝐺𝑖 + 𝑃𝐷𝑖 = 0 (9)
𝑄𝑖(𝑉, 𝛿) − 𝑄𝐺𝑖 + 𝑄𝐷𝑖 = 0 (10)
where:
𝑃𝑖(𝑉, 𝛿) = |𝑎| ∑ |𝑉𝑖||𝑌𝑖𝑗| cos(𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑗
𝑁
𝑖=1
− ∅𝑖𝑗) (11)
𝑄𝑖(𝑉, 𝛿) = |𝑎| ∑ |𝑉𝑖||𝑌𝑖𝑗| sin(𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑗
𝑁
𝑖=1
− ∅𝑖𝑗) (12)
𝑌𝑖𝑗=|𝑌𝑖𝑗 | ∅𝑖𝑗 | (13)
The load balance equation is:
∑ (𝑃𝑔𝑖 ) −
𝑁𝐺
𝑖=1 ∑ (𝑃𝐷𝑖) − 𝑃𝑙
𝑁𝐷
𝑖=1 = 0. (14)
2.4. Particle swarm optimization
It starts with the group of random particles and then searches for the optimal solution by updating its
generations. In each or every iteration each particle is updated by two best values the first one is the position
vector of the particle which had achieved so far, and it stored the value this position is called 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡.
𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖 = (𝑥𝑖
𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡
, … , 𝑥𝑛
𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡
) (15)
Another best position is tracked by particle swarm optimizer, and it is the best solution so far by any particle
in population and this position is global best which is known as 𝐺𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡.
𝐺𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖 = (𝑥𝑖
𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡
, … , 𝑥𝑛
𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡
) (16)
Velocity and position equations are given as (17) and (18).
𝑣𝑖
𝑘
= 𝑤𝑖
𝑘
+ 𝑐1𝑟1(𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖
𝑘
− 𝑥𝑖
𝑘
) + 𝑐2𝑟2(𝐺𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖
𝑘
− 𝑥𝑖
𝑘
) (17)
𝑥𝑖
𝑘+1
= 𝑥𝑖
𝑘
+ 𝑣𝑖
𝑘+1
(18)
The velocity of the 𝑖𝑡ℎ
particle at the kth iteration is 𝑣𝑖
𝑘
and 𝑥𝑖
𝑘
is the current position of 𝑖𝑡ℎ
particle at 𝑘𝑡ℎ
iteration.
− 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are positive constants.
− 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 are two random variables with a uniform distribution between 0 and 1.
− 𝑉 represents the velocity of the particle in search space.
𝑉𝐼 = (𝑣𝑖, … , 𝑣𝑁)
− 𝑋 represents the position of the particle in a search space.
𝑋𝐼 = (𝑥𝑖, … , 𝑥𝑁)
− The upper bound is placed on the velocity in all dimensions 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑣𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
= (𝑋𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
− 𝑋𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚
)/𝑁
− Here 𝑁 represents the total number of intervals.
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− 𝜔 is the inertia (shows the effect of previous velocity vector on the new vector).
𝜔(𝐾) = 𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 −
(𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚−𝜔𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚)∗𝐾
𝑀
𝐾 represents the current number of iterations and the 𝑀 represents the maximum number of iterations.
2.5. Newton–Raphson method
Newton–Raphson method is a quite efficient method for solving power flow equations [38]–[40].
This method can easily deal with large power systems because in this method the number of iterations
required is independent of power system size. It is a complex system and requires more functional iterations
at each step.
− Apparent power:
𝑃𝑖 − 𝐽𝑄𝑖 = |𝑉𝑖| < 𝛿𝑖 ∑ |𝑌𝑖𝑗||𝑉
𝑗|∠𝜃𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗
𝑛
𝑗=1 (19)
− Real part:
𝑃𝑖 = ∑ |𝑌𝑖𝑗||𝑉
𝑗||𝑉𝑖|𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗
𝑛
𝑗=1 ) (20)
− Imaginary part:
𝑄𝑖 = − ∑ | 𝑌𝑖𝑗||𝑉
𝑗||𝑉𝑖|sin (𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗
𝑛
𝑗=1 ) (21)
Both (20) and (21) have algebraic equations which are nonlinear per unit values. Jacobian matrix is
formulated using (22).
[
Δ𝑃
ΔQ
] = [
𝐽1 𝐽2
𝐽3 𝐽4
] [
Δ𝛿
Δ|V|
] (22)
Where 𝐽1 is the order of (n-1)×(n-1), 𝐽2 is the order of (n-1)×(n-1-m), 𝐽3 is the order of (n-1)×(n-1-m),
and 𝐽4 is the order of (n-1-m)×(n-1-m)
− The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of 𝐽1
𝜕𝑃𝑖
𝜕𝛿𝑖
= ∑ | 𝑌𝑖𝑗||𝑉
𝑗||𝑉𝑖|sin (𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗)
𝑗≠𝑖 (23)
𝜕𝑃𝑖
𝜕𝛿𝑗
= −|𝑌𝑖𝑗||𝑉
𝑗||𝑉𝑖|𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗) (24)
− The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of 𝐽2
𝜕𝑃𝑖
𝜕|𝑉𝑖|
= 2|𝑌𝑖𝑖||𝑉𝑖|𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑖𝑖 + ∑ | 𝑌𝑖𝑗||𝑉
𝑗|cos (𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗)
𝑗≠𝑖 (25)
𝜕𝑃𝑖
𝜕|𝑉𝑖|
= | 𝑌𝑖𝑗||𝑉
𝑗|cos (𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗) 𝑗 ≠ 𝑖 (26)
− The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of 𝐽3
𝜕𝑄𝑖
𝜕𝛿𝑖
= ∑ |𝑌𝑖𝑗||𝑉
𝑗| |𝑉𝑖| cos (𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗)
𝑗≠𝑖 (27)
𝜕𝑄𝑖
𝜕𝛿𝑗
= −|𝑉𝑖||𝑌𝑖𝑗||𝑉
𝑗|cos (𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗) 𝑗 ≠ 𝑖 (28)
− The diagonal and off-diagonal elements of 𝐽4
𝜕𝑃𝑖
𝜕|𝑉𝑖|
= −2|𝑌𝑖𝑖||𝑉𝑖|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑖𝑖 − ∑ |𝑌𝑖𝑗||𝑉
𝑗|sin (𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗)
𝑗≠𝑖 (29)
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𝜕𝑃𝑖
𝜕|𝑉𝑗|
= −|𝑉𝑖||𝑌𝑖𝑗|sin (𝜃𝑖𝑗 − 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗) 𝑗 ≠ 𝑖 (30)
− Power residuals:
Δ𝑃𝑖
(𝐾)
= 𝑃𝑖
𝑠𝑐ℎ
− 𝑃𝑖
(𝐾)
(31)
Δ𝑄𝑖
(𝐾)
= 𝑄𝑖
𝑠𝑐ℎ
− 𝑄𝑖
(𝐾)
(32)
In (31) and (32), these values are the differences between calculated and scheduled values. New
approximations for bus voltages:
𝛿𝑖
(𝑘+1)
= 𝛿𝑖
(𝑘)
+ Δ𝛿𝑖
(𝑘)
(33)
|𝑉
1
(𝐾+1)
| = |𝑉1
𝐾
| + Δ|𝑉1
𝐾
|. (34)
In the case of renewable energy, power flow changes quickly. Therefore, it is advisable to find the
change of power in two-time intervals instead of evaluation power mismatches at one time period. Hence,
Jacobian matrix could be assumed to be constant calculated from the previous time and is given in (35).
[
∆𝑃
∆𝑄
] = [
𝐽1(𝑡 − 1) 𝐽2(𝑡 − 1)
𝐽3(𝑡 − 1) 𝐽4(𝑡 − 1)
] [
∆𝛿
∆𝑉
] (35)
The change of power at bus 𝑘 would have a direct influence on neighboring buses i.e., bus 𝑘 − 1 and bus
𝑘 + 1. Jacobian power flow equations under 𝑁 ≠ 𝑘 and 𝑁 = 𝑘are formulated respectively as (36) and (37).
∆𝑃𝑘 = [
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘−1
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘+1
] [
∆𝛿𝑘−1
∆𝛿𝑘
∆𝛿𝑘+1
] + [
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝑉𝑘−1
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝑉𝑘
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝑉𝑘+1
] [
∆𝑉𝑘−1
∆𝑉𝑘
∆𝑉𝑘+1
]
∆𝑄𝑘 = [
𝜕𝑄𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘−1
𝜕𝑄𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘
𝜕𝑄𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘+1
] [
∆𝛿𝑘−1
∆𝛿𝑘
∆𝛿𝑘+1
] + [
𝜕𝑄𝑘
𝜕𝑉𝑘−1
𝜕𝑄𝑘
𝜕𝑉𝑘
𝜕𝑄𝑘
𝜕𝑉𝑘+1
] [
∆𝑉𝑘−1
∆𝑉𝑘
∆𝑉𝑘+1
] (36)
∆𝑃𝑘 = [
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘−1
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘
] [
∆𝛿𝑘−1
∆𝛿𝑘
] + [
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘−1
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘
] [
∆𝑉𝑘−1
∆𝑉𝑘
]
∆𝑄𝑘 = [
𝜕𝑄𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘−1
𝜕𝑄𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘
] [
∆𝛿𝑘−1
∆𝛿𝑘
] + [
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘−1
𝜕𝑃𝑘
𝜕𝛿𝑘
] [
∆𝑉𝑘−1
∆𝑉𝑘
] (37)
The steps for Newton–Raphson are:
a. For load buses:
− 𝑃𝑖
𝑠𝑐ℎ
and 𝑄𝑖
𝑠𝑐ℎ
are specified.
− Voltages |𝑉
1
(0)
| is set equal to 1.0 (slack bus value).
− Phase angle 𝛿𝑖
(0)
is set to 0.0 (slack bus value).
− 𝑃𝑖
(𝐾)
and 𝑄𝑖
(𝐾)
are calculated from (20) and (21).
− Δ𝑃𝑖
(𝐾)
and Δ𝑄𝑖
(𝐾)
are calculated from (31) and (32).
b. For voltage-controlled busses: 𝑃𝑖
(𝐾)
and Δ𝑃𝑖
(𝐾)
are calculated from (20) and (31).
c. Now Jacobian matrix is obtained from (23)-(30).
d. After obtaining the Jacobian matrix put all the values in (22) and solve this equation directly.
e. From (33) and (34), calculate the new voltages and phase angles.
f. The process will continue until Δ𝑃𝑖
(𝐾)
and Δ𝑄𝑖
(𝐾)
are become less than the stated accuracy, i.e.
|Δ𝑄𝑖
(𝐾)
| ≤ 𝜖
|Δ𝑃𝑖
(𝐾)
| ≤ 𝜖
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2.6. Constraints of renewable energy sources
In this proposed work, the constraints of the renewable energy sources are meet by maximum power
point tracking algorithm. The power acquired from the solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays are dependent upon
insolation and temperature. Nonlinear characteristics curves are obtained for voltage current relation and
voltage–power relation. During the variation of insolation conditions, maximum power point should be
tracked for efficient extraction of solar energy from PV arrays.
Similarly, the amount of energy that can be extracted from wind are dependent upon wind speed and
tip speed ratio. As the wind speed varies, the maximum energy can be extracted by tracking the maximum
power point so that the rotational speed should be varied to maintain optimal value of tip speed ratio all the
time. Perturbation and observation-based method is implemented for maximizing energy from renewable
energy sources [30].
2.7. Mathematical formulation of integration of renewable energy sources in the load flow
Renewable energy sources based on solar and wind are developed and implemented in this study.
The beta and Weibull distribution functions are covered in the mathematical modelling of a solar PV farm and
a wind farm, respectively. The variables of mathematical formulations are wind speed and solar irradiance.
2.7.1. Solar PV farm modelling
Beta distribution function is used to model probabilistic approach for solar farm [41], [42].
Therefore, solar irradiance distribution function is given (38).
𝑓𝑏 =
𝛤(𝛼+𝛽)
𝛤(𝛼)𝛤(𝛽)
𝑠(𝛼−1)
(1 − 𝑠)(𝛽−1)
; 0 ≤ 𝑠 ≤ 1; 𝛼, 𝛽 ≥ 0 (38)
The parameters of Beta distribution are calculated as:
𝛽 = (1 − 𝜇) (
𝜇(1+𝜇)
𝜎2 − 1) and 𝛼 =
𝜇𝛽
1−𝜇
(39)
where Γ is the gamma function, 𝑠 is the random variable of solar irradiance in 𝑘𝑊
𝑚2
⁄ . 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the
parameters of beta distribution function respectively, 𝜇 and 𝜎 are the mean and standard deviation of 𝑠.
2.7.2. Wind farm modelling
Weibull distribution function is used to model wind farm [41], [43]. The wind probability function
is given by (40),
𝑓𝑣(𝑣) = (𝑘
𝑐
⁄ ). (𝑣
𝑐
⁄ )(𝑘−1)
. 𝑒−(𝑣
𝑐
⁄ )𝑘
(40)
where 𝑘,𝑐 are the shape factor, scalar factor of the Weibull distribution function. The output of a wind turbine
for a particular speed is given by (41),
𝑃𝑤𝑟 = {
0 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑎 ∗ 𝑣3
+ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑃𝑟 𝑣𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝑣𝑟
𝑃𝑟 𝑣𝑟 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
(41)
while 𝑎 =
𝑃𝑟
(𝑣𝑟
3−𝑣𝑖𝑛
3 )
and 𝑏 =
𝑣𝑖𝑛
3
(𝑣𝑟
3−𝑣𝑖𝑛
3 )
are the constants. 𝑣𝑖𝑛, 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 and 𝑣𝑟 are the cut-in, cut-out and rated speeds,
respectively. The expected output power is given by (42),
𝑃𝑤𝑒 = 𝑃𝑤𝑟 × 𝑓𝑣(𝑣) (42)
where 𝑃𝑤𝑒 and 𝑃𝑤𝑟 are the expected output power and rated output power.
3. IEEE-14 BUS SYSTEM-BASED MICROGRID SYSTEM
In this study, a test mode for the microgrid using the IEEE 14 bus system is established. Over this
test system, power flow is examined. The line data and bus data make up the test system. The line parameters
of this bus system are given in Table 1.
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Table 1 shows the line specifications of the 14-bus system to be designed. R and X give the
resistance and inductive reactance respectively while the B/2 gives the half-line charging susceptance. Since
the system is considered a microgrid, not a long transmission line, and the system is dealing with few
megawatts of power, therefore the factor of capacitance is removed for better simulation results and better
load flow. Figure 1 gives the MATLAB/Simulink model constructor of a microgrid.
Table 1. Line parameters
Receiving Bus Sending bus R (pu) X (pu) Half B (pu)
1 2 0.01938 0.05917 0.0264
1 5 0.05403 0.22304 0.0246
2 3 0.04699 0.19797 0.0219
2 4 0.05811 0.17632 0.017
2 5 0.05695 0.17388 0.0173
3 4 0.06701 0.17103 0.0064
4 5 0.01335 0.04211 0
4 7 0 0.20912 0
4 9 0 0.55618 0
5 6 0 0.25202 0
6 11 0.09498 0.1989 0
6 12 0.12291 0.25581 0
6 13 0.06615 0.13027 0
7 8 0 0.17615 0
7 9 0 0.11001 0
9 10 0.03181 0.0845 0
9 14 0.12711 0.27038 0
10 11 0.08205 0.19207 0
12 13 0.22092 0.19988 0
13 14 0.17093 0.34802 0
Figure 1. MATLAB/Simulink model of the test model of the microgrid
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It consists of the main grid supply which is considered a diesel engine. The main grid has a supply
of 10 MVA power and 6.6 kV voltages. Alongside the main grid, wind and solar renewable power models
are attached as the secondary power source and a battery is also installed for backup. Wind power has a
capacity of 4 MVA power and 575 V voltages, whereas solar power has a capacity of 1 MVA power and
260 V voltages. The battery that is installed has a capacity of 0.5 MVA power and 900 V voltages. For the
installation of loads, there are two residential loads, three commercial loads, and three industrial loads each
of different specifications. The residential loads consist of three-phase load and single-phase load. The
commercial load mainly consists of a three-phase load and the industrial load consists of a three-phase load
and an asynchronous machine for representing heavy machinery loads. To compensate for the reactive power
in the system a 1 MVA synchronous compensator is also installed. A grounding transformer is also installed
for the grounding of the system. The grid is designed at a standard 11 KV voltages and 50Hz frequency.
After the design of the system is completed the result of the output is displayed on scopes. The results mainly
include the voltages, current, apparent power, active power, and reactive power on the respective buses. A
24-hour simulation is run on the system. Types of loads are tabulated in Table 2 for simulation. After the
simulation of the system, the bus data for both the cases are obtained and are shown in Tables 3 and 4. The
bus data given in Tables 3 and 4 is used further in Newton–Raphson and PSO for the analysis of the test
model of the microgrid. After observing the results, the next step is to conduct the load flow analysis on the
system by the two proposed methods. The proposed technique is shown in the flow chart in Figure 2.
Table 2. Types of loads used for simulation
Type of Load Single Phase/Three Phase Active Power Load (KW) Reactive Power Load (KVAR)
Residential [Static] Single Phase Load [220 V] 1500 3
Residential [Static] Three Phase Load [440 V] 1000 100
Commercial [Static] Three Phase Load [440 V] 1000 1
Commercial [Static] Three Phase Load [440 V] 350000 1
Industrial [Static] Three Phase Load [3.3 kV] 500 -
Industrial [Dynamic] Three Phase Load [3.3 kV] 476 324
Table 3. Bus data for battery charging
Bus No. Bus Code V (pu)
Load Generation
MW MVAR MW MVAR Qmin Qmax
1 1 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 2 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -inf inf
3 3 1 0.50 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
4 3 1 0.55 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 3 1 0.55 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
6 2 1 0.0 -0.01 0.5 0.0 -inf inf
7 3 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
8 2 1 0.01 -0.30 2.0 0.0 -inf inf
9 3 1 0.745 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10 3 1 0.745 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
11 3 1 0.745 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
12 3 1 1.05 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
13 3 1 1.05 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
14 3 1 1.05 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Table 4. Bus data for battery supplying
Bus No. Bus Code V (pu)
Load Generation
MW MVAR MW MVAR Qmin Qmax
1 1 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 2 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -inf inf
3 3 1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 -inf inf
4 3 1 0.55 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 3 1 0.55 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
6 2 1 0.0 -0.01 0.5 0.0 -inf inf
7 3 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
8 2 1 0.01 -0.30 2.0 0.0 -inf inf
9 3 1 0.745 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
10 3 1 0.745 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
11 3 1 0.745 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
12 3 1 1.05 0.40 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
13 3 1 1.05 0.40 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
14 3 1 1.05 0.40 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
** Angle degrees for all the buses in the 14-bus system is 0◦ and injected MVAR is also 0
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Designing of microgrid in
MATLAB/simulink
Selection of a suitable 14-bus line data
Selection of different loads and different energy
sources for microgrid
Main Grid
Solar Power
Wind Power
Residential Load
Commercial Load
Industrial Load
Is the battery
charged
Load
Source
Synchronization of the system
Installation of Battery Energy
Storage System
Observing the results
Sources
Loads
Observation of
Voltage, Current,
Active and Reactive
Power on Each Bus
Obtaining parameters
(Voltage, Angle, Active
and Reactive power)
OPTIMIZATION
Selection of
Optimization
Method
NEWTON
RAPHSON
PARTICLE
SWARM
OPTIMIZATION
(PSO)
START
Initialize the parameters of problem
(w,c1,c2)
Initialize particles with random position(x)
and velocity (y)
Solve the target problem
Evaluate fitness function
Update Position best (Pbest) particle
Update Globel best (Gbest) particle
Update position and velocity
Is the stopping
condition satisfied?
Gbest and Optimal Solution
NO
NO
YES
Start with the initial voltages
Iteration index = 1
Calculate all ΔP and ΔQ mismatches
Converged?
Iteration index
=maximum?
NO
Iteration index = iteration index + 1
NO
Form Jacobian matrix
Solve mismatching equations for all ΔΘ’s and
ΔV’s
Update θ’s and V’s
Optimized result
YES
YES
Comparison of the Results by
Both Methods
YES
Figure 2. Flow chart of proposed technique
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
After the construction and simulation of the microgrid, the optimal power flow of the system is
analyzed. Newton–Raphson and PSO are applied for power flow analysis. This analysis helps to determine
the efficacy of Newton–Raphson and PSO in the case of microgrids as microgrids are the most vulnerable
power system.
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4.1. 24-hour simulation
The determination of the test model's realistic behavior is aided by the 24-hour simulation. Under a
24-hour simulation, various parameters are seen that show how the microgrid test model is doing. This
simulation helps in the load forecasting. Following a 24-hour simulation, the microgrid's total apparent
power, active power, and reactive power were compared to the total load as follows.
4.1.1. Battery charging
The results for the case of battery charging after a 24-hour simulation of the system are shown in
Figure 3. It is quite obvious that a change in apparent power is observed. This observation results in a change
in active power because of the increase in power as the battery is charging. The non-uniformity depicts the
change in solar irradiance during 24-hours.
4.1.2. Battery discharging
The result for the case of battery discharging after a 24-hour simulation of the system is shown in
Figure 4. It is quite obvious that a change in apparent power of the compensator is observed resulting in a
change in maintaining the battery power cycle in discharging mode. The non-uniformity shows the 24-hour
fluctuation in load. This enables the electrical engineers to apply demand side integration options like peak
shaving and peak shifting.
Figure 3. The apparent power of the proposed microgrid test model in the case of battery charging
Figure 4. The apparent power of the proposed microgrid test model in the case of battery discharging
4.2. Optimal power flow using Newton–Raphson method
Power flow analysis of the test model of the microgrid is conducted by the Newton–Raphson
method. Newton–Raphson method is no doubt, complex but is more accurate. Therefore, promising, and
realistic results can be analyzed under different states of battery. There are two cases: battery charging and
battery supplying.
Engine
Wind
Solar
Compensator
Engine
Solar
Compensator
Wind
Battery
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4.2.1. Battery charging
The results of the load flow analysis for the case of battery charging conducted by the Newton–
Raphson method are presented in Table 5. This study shows the battery charging under the conditions of total
available generation and load. Further, total losses of the system and transmission line are tabulated to
increase the realism of test model. The voltage profile and angle at each bus are given in Table 6. It is
interesting to observe that the values on different buses are closed to 1 p.u. which depicts the reduction in
voltage drop.
4.2.2. Battery discharging
The results of the load flow analysis for the case of the battery supplying conducted by the Newton–
Raphson method are shown in Table 7. The battery discharging is demonstrated in this study under the
circumstances of total available generation and load. To further strengthen the test model's realism, the
system and transmission line's total losses are calculated. The voltage profile along with the angle at each bus
is presented in Table 8. It is noteworthy to note that the readings on various buses are near to 1 p.u., showing
a decrease in voltage loss.
Table 5. N-R based load flow results in the case of battery charging
Parameters P (MW) Q (MVAR)
Total Generation 7.183257 1.905875
Total Load 7.155849 1.142204
Total Losses 0.027408 0.763675
Total Transmission Line Losses 0.008771757 0.0479528
Table 6. Voltage profile after N-R based load flow analysis in the case of battery discharging
Bus Voltage (pu) Angle
1 1.000 0.00
2 1.000 -32.23
3 0.997 -64.03
4 0.995 -3.77
5 0.995 -3.76
6 1.000 -3.76
7 0.998 -32.35
8 1.000 -61.05
9 0.992 -7.10
10 0.992 -7.15
11 0.992 -7.19
12 0.964 -6.62
13 0.964 -6.60
14 0.964 -6.60
Table 7. N-R based load flow results in the case of battery discharging
Data P(MW) Q(MVAR)
Total Generation 6.671125 1.858297
Total Load 6.645655 1.130705
Total Losses 0.02547 0.727589
Total Transmission Line Losses 0.007636 0.043698
Table 8. Voltage profile after N-R based load flow analysis in the case of battery discharging
Bus Voltage (pu) Angle
1 1.000 0.00
2 1.000 -32.30
3 1.000 -6.67
4 0.995 -3.83
5 0.995 -3.83
6 1.000 -31.46
7 0.998 -32.42
8 1.000 -61.11
9 0.992 -7.16
10 0.992 -7.21
11 0.991 -7.26
12 0.964 -6.69
13 0.964 -6.67
14 0.964 -6.67
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4.3. Optimal power flow using particle swarm optimization
PSO technique is developed and implemented on test model of microgrid. Optimal power flow with
low losses is the ultimate goal of PSO. In this test model, the optimization technique is applied under both
conditions of battery. The parameters of PSO are initialized and load flow analysis is conducted for both
cases.
4.3.1. Battery charging
The results of the load flow analysis for the case of battery charging conducted by the PSO method
are listed in Table 9. This study illustrates how batteries charge when total available generation and load are
present. To make the test model more realistic, overall losses for the system and transmission line are also
recorded. The voltage profile and degree angle at each bus are given in Table 10. It is noteworthy to note that
the readings on various buses are near to 1 p.u., showing a decrease in voltage loss.
Table 9. PSO based load flow results in the case of battery charging
Data P (MW) Q (MVAR)
Total Generation 7.0157 1.0449
Total Load 6.995 1.01
Total Losses 0.0207 0.0349
Total Transmission Line Losses 0.007285972 0.039819491
Table 10. Voltage profile after PSO based load flow analysis in the case of battery charging
Bus Voltage (pu) Angle
1 1.000444212 0
2 0.999668042 -0.001833821
3 0.999790156 -0.003588068
4 1.000014568 -0.004315945
5 1.000476962 -0.004311617
6 1.00174495 -0.00958338
7 0.999792319 -0.005677456
8 0.99909072 -0.003129579
9 1.000118739 -0.007983197
10 1.000106766 -0.009022192
11 1.000582962 -0.010000748
12 0.999649939 -0.011156217
13 0.99999989 -0.010741618
14 0.998737239 -0.010415601
4.3.2. Battery discharging
The results of the load flow analysis for the case of battery charging conducted by the PSO method
are shown in Table 11. In this study, the battery discharging is illustrated under the conditions of total
available generation and load. The overall losses of the system and transmission line are computed to
increase the realism of the test model. The voltage profile and degree angle at each bus are shown in
Table 12. It is important to observe that measurements on different buses are close to 1 p.u., indicating a
reduction in voltage loss.
4.4. Comparison between Newton–Raphson and particle swarm optimization
In this research, Newton–Raphson method and PSO are implemented on the test model of
microgrid. Both the techniques give the fruitful results. However, it is always preferred to pick such
technique of power flow analysis that depicts optimal values of voltage and power. Therefore, the
comparison is done for voltage profile and transmission line losses for both cases i.e., the battery charging
and battery supplying.
Table 11. PSO based load flow results in the case of battery discharging
Data P (MW) Q (MVAR)
Total Generation 6.5095 1.0348
Total Load 6.495 1.01
Total Losses 0.0145 0.0248
Total Transmission Line Losses 0.006094745 0.035409565
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Table 12. Voltage profile after PSO based load flow analysis in the case of battery discharging
Bus Voltage (pu) Degree
1 1.000159538 0
2 0.999033633 -0.001693774
3 1.002852501 -0.003958966
4 0.999333256 -0.004467244
5 0.999786509 -0.004296499
6 1.00178233 -0.00995473
7 0.999831126 -0.006702637
8 0.999333256 -0.005302621
9 1.000101396 -0.008752046
10 1.000095321 -0.009721462
11 1.000591881 -0.01053982
12 0.999687755 -0.011556337
13 1.000026593 -0.011170053
14 0.998737852 -0.011036151
4.4.1. Battery charging
A comparison of voltage profile obtained after load flow analysis by Newton–Raphson method and
PSO method is presented in Table 13 in the case of battery charging. This tabular information is further
elaborated by graphical analysis, given in Figure 5. It is observed from the results that the voltage profile is
more stable in the case of PSO as compared to the Newton–Raphson method for a microgrid system. The
utilization of useful power is enhanced with the PSO in the case of battery charging, making microgrid test
model a promising model for bidirectional power flow. The comparison of transmission line losses obtained
by the Newton–Raphson method and PSO method for the case of battery charging is presented in Table 14
and in Figure 6.
Table 13. Comparison of voltage profile in the case of battery charging
Bus Newton–Raphson Method PSO
1 1 1.000444212
2 1 0.999668042
3 0.997 0.999790156
4 0.995 1.000014568
5 0.995 1.000476962
6 1 1.00174495
7 0.998 0.999792319
8 1 0.99909072
9 0.992 1.000118739
10 0.992 1.000106766
11 0.992 1.000582962
12 0.964 0.999649939
13 0.964 0.99999989
14 0.964 0.998737239
Figure 5. Comparison graph for voltage profile in the case of battery charging
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Voltage
(p.u.)
Bus No
Voltage Profile Comparison
Load Flow PSO
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Table 14. Comparison of transmission line losses in the case of battery charging
Data Active power (MW) Reactive power (MVAR)
Load Flow 0.008771757 0.04795282
PSO 0.007285972 0.039819491
Figure 6. Comparison graph for transmission line losses obtained in the case of battery charging
4.4.2. Battery discharging
The battery serves as a voltage booster in the microgrid system. This is depicted from the tabular
presentation of comparison of voltage profiles obtained by Newton–Raphson method and PSO in Table 15.
This is further elaborated by the comparison graph, given in Figure 7. Tabular and graphical presentations of
transmission line losses are given in Table 16 and Figure 8, respectively.
Table 15. Comparison of voltage profile obtained in the case of battery discharging
Bus Load Flow PSO
1 1 1.000159538
2 1 0.999033633
3 1 1.002852501
4 0.995 0.999333256
5 0.995 0.999786509
6 1 1.00178233
7 0.998 0.999831126
8 1 0.999333256
9 0.992 1.000101396
10 0.992 1.000095321
11 0.991 1.000591881
12 0.964 0.999687755
13 0.964 1.000026593
14 0.964 0.998737852
Figure 7. Comparison graph of voltage profiles in the case of battery discharging
0.008771757
0.04795282
0.007285972
0.039819491
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Active power (MW) Reactive power (MVAR)
Active
Power
(MW)
ad
Reactive
Power
(MVAR)
Transmission line losses
Load Flow PSO
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Voltage
(p.u.)
Bus No
Voltage Profile Comparison
Load Flow PSO
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Table 16. Comparison of transmission line losses in the case of battery discharging
Data Active power (MW) Reactive power (MVAR)
Load Flow 0.007636489 0.043698158
PSO 0.006094745 0.035409565
Figure 8. Comparison graph for transmission line losses in the case of battery discharging
5. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS AND SIMULATIONS
Based on the graphical and tabular results, it is found that a significance improvement in the profile
of voltage is observed under the battery states of charging and discharging with PSO. It is proven that the
transmission line losses are greatly improved with PSO as compared to conventional Newton–Raphson
technique. These results open the doors of remodeling of transmission lines under the consideration of
available losses and loading. Further, these results enable the national grids to interconnect more renewable
energy sources without compromising on voltage profile.
6. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT POWER FLOW TECHNIQUES
In this research, a microgrid test system is analyzed for power flow with Newton–Raphson method
and PSO techniques. It has been found from the simulations that voltage profile remains almost closed to
1 p.u. in the case of PSO. This information establishes the reduction in the transmission line losses. From the
above-mentioned scenarios of battery charging and discharging, it is observed that transmission line active
and reactive power losses are reduced to about 17% in the case of battery charging and 19 to 20% in the case
of battery discharging. Table 17 provides a detailed comparison of power flow techniques applied for
microgrids.
Table 17. Comparison of different power flow techniques for microgrids
Parameters Linear Programming Genetic Programming Proposed Method
Convergence Convergence reduces as the
power system grows
Convergence reduces as the power
system grows but it converges quickly
as compared to linear programming
Converges readily in the case of
expansion of power system.
Speed Quick results in the case of
simple systems
Relatively quick results in the case of
complex systems.
Speedy convergence in the case of
complex and complicated results.
Accuracy Accuracy is compromised in
the case of big systems
Accuracy is challenged in the case of
expansion of power systems
Accuracy is independent of the
system complexities.
Large power systems Not recommended Not recommended Highly recommended
Computational time High in case of large power
systems
High Less
Computational efforts Less High High
7. CONCLUSION
In this research, a microgrid test model is simulated for an IEEE-14 bus system in
MATLAB/Simulink. This test model is incorporated with renewable energy sources to increase the
utilization of green energy. Moreover, an energy storage component is also added to the test model. The
behavior of the test model is studied under the conditions of charging and discharging of energy storage
0.007636489
0.043698158
0.006094745
0.035409565
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Active power (MW) Reactive power (MVAR)
Active
Power
(MW)
ad
Reactive
Power
(MVAR)
Transmission line losses
Load Flow PSO
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Comparative analysis of optimal power flow in renewable energy sources … (Raheel Muzzammel)
1257
devices. Compensating components aid the storage devices to retain their cycle in 24 hours, thus enabling
voltage stability for the end-users. In addition to this, optimal power flow is done by the Newton–Raphson
method and PSO. It is found from the comparison that utilization of active power is more effective with the
implementation of PSO as compared to the Newton–Raphson method. As a result, a more stable voltage
profile is obtained with enhanced power transfer capacity by decreasing the transmission line losses. This
study builds an argument to motivate small-scale enterprises in Pakistan and developing countries to adopt
green energy policy. This will not only be environmentally friendly but also make the world safe for future
generations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Lahore, Lahore,
Pakistan, Department of Computer Science, University of Skövde, Sweden, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Comsats Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore, Pakistan and Department of
Technology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan for providing facilities to research Microgrids.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Raheel Muzzammel received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from
the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan in 2010 and the M.S. and
Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan in
2013 and 2022, respectively. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor at the
University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. His research interests include power system analysis,
power system protection, artificial neural networks, power transmission lines, machine
learning, microgrids, and smart grids. He can be contacted at raheelmuzzammel@gmail.com.
19. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Comparative analysis of optimal power flow in renewable energy sources … (Raheel Muzzammel)
1259
Rabia Arshad received the master’s degree in electrical engineering from the
University of Lahore, Lahore in 2016 following her B.Sc. in computer engineering from the
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore. Currently, he is working as an assistant
professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering in the University of Lahore, Lahore,
Pakistan. She has an experience of more than 12 years in academia. Her research interests
include communication systems and smart grids. She can be contacted at email:
rabia.arshad1615@gmail.com.
Sobia Bashir received a master’s degree in computer science from the
University of Lahore, Lahore in 2007 following his B.Sc. in computer science from the
University of Lahore Pakistan. She has an experience of more than 7 years in academia.
Moreover, she worked as a junior software developer at Transoft Solution AB Sweden.
Currently, she is pursuing master’s in Data Science from the University of Skövde,
Sweden. Her research interests include machine learning and computer networks. She
can be contacted at email: sobiabashir_786@gmail.com and her ResearchGate ID:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sobia-Bashir-3.
Uzma Mushtaq was born in Islamabad, Pakistan. She received her B.S. degree
from Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan and MS degree from National University of
Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan in electrical engineering in 2009 and
2012, respectively. She is currently pursuing her Ph.D. from COMSATS Institute of
Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore, Pakistan in Electrical Engineering. Since 2016, she
is working as an assistant professor in The University of Lahore, Lahore campus, Pakistan.
Her research interests include 5G, multicarrier communication networks and digital signal
processing. Her profile can be found at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Uzma-Mushtaq
and she can be contacted at uzma.mushtaq@tech.uol.edu.pk.
Fariha Durrani is currently working as a lecturer in Department of Electrical
Engineering, University of Lahore. She has done her Master of Science in electrical
engineering from The University of Lahore (UOL) in 2015. She has got nine years’
experience of teaching various power engineering courses at undergraduate level as well as
supervising many semester projects. She has also participated in Faculty Development
Workshops and Seminars on Power System. Her research interests include power systems,
photo-voltaic systems, power electronics and load management. She can be contacted at
fariha.durrani@ee.uol.edu.pk.
Sadaf Noshin was born in Vehari, Pakistan. She received her B.S. degree from
B.Z.U Multan, Pakistan and MS degree from University of Engineering and Technology
(UET) Lahore, Pakistan in architectural engineering in 2012 and 2018, respectively. She is
currently pursuing her Ph.D. from University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Lahore,
Pakistan in architectural engineering. Since 2016, she is working as an assistant professor in
The University of Lahore, Lahore campus, Pakistan. Her research interests include energy
efficient materials and designs. She can be contacted at email sadaf.noshin@tech.uol.edu.pk
and her ResearchGate ID: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sadaf-Noshin.