Operation Lalang was a 1987 crackdown by the Malaysian government where 106 opposition politicians and activists were detained without trial under the Internal Security Act. It was launched by then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in response to protests from Chinese education groups over the appointment of principals and teachers in Chinese language schools. The mass arrests and closures of several newspapers led to international criticism and concerns over human rights violations. It marked the beginning of a more authoritarian period in Malaysia as the government tightened controls over media and dissent. Twenty-five years later, there are calls to prevent such an incident from recurring and ensure stronger protections for democracy, civil liberties, and institutional checks and balances in the country.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of public relations in Malaysia. It discusses 3 stages: pre-independence, post-independence, and the new era. During pre-independence, the British government established departments to disseminate information and restore its image following Japanese occupation. After independence, the role shifted to a two-way communication model to gain public support. PR continued playing an important role in nation-building efforts and addressing various issues over time.
The document provides a history of the development of public relations. It discusses how PR has evolved from early uses of persuasive communication by leaders to shape public opinion, to the modern practice of two-way communication, research, and strategic planning. Key developments included the professionalization of PR in the 1920s in the US, the growth of PR's role in politics and nation-building in the 20th century, and the rise of PR agencies and in-house corporate PR departments. The document also summarizes models of PR, such as press agentry, public information, two-way asymmetric, and two-way symmetric.
The document discusses strategies for designing effective messages, including cognitive, affective, and conative strategies. Cognitive strategies present rational arguments or information about product attributes. Major cognitive strategies include generic messages, preemptive messages, unique selling propositions, hyperbole, and comparative advertisements. Affective strategies aim to elicit emotions to associate with a product. Conative strategies directly encourage consumer responses. The document also covers executional frameworks like animation, slice-of-life, dramatization, testimonials, and demonstration. Selecting the right spokesperson like a celebrity, CEO, or expert is important to matching their characteristics to the product. Creating effective advertising requires consistency, simplicity, identifiable selling points, and repetition to break through clutter.
James Grunig developed the four models of public relations: 1) Press agentry/publicity model uses propaganda and one-way communication to influence audiences. 2) Public information model distributes information through press releases. 3) Two-way asymmetrical model uses persuasion and manipulation through two-way communication to influence audiences. 4) Two-way symmetrical model uses two-way communication to promote mutual understanding between organizations and their publics. The models are used by different types of organizations, with the public information model being most common in the U.S. at 50% and the two-way symmetrical model least common at 15%.
1) Maxis is the largest mobile network operator in Malaysia with over 13 million subscribers as of 2010. It operates under an oligopolistic market structure with a few major competitors like Celcom and Digi.
2) Entry into the telecommunications market is difficult due to high capital requirements and regulatory barriers. Maxis differentiates its services through customized calling plans but core mobile services are largely homogeneous.
3) Maxis engages in price competition with its rivals through starter pack price wars to gain market share, resulting in lower average revenue per user over time for all companies in the industry.
The document discusses Malaysia's economic development policies and frameworks from the colonial period to modern times. [1] It outlines key policies and plans such as the New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced in 1970 to address socioeconomic imbalances, the National Development Policy (NDP) of 1991, and Vision 2020 which aimed to make Malaysia a developed nation by 2020. [2] It also summarizes the goals and strategies of these policies in developing the economy, improving living standards, and promoting national unity.
Ramly Burger Man is a Malaysian food company that produces halal meat products. It was founded by Dato' Haji Ramli bin Mokni and has grown from a small startup to an annual revenue of over RM100 million. The company's mission is to produce high quality halal products. It has several subsidiaries and participates in food exhibitions internationally to promote its brands. A SWOT analysis found its strengths are its strong brand and products, while threats include regulations and health-conscious competition.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of public relations in Malaysia. It discusses 3 stages: pre-independence, post-independence, and the new era. During pre-independence, the British government established departments to disseminate information and restore its image following Japanese occupation. After independence, the role shifted to a two-way communication model to gain public support. PR continued playing an important role in nation-building efforts and addressing various issues over time.
The document provides a history of the development of public relations. It discusses how PR has evolved from early uses of persuasive communication by leaders to shape public opinion, to the modern practice of two-way communication, research, and strategic planning. Key developments included the professionalization of PR in the 1920s in the US, the growth of PR's role in politics and nation-building in the 20th century, and the rise of PR agencies and in-house corporate PR departments. The document also summarizes models of PR, such as press agentry, public information, two-way asymmetric, and two-way symmetric.
The document discusses strategies for designing effective messages, including cognitive, affective, and conative strategies. Cognitive strategies present rational arguments or information about product attributes. Major cognitive strategies include generic messages, preemptive messages, unique selling propositions, hyperbole, and comparative advertisements. Affective strategies aim to elicit emotions to associate with a product. Conative strategies directly encourage consumer responses. The document also covers executional frameworks like animation, slice-of-life, dramatization, testimonials, and demonstration. Selecting the right spokesperson like a celebrity, CEO, or expert is important to matching their characteristics to the product. Creating effective advertising requires consistency, simplicity, identifiable selling points, and repetition to break through clutter.
James Grunig developed the four models of public relations: 1) Press agentry/publicity model uses propaganda and one-way communication to influence audiences. 2) Public information model distributes information through press releases. 3) Two-way asymmetrical model uses persuasion and manipulation through two-way communication to influence audiences. 4) Two-way symmetrical model uses two-way communication to promote mutual understanding between organizations and their publics. The models are used by different types of organizations, with the public information model being most common in the U.S. at 50% and the two-way symmetrical model least common at 15%.
1) Maxis is the largest mobile network operator in Malaysia with over 13 million subscribers as of 2010. It operates under an oligopolistic market structure with a few major competitors like Celcom and Digi.
2) Entry into the telecommunications market is difficult due to high capital requirements and regulatory barriers. Maxis differentiates its services through customized calling plans but core mobile services are largely homogeneous.
3) Maxis engages in price competition with its rivals through starter pack price wars to gain market share, resulting in lower average revenue per user over time for all companies in the industry.
The document discusses Malaysia's economic development policies and frameworks from the colonial period to modern times. [1] It outlines key policies and plans such as the New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced in 1970 to address socioeconomic imbalances, the National Development Policy (NDP) of 1991, and Vision 2020 which aimed to make Malaysia a developed nation by 2020. [2] It also summarizes the goals and strategies of these policies in developing the economy, improving living standards, and promoting national unity.
Ramly Burger Man is a Malaysian food company that produces halal meat products. It was founded by Dato' Haji Ramli bin Mokni and has grown from a small startup to an annual revenue of over RM100 million. The company's mission is to produce high quality halal products. It has several subsidiaries and participates in food exhibitions internationally to promote its brands. A SWOT analysis found its strengths are its strong brand and products, while threats include regulations and health-conscious competition.
This document provides examples of different types of advertising methods including print, broadcast, outdoor, online, mobile, packaging, product placement, guerrilla and more. It discusses constraints in advertising like laws, ethics, money and target audiences. It also gives examples of communication strategies used in advertising like empathy and comparison approaches.
The document summarizes James Grunig's four models of public relations: 1) The press agentry model uses one-way communication and persuasion to influence audiences. 2) The public information model also uses one-way communication to distribute information about the organization. 3) The two-way asymmetric model uses two-way communication to research publics and persuade them to align with the organization's interests. 4) The two-way symmetric model promotes mutual understanding between an organization and its stakeholders through two-way communication and negotiation.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to advertising. It defines advertising as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, and services by an identified sponsor. The document outlines the features of advertising including communication, information, persuasion, and identification of sponsors. It discusses the objectives of advertising such as introducing new products and supporting personal selling. Finally, it examines the importance of advertising for promotion of sales, introduction of new products, and creation of good public image, as well as the roles of advertising in marketing mix and society.
Cross media ownership refers to large media companies owning properties across multiple channels like TV, film, magazines and news. Since the 1980s, media companies have merged and consolidated due to changing economic and technological conditions. This has led to fewer but larger media producers that can leverage resources across their different properties. While this allows for reduced costs, wider distribution and business security, it also concentrates media power in fewer hands and raises issues around privacy, information control and loss of individual media text branding.
Despite emergence of several new forms of media and increasing dominance of national and global media platforms, regional media bears enormous importance in facilitating and establishing participatory democracy, spreading scientific temper in the communities it serves, and raising local issues that are often ignored by national and global media. This presentation was made for educational purpose and presented in a seminar at Institute of Media Studies, Bhubaneswar, India.
The document discusses ethics, social responsibility, and laws governing public relations. It defines ethics as conduct consistent with established values and explains that PR practitioners must act ethically and in the public interest. Social responsibility means organizations operate with public consent, through actions like fair pay and environmental protection. Laws discussed include the Printing Presses and Publications Act, Sedition Act, Defamation Act, and Official Secrets Act, which regulate PR practices like publishing and confidential information.
This document discusses corporate advertising, which promotes an organization rather than specific products. It is used by larger, more diversified corporations to establish reputation across various activities. Controversial companies also use it to improve their image. The objectives of corporate advertising include creating a positive company image, boosting employee morale, and communicating the organization's viewpoint. It discusses types of corporate advertising like event sponsorships and cause marketing. It also notes challenges in measuring the effectiveness of corporate advertising.
This document provides an overview of an international media systems presentation given by Sheheryar Ahmed to Professor Ramzan Azhar. It discusses various topics related to international media systems including the different types of media systems, components of a media system, the politicization of media, the relationship between government systems and media, global media cultures, changes in media since 9/11, social media, media accountability, and cyber laws. Visual and content references are also provided.
Public relations has existed in some form for thousands of years, dating back to ancient civilizations trying to manage public opinion and perceptions of their rulers. While the term "public relations" was coined more recently, the fundamental elements of informing people, persuading people, and integrating people have long been practiced. The document then outlines several key eras in the development of public relations as a field from the 19th century onward, provides definitions of public relations, and discusses ancient and historical examples of public communications and relationship management that can be considered early forms of public relations.
Presentation on television advertisementsPriya Singh
Television advertising began in 1941 with a Bulova watch commercial and has since grown to a $175.4 billion global industry in 2016. Television accounts for 38% of total advertising spending and is the second fastest growing market in Asia. Effective TV ads utilize various forms like animation, documentaries, and testimonials to reach large audiences through mass coverage and sensory appeals. Strategic use of elements like camera angles, music, and editing help TV ads connect with viewers.
The document discusses the role of public relations in strategic management. It states that PR must report directly to top management, interpret policies to the public, and convey public attitudes to management. PR helps develop the organization's mission statement, which commits the organization to values and provides a framework for PR goals. The document also outlines different roles PR can take, such as expert prescriber, communication facilitator, and problem-solving process facilitator. Finally, it discusses how PR manages reputational implications of decisions and deals with issues from media, interest groups, and online voices.
Media economics is a field that has grown over the past 40 years as scholars have applied economic theories and principles to study media industries and companies. It involves microeconomic analysis of media firms as well as macroeconomic analysis of media policies and regulations. Key developments in media economics include early studies in the 1950s examining industry structures and competition. The field draws on microeconomic theories like the industrial organization model but could be expanded by incorporating more macroeconomic theories and developing new theories to analyze the dynamic media landscape. Issues going forward include improving methods of measuring competition and developing broader theoretical frameworks.
Public opinion is shaped by opinion leaders who are well-informed and influential. The life cycle of public opinion involves issue definition, involvement of opinion leaders, public awareness, government action, and resolution. Persuasion aims to change or reinforce opinions and involves techniques like appealing to self-interest and credibility of the message source. Propaganda techniques include bandwagon appeals and transferring qualities by association. Public relations aims to ethically influence opinions through persuasive communication and analysis of the target audience.
Internal vs external public of public relationsMedia Mantra
Internal and External PR very important function of organization and both are dependent to each other .PR is also a part of marketing communication, which involves in advertising and promotions in targeted markets.
This document discusses different types of media vehicles that companies can use to deliver advertising messages to customers. It describes press/print media like newspapers and magazines that can target broad or niche audiences. It also covers television, noting it began commercially in 1946. Additional media vehicles mentioned are radio, cinema, internet/web advertising, and mobile advertising. Specifics are provided on characteristics and examples of different formats within each vehicle.
This document discusses different types of public relations, including corporate PR, voluntary PR, and government PR. It provides details on the aims, activities, and challenges of each. Corporate PR aims to support profitability while maintaining good stakeholder relationships. Voluntary PR aims to raise awareness and funds for nonprofit causes. Government PR aims to inform and engage citizens and project a positive national image. Key activities across the types include public affairs, marketing, lobbying, and handling crises or issues. Challenges include public apathy, legislative hostility, and limited budgets for voluntary organizations.
A public service announcement (PSA) is a short advertisement broadcast on television or radio that raises awareness about public issues without charge. PSAs aim to modify public attitudes and educate the public on issues like smoking, gambling, or environmental issues. They are intended to encourage specific actions by the public that benefit society.
The National Development Policy (NDP) was introduced in 1991 by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad to continue the goals of the New Economic Policy (NEP) and transform Malaysia into a developed nation by 2020. The NDP aimed to strengthen national unity, reduce economic and social inequalities, and spur balanced development across all sectors and regions of the country. It led to strong and equitable economic growth during its implementation from 1991 to 2005, achieving annual GDP growth of 6.2% while keeping inflation and unemployment low. The NDP helped improve standards of living for Malaysians through increased access to education, better work opportunities, and advanced infrastructure.
Recent Trends in Advertising
The document discusses recent trends in advertising, including the rise of internet advertising and a shift toward focusing on social issues and common people rather than celebrities. A survey found that 90% of customers are influenced by ads in their purchasing decisions, though many ignore online ads. Over half choose products based on the social messages in ads. Advertising is increasingly using fictional characters and social awareness campaigns to influence customers.
- PR originated and evolved with Edward Bernays, the first to call himself a PR counsel and writer of the first PR book, and Ivy Lee, the first modern PR practitioner who invented the press release.
- Over history, PR has been used to promote wars, political causes, products, raise money, and publicize events and people.
- PR in the US progressed through four stages - preliminary in colonies, communicating/initiating 1800-1899, reacting/responding 1900-1939, and planning/preventing 1940-1979 as PR matured and grew with technology.
The document summarizes freedom of expression issues in Malaysia in 2009, focusing on the political crisis in Perak state, restrictions on freedom of assembly, and partisan reporting that exacerbated ethnic and religious tensions. The crisis in Perak involved opposition lawmakers defecting, resulting in the Sultan appointing BN lawmakers to take power before a no-confidence vote could be held. This led to protests that were cracked down on by police. The mainstream media also framed the issues in an ethnically charged manner. Throughout the year, police enforced restrictions on freedom of assembly through arrests of protesters, activists, and journalists covering the events.
This document discusses the roles and strategies of the United Malays National Organization (UMNO) political party in Malaysia. It provides background on UMNO, including that it was established in 1946 to oppose the Malayan Union and advocate for Malay rights and sovereignty. UMNO shifted to political participation after independence and formed a coalition called the Alliance that governed Malaysia from 1957 to 1963. The strategies that UMNO used to influence voters included establishing the country's independence, protecting special Malay rights and privileges, and expanding Malaysia to include Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak in 1963.
This document provides examples of different types of advertising methods including print, broadcast, outdoor, online, mobile, packaging, product placement, guerrilla and more. It discusses constraints in advertising like laws, ethics, money and target audiences. It also gives examples of communication strategies used in advertising like empathy and comparison approaches.
The document summarizes James Grunig's four models of public relations: 1) The press agentry model uses one-way communication and persuasion to influence audiences. 2) The public information model also uses one-way communication to distribute information about the organization. 3) The two-way asymmetric model uses two-way communication to research publics and persuade them to align with the organization's interests. 4) The two-way symmetric model promotes mutual understanding between an organization and its stakeholders through two-way communication and negotiation.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to advertising. It defines advertising as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, and services by an identified sponsor. The document outlines the features of advertising including communication, information, persuasion, and identification of sponsors. It discusses the objectives of advertising such as introducing new products and supporting personal selling. Finally, it examines the importance of advertising for promotion of sales, introduction of new products, and creation of good public image, as well as the roles of advertising in marketing mix and society.
Cross media ownership refers to large media companies owning properties across multiple channels like TV, film, magazines and news. Since the 1980s, media companies have merged and consolidated due to changing economic and technological conditions. This has led to fewer but larger media producers that can leverage resources across their different properties. While this allows for reduced costs, wider distribution and business security, it also concentrates media power in fewer hands and raises issues around privacy, information control and loss of individual media text branding.
Despite emergence of several new forms of media and increasing dominance of national and global media platforms, regional media bears enormous importance in facilitating and establishing participatory democracy, spreading scientific temper in the communities it serves, and raising local issues that are often ignored by national and global media. This presentation was made for educational purpose and presented in a seminar at Institute of Media Studies, Bhubaneswar, India.
The document discusses ethics, social responsibility, and laws governing public relations. It defines ethics as conduct consistent with established values and explains that PR practitioners must act ethically and in the public interest. Social responsibility means organizations operate with public consent, through actions like fair pay and environmental protection. Laws discussed include the Printing Presses and Publications Act, Sedition Act, Defamation Act, and Official Secrets Act, which regulate PR practices like publishing and confidential information.
This document discusses corporate advertising, which promotes an organization rather than specific products. It is used by larger, more diversified corporations to establish reputation across various activities. Controversial companies also use it to improve their image. The objectives of corporate advertising include creating a positive company image, boosting employee morale, and communicating the organization's viewpoint. It discusses types of corporate advertising like event sponsorships and cause marketing. It also notes challenges in measuring the effectiveness of corporate advertising.
This document provides an overview of an international media systems presentation given by Sheheryar Ahmed to Professor Ramzan Azhar. It discusses various topics related to international media systems including the different types of media systems, components of a media system, the politicization of media, the relationship between government systems and media, global media cultures, changes in media since 9/11, social media, media accountability, and cyber laws. Visual and content references are also provided.
Public relations has existed in some form for thousands of years, dating back to ancient civilizations trying to manage public opinion and perceptions of their rulers. While the term "public relations" was coined more recently, the fundamental elements of informing people, persuading people, and integrating people have long been practiced. The document then outlines several key eras in the development of public relations as a field from the 19th century onward, provides definitions of public relations, and discusses ancient and historical examples of public communications and relationship management that can be considered early forms of public relations.
Presentation on television advertisementsPriya Singh
Television advertising began in 1941 with a Bulova watch commercial and has since grown to a $175.4 billion global industry in 2016. Television accounts for 38% of total advertising spending and is the second fastest growing market in Asia. Effective TV ads utilize various forms like animation, documentaries, and testimonials to reach large audiences through mass coverage and sensory appeals. Strategic use of elements like camera angles, music, and editing help TV ads connect with viewers.
The document discusses the role of public relations in strategic management. It states that PR must report directly to top management, interpret policies to the public, and convey public attitudes to management. PR helps develop the organization's mission statement, which commits the organization to values and provides a framework for PR goals. The document also outlines different roles PR can take, such as expert prescriber, communication facilitator, and problem-solving process facilitator. Finally, it discusses how PR manages reputational implications of decisions and deals with issues from media, interest groups, and online voices.
Media economics is a field that has grown over the past 40 years as scholars have applied economic theories and principles to study media industries and companies. It involves microeconomic analysis of media firms as well as macroeconomic analysis of media policies and regulations. Key developments in media economics include early studies in the 1950s examining industry structures and competition. The field draws on microeconomic theories like the industrial organization model but could be expanded by incorporating more macroeconomic theories and developing new theories to analyze the dynamic media landscape. Issues going forward include improving methods of measuring competition and developing broader theoretical frameworks.
Public opinion is shaped by opinion leaders who are well-informed and influential. The life cycle of public opinion involves issue definition, involvement of opinion leaders, public awareness, government action, and resolution. Persuasion aims to change or reinforce opinions and involves techniques like appealing to self-interest and credibility of the message source. Propaganda techniques include bandwagon appeals and transferring qualities by association. Public relations aims to ethically influence opinions through persuasive communication and analysis of the target audience.
Internal vs external public of public relationsMedia Mantra
Internal and External PR very important function of organization and both are dependent to each other .PR is also a part of marketing communication, which involves in advertising and promotions in targeted markets.
This document discusses different types of media vehicles that companies can use to deliver advertising messages to customers. It describes press/print media like newspapers and magazines that can target broad or niche audiences. It also covers television, noting it began commercially in 1946. Additional media vehicles mentioned are radio, cinema, internet/web advertising, and mobile advertising. Specifics are provided on characteristics and examples of different formats within each vehicle.
This document discusses different types of public relations, including corporate PR, voluntary PR, and government PR. It provides details on the aims, activities, and challenges of each. Corporate PR aims to support profitability while maintaining good stakeholder relationships. Voluntary PR aims to raise awareness and funds for nonprofit causes. Government PR aims to inform and engage citizens and project a positive national image. Key activities across the types include public affairs, marketing, lobbying, and handling crises or issues. Challenges include public apathy, legislative hostility, and limited budgets for voluntary organizations.
A public service announcement (PSA) is a short advertisement broadcast on television or radio that raises awareness about public issues without charge. PSAs aim to modify public attitudes and educate the public on issues like smoking, gambling, or environmental issues. They are intended to encourage specific actions by the public that benefit society.
The National Development Policy (NDP) was introduced in 1991 by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad to continue the goals of the New Economic Policy (NEP) and transform Malaysia into a developed nation by 2020. The NDP aimed to strengthen national unity, reduce economic and social inequalities, and spur balanced development across all sectors and regions of the country. It led to strong and equitable economic growth during its implementation from 1991 to 2005, achieving annual GDP growth of 6.2% while keeping inflation and unemployment low. The NDP helped improve standards of living for Malaysians through increased access to education, better work opportunities, and advanced infrastructure.
Recent Trends in Advertising
The document discusses recent trends in advertising, including the rise of internet advertising and a shift toward focusing on social issues and common people rather than celebrities. A survey found that 90% of customers are influenced by ads in their purchasing decisions, though many ignore online ads. Over half choose products based on the social messages in ads. Advertising is increasingly using fictional characters and social awareness campaigns to influence customers.
- PR originated and evolved with Edward Bernays, the first to call himself a PR counsel and writer of the first PR book, and Ivy Lee, the first modern PR practitioner who invented the press release.
- Over history, PR has been used to promote wars, political causes, products, raise money, and publicize events and people.
- PR in the US progressed through four stages - preliminary in colonies, communicating/initiating 1800-1899, reacting/responding 1900-1939, and planning/preventing 1940-1979 as PR matured and grew with technology.
The document summarizes freedom of expression issues in Malaysia in 2009, focusing on the political crisis in Perak state, restrictions on freedom of assembly, and partisan reporting that exacerbated ethnic and religious tensions. The crisis in Perak involved opposition lawmakers defecting, resulting in the Sultan appointing BN lawmakers to take power before a no-confidence vote could be held. This led to protests that were cracked down on by police. The mainstream media also framed the issues in an ethnically charged manner. Throughout the year, police enforced restrictions on freedom of assembly through arrests of protesters, activists, and journalists covering the events.
This document discusses the roles and strategies of the United Malays National Organization (UMNO) political party in Malaysia. It provides background on UMNO, including that it was established in 1946 to oppose the Malayan Union and advocate for Malay rights and sovereignty. UMNO shifted to political participation after independence and formed a coalition called the Alliance that governed Malaysia from 1957 to 1963. The strategies that UMNO used to influence voters included establishing the country's independence, protecting special Malay rights and privileges, and expanding Malaysia to include Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak in 1963.
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016 By Amnesty International, ENGLISH V...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa16/3511/2016/my/
ENGLISH VERSION-
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016
By Amnesty International, 24 February 2016, Index number: ASA 16/3511/2016
Authorities failed to address rising religious intolerance and incitement to discrimination and violence against
Muslims, allowing hardline Buddhist nationalist groups to grow in power and influence ahead of the November
general elections. The situation of the persecuted Rohingya deteriorated still further. The government
intensified a clampdown on freedoms of expression, association and peaceful assembly. Reports of abuses of
international human rights and humanitarian law in areas of internal armed conflict persisted. Security forces
suspected of human rights violations continued to enjoy near-total impunity.
The document summarizes a speech given by Atty. Alex Lacson about the role of libraries and librarians in nation-building. The key points are:
1. Librarians play an important role in fostering transformational change and should provide a venue for fellowship to remind themselves of this role.
2. They must create understanding among students of their profession as information professionals.
3. Librarians should encourage students to do their part in promoting transforming change to build the nation.
The 1989 Tiananmen Square protest in Beijing began as students mourning the death of former leader Mao Zedong demanded more political freedom. When the government refused dialogue, thousands of students began protesting in Tiananmen Square. In early June, the government declared martial law and sent tanks and soldiers to clear the square, killing over 2,600 people. Key student leaders like Wang Dan and Xiao Qiang were arrested or fled the country, while Wuer Kaixi faced criticism for opportunism. The protest marked a pivotal moment in China's political development and a crackdown on dissent.
The Sri Lankan Civil War originated from tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority communities following independence from Britain in 1948. Disagreements over language policies and ethnic riots in the 1950s exacerbated tensions. Armed militant groups formed among Tamils in the 1970s, with the LTTE emerging as the dominant group. Fighting escalated into a civil war in the 1980s. Repeated ceasefires and peace talks failed to end the conflict, which was marked by brutal violence and human rights abuses committed by both sides over the following decades. The civil war ultimately ended in 2009 with the military defeat of the LTTE by government forces.
Muslim Intellectuals in Thailand: Exercises in Reform and ModerationOm Muktar
This document summarizes the history of Islam in Thailand and the tensions between Muslim and Buddhist populations in southern Thailand. It discusses how Thai government policies aimed at assimilation of the Malay Muslim minority in the south, such as imposing the Thai language and Buddhist curriculum in schools, have led to resentment and periodic rebellions since the early 20th century. More recent violence erupted in 2004 following attacks on Buddhist monks, and over 3,200 deaths have occurred in the southern insurgency since then. The document provides important historical and cultural context to understand the current conflict.
This document discusses the representation of Islam in online newspapers in Malaysia regarding the cancellation of the Better Beer Festival and Oktoberfest events in 2017. It analyzes how two major newspapers, The Star and Malaysiakini, reported on the issue. The Star took a more cautious approach while Malaysiakini was more critical and challenged the authorities' decision to cancel the events. The study found Malaysiakini's reporting style sometimes used pejorative phrases against Malay Muslims and painted an unfavorable picture of Islam to non-Muslim readers.
Students and civic groups occupied Taiwan's legislature from March 18th to protest a trade agreement with China. Over several weeks, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered, students lived in the legislature, and negotiations with the government failed to meet protester demands. On April 10th, after concessions from the legislative speaker, students peacefully left the legislature while vowing to continue the movement.
The document discusses the role of media in Pakistan. It describes how the proliferation of electronic media has impacted social, economic, and political life globally by spreading information instantaneously. In Pakistan specifically, it outlines the evolution of print and electronic media since partition, including the initial government monopoly and later growth of private media. Presently, Pakistan has over 70 private TV channels, 1,200 newspapers, and radio stations reaching most of the country. However, some regulation of media is allowed to protect national security and social norms. The expanding private media now plays an active role in policy debates and scrutinizing government institutions.
The document summarizes the role of media in Pakistan. It discusses how the proliferation of electronic media has impacted social, economic, and political life in Pakistan. It outlines the history of media in Pakistan from the pre-partition era to the present day. It notes that while print media was historically privately owned, electronic media was state-controlled until private channels emerged in 2002. It states that presently there are over 70 private TV channels and newspapers remain an important source of independent analysis, though their numbers have declined with the rise of electronic media.
The document provides background on the events leading up to the May 13, 1969 racial riots in Malaysia. It summarizes that political tensions were rising after the opposition gained success in the 1969 election. UMNO youth and leaders schemed to force a regime change by approving an opposition celebration that they expected would lead to violence. Their expectations were realized, as racial riots broke out in Kuala Lumpur on May 13, leaving the government weakened and transitioning power to a new leadership.
The document summarizes a study on news coverage of the issue of COMANGO by Utusan Malaysia, a major Malay newspaper in Malaysia. It found Utusan Malaysia published 130 articles on COMANGO from 2013-2018, with most being regular news articles (76.2%) that were critical (85.4%) of COMANGO. The sources most cited were Islamic NGOs (23.8%) and Muslim groups (23.1%) that were opposed to COMANGO. Themes in the coverage urged the government not to give in to COMANGO's demands, criticized COMANGO as a threat to Muslims, and suggested ways to overcome COMANGO's perceived threats.
Siaka Stevens took several measures to consolidate his power as Prime Minister of Sierra Leone after assuming office in 1968, transforming the country from a democracy to a one-party state. He weakened the opposition by declaring a state of emergency and imprisoning opponents. Stevens restructured the military, replacing southern officers with northerners to ensure loyalty. He also created the Internal Security Unit, a paramilitary force directly loyal to him. Through these actions, Stevens centralized power and removed threats to his authoritarian rule in Sierra Leone from 1968-1978.
The document discusses communist activities and unrest in Singapore between 1945-1956. It describes how the Malayan Communist Party used trade unions, newspapers and schools to spread communist ideas and stir discontent. This led to various strikes and riots over issues like national service, bus fares and expulsion of students. The riots caused casualties and economic disruption. The government responded by banning communism and arresting suspects. By the late 1950s the emergency laws were relaxed as communists were defeated, but unrest continued over education and political issues.
Malaysian Studies Assignment - Separation Of Malaysia And Singaporejisunfoo
The document summarizes the key events surrounding the separation of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965. It discusses the formation of Malaysia in 1963 which included Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah joining the Federation of Malaya. However, political and racial tensions grew between the Chinese-majority PAP party in Singapore and the Malay-dominated Alliance party in Kuala Lumpur. This led to two major race riots in 1964. Faced with increasing unrest, the Malaysian parliament voted to remove Singapore from the federation in 1965, granting the island independence against the wishes of the PAP and Singapore's first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew.
The Communist Party of China uses the country's mass media as a propaganda tool to promote social stability and the party's agenda. The CCP censors the media through tactics like fines, demotions, imprisonment and closing outlets. The government also restricts information online through blocking websites and canceling searches. In 1989, student protests in Tiananmen Square calling for democratic reforms were violently suppressed by the military, resulting in hundreds or possibly over a thousand deaths. The government continues censoring information about this event.
This document provides background information on the Umbrella Movement that occurred in Hong Kong in 2014. It describes the movement as a massive public demonstration and civil disobedience movement that lasted 79 days and involved the occupation of major financial districts. The core goal of the movement was to achieve genuine universal suffrage and democracy in Hong Kong's elections. However, the people of Hong Kong viewed China's political framework for the 2017 chief executive election as establishing a "fake universal suffrage" that would only allow pro-Beijing candidates to run. This disappointment and desire for true democracy was a major factor that sparked the Umbrella Movement protests.
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The Rise of Christian Persecution In Islamic Countries
Ops lalang
1. OPERATION LALANG
Operation Lalang or also known as Ops Lalang (Weeding Operation) was launched on October
27, 1987 by the Malaysian police and the Home Ministry at that time was led by our former
Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad to prevent the occurrence of racial riots due to the
provocation from DAP leaders and press. This operation aims to arrest those who disturb the
political situation of Malaysia.
In this Operation Lalang, 106 opposition politicians was arrested under the Internal Security Act
(ISA) and the revoking of the publishing license of two dailies newspaper, The Star and the Sin
Chew Jit Poh and two weeklies newspaper, The Sunday Star and Watan.
The controversy began when the Government sends principal and the senior assistant teacher to
vernacular Chinese schools (Chinese-medium primary school which the government provides
funding and personnel as well as setting the school curriculum, while school assets belong to
local Chinese communities represented by boards of trustees). They were learnt that those who
appointed were Chinese who were not Chinese-educated, thinking that students and parents
might be forced to use Malay or English to communicate during school hour.
On September 1987, a delegation known as the Dong Jiao Zong (UCSCAM, the association of
Chinese school teachers and trustees) has met with Deputy Minister of Education, Mr Woon See
Chin to convey their intention to withdrawn the appointment of the Principal and Assistant
teachers.
On October 1m the Ministry of Education announced that Principal and Deputy Heads will be
given a six-month trial period. However, this decision was not agreed by the associations. The
MCA, at the same time also urged the Ministry of Education to review the previous decision and
want the Chinese feature is maintained.
On October 4th, the Minister of Education announced that the Ministry of Education will stick to
the early decision and will not succumb to any political pressure.
On the same day, the Dong Jiao Zong and several other organizations held a meeting at the
Selangor Chinese Assembly Hall and decided to protest if the issue is not resolved within two
weeks. At the same time, a Memorandum about Non-Qualified Personnel Administrators
2. Chinese to Sekolah Rendah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina (SRJKC) was sent by Dong Jiao Zong to the
Ministry of Education. This memorandum slammed the Ministry on the negligence in dealing
with Sekolah Rendah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina (SRJKC) problems.
On October 11, 1987, a 2,000-strong gathering was held by the United Chinese School
Committees Association of Malaysia (UCSCAM, the association of Chinese school teachers and
trustees, Dong Jiao Zong) at the Hainan‟s Association Building, beside the Thean Hou Temple in
Kuala Lumpur, which was joined by politicians from the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA),
the Democratic Action Party (DAP), GERAKAN and other Chinese-based parties. The meeting
reached a resolution that if the unqualified teacher is not removed by the next Wednesday, they
will launch a strike for three days. The boycott was called off later, albeit at the eleventh hour
On 19th October, Anwar Ibrahim announced his ministry would not budge from its decision and
issued a stern warning that action will be taken against teachers who agreed to strike the class.
In the event, even though the boycott was cancelled, the stage was set for a mirror response from
the Malays, led by UMNO Youth. A mass rally of 10,000 was held at the TPCA Stadium in
Kuala Lumpur and, by then, UMNO politicians had begun to condemn MCA leaders (both
UMNO and MCA are component parties of the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition) for their
collusion with the Dong Jiao Zong and the opposition DAP. Amidst calls from both sides for the
resignations of MCA Deputy President and Labour Minister Lee Kim Sai and UMNO Education
Minister Anwar Ibrahim, UMNO announced the holding of a mammoth rally in KL to celebrate
its 41st Anniversary, which it was claimed would see the attendance of half a million members.
The proposed UMNO rally was the ostensible reason for the Inspector General of Police to
precipitate the 27 October crackdown. Had the rally been held it was not improbable that racial
riots could be sparked by the incendiary speeches of UMNO politicians. To make matters worse,
a tinder box situation was already created by the rampage of a Malay soldier who killed a Malay
and two Chinese with an M16 rifle in the Chow Kit area, straddling two large Chinese and Malay
communities.
Najib Tun Razak, then chairman of the UMNO Youth wing, had led a massive Malay rally in
Kampung Baru, Kuala Lumpur. The Chinese community was gripped with fear of the possibility
3. of May 13 repeating, and many Chinese businesses around the city was closed for a few days to
avoid any potential attacks from the Malay ultra-nationalists
The controversy, however, ended when the Prime Minister launched a sudden arrest, known as
Operation Lalang on 27th October 1987.
In this Ops Lalang, 106 opposition politicians was arrested under ISA, among those arrested
were;
Lim Kit Siang - Opposition Leader and DAP Secretary-General
Chandra Muzaffar – ALIRAN President
Karpal Singh – DAP Deputy Chairman
Chan Kit Chee – MCA Vice President and Perak Chief
Halim Arshat – PAS Youth Chief
Ibrahim Ali – UMNO MP for Pasir Mas
Mohamed Fahmi Ibrahim – UMNO Youth Education Chairman
Lim Fong Seng – Chairman of Dong Jiao Zhong
Kua Kia Soong – Publicity Chief of the Civil Rights Committee
Irene Xavier – WAO member
Besides that, there was also another detainee called Hilmy Noor, a Malay Christian, who was
accused for "disrupting the Malay culture by being a Christian", while the Federal Constitution
of Malaysia defines a Malay as someone who is a Muslim, speaks Malay, and practices Malay
culture. The detainees were kept at the usual place used for ISA detainees, at Kamunting
Detention Center.
Although most of the detainees were released either conditionally or unconditionally, 40 were
issued detention order of two years. Included were Lim Kit Siang and Karpal Singh plus five
4. other party colleagues, a number of PAS members and many social activists. A categorization of
the initially named detainees, numbering 97, gives the following breakdown:
Political parties: 37
Social movements: 23
Individuals: 37
Operation Lalang was controversial because the „guilty‟ are miss. On the other hand, the
opposition leaders who are „on the edge‟ was arrested and imprisoned at Kem Tahan Kamunting
for 2 years or more.
Political prisoners are detained under the ISA which allows detention without trial, whether the
person is guilty or not.
Malaysia at that time has received an international criticism. Many believe ISA is against Human
Rights, the Organizations of the United Nations and the Holy Quran itself.
Ironically, the United States has also created the Patriot Act that resembled ISA and hold
detainees at Camp Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
April 1987 is a tough competition between Dr Mahathir Mohamad and Tengku Razaleigh where
Mahathir appeared as the winner. Karpal, the opposition claimed that Ops Lalang is a trick to
divert the real issues.
5. IMPLICATIONS
Operasi Lalang creates a culture of fear to people to speak at least for two decades. Like May 13,
1969, it was a Malaysian tragedy and after all these years we have yet to recover from it. The
missing three papers would stay missing, technically four newspaper:The Sunday Star had a
separate KDN Permit. Seven senior journalists were placed by UMNO on a black list and told to
get out.
The elder statesman of journalism, A Samad Ismail, sent an emissary from Balai Berita to break
the news quietly, not officially. UMNO‟s order but in effect the same as government orders
because government people put them into effect. Seven, or more than 30 other who left the paper
on their own, they went on to successful careers in journalism overseas or turned somewhere else
or to something else.
The incident let Mahathir‟s government with the excuse to tighten the executive stranglehold on
politics. He amended the Printing Presses and Publications Act (PPPA) to keep newspaper under
tighter control.
He amended the Police Act to restrict our right to free assembly, making a police permit
mandatory for public gatherings. In 1988, as a result of his unhappiness over a few court
judgments that favored natural justice over his administration‟s convenience, he amended the
Federal Constitution to remove the independence of the judiciary.
The leading Malaysian English language daily, The Star, was closed down for a few months. In
the weeks prior to Operation Lalang, The Star had continuously provided transparent news
coverage about the Opposition's point of view. This constituted treason as far as the government
was concerned, and they were shut down under Malaysia's repressive sedition laws. The Star
resumed publication months later under new management that was installed by UMNO. Most of
the previous staff were laid off or otherwise threatened with prison and ISA.
From that point onwards, The Star, as well as many other media outlets in Malaysia, became
government-controlled mouthpieces with an obvious pro-government slant. These media outlets
were also noticeably whitewashing all of the UMNO government's wrongdoings and corruption.
All the cover-up and whitewashing by the mass media became more obvious towards the late-
6. 90's, when another power struggle within UMNO (the Mahathir vs Anwar episode) revealed the
extent of corruption and crimes among the UMNO executive that have never been revealed or
reported.
Operasi Lalang is a tragedy that needs to be told and re-told so that those who don‟t know about
its ramifications may understand why Malaysia is in the mess it‟s in.
7. OUR OPINION
On October 27, 2012 it has been 25 years since the black date in our country. There are lots of
perspective, views and comments about this Operation Lalang.
As we believe, Ops Lalang is a racial riots due to the provocation from DAP leaders and also the
press. Effectively, Operasi Lalang heralded the culture of fear that strangulated Malaysians for at
least two decades. It also provided the environment for Mahathir to rule in an even more
authoritarian manner. He had scared off his opponents and silenced his critics, so now he was
free to do what he wished.
He amended the Printing Presses and Publications Act (PPPA) to keep newspapers under tighter
control and also amended the Police Act to restrict our right to free assembly, making a police
permit mandatory for public gatherings.
According to the book Malaysian Maverick by Barry Wain, Mahathir said his amendments were
aimed at those who abused the Government‟s “liberal attitude”.
“Being liberal to them is like offering a flower to a monkey,” Mahathir said, disdainfully. “The
monkeys would rather tear the flower apart than appreciate its beauty.”
In 1988, as a result of his unhappiness over a few court judgements that favoured natural justice
over his administration‟s convenience, he amended the Federal Constitution to remove the
independence of the judiciary. There is much more to say about how Mahathir tampered with our
sacred institutions in the years after Operasi Lalang, but it would take a book to cover it all.
Some people think another tragedy like Operasi Lalang could happen again, and maybe not too
far in the future. Especially when, as journalist Charles Chan who lived through the dark days of
The Star‟s suspension puts it, “desperate politicians face loss of power that opens the doors to
prosecution for their abuses of power, corruption, etc”.
To prepare ourselves for such a contingency, we need to ask ourselves how we would respond if
it should happen. Should we be docile like we were in 1987 or should we stand up for our rights?
What‟s paramount is that we should find ways of preventing such tragedies in future.
8. First, we should not allow a despot to rise again. At the first sign of such a creature emerging, we
should vote him out instead of supporting him for more than two decades. Concomitant with
that, we should not allow any ruling party the luxury of a two-thirds majority in Parliament so
that they can amend the Constitution anyhow they like. We should also be vigilant in not
allowing any of the despot‟s proxies to climb to the top.
Second, we must ensure that checks and balances are firmly in place, like a strong civil society –
and, certainly, the reinstatement of the separation of powers among the executive, the legislative
and the judiciary engraved in our Constitution. This means independence must be returned to the
judiciary.
Third, we must repeal all laws that are against the spirit of democracy, like the PPPA, the
Official Secrets Act, the Sedition Act (soon to be called the sweet-sounding National Harmony
Act) and the Universities and University Colleges Act. There is no ISA now but in its place is the
Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012. This has to go. We have enough laws to take
care of terrorist threats.
Fourth, we must get rid of our feudal mentality. This perpetuates a culture of blind subservience
to the leader and a culture of sycophancy, both of which empower the leader even more.
Furthermore, ascent to leadership should be based on merit, not on an individual‟s ability to suck
up to the boss.
Fifth, Operasi Lalang is a tragedy that needs to be told and re-told so that those who don‟t know
about its ramifications may understand why Malaysia is in the mess it‟s in. Those who have lived
through that terrible day and its aftermath need to tell their children and grandchildren the real
story about what happened and condemn the abuse of power and dictatorial rule.
The real story of Operasi Lalang is not about a potential racial war erupting. It is about a despot
who wanted to hang on to power, shut out all opposition, and run the country to his own
advantage.
9. CONCLUSION
25 years of Ops Lalang, Malaysia had become more independent country with an open minded
people. We are no longer stuck in a 90‟s closed minded. People can accept the changes and think
wisely. There is no racism act occur in Malaysia anymore.
But, did we progress so well?
The Government Transformation Programme of Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Razak has
promised to make Malaysia “the best democracy of the world”, but after more than 42 months of
his premiership, Malaysia falls far short of the conditions to be a “normal democracy” let alone
the “world‟s best democracy”, as illustrated by the refusal by the Prime Minister and the ruling
UMNO/BN coalition to make a public commitment that they would fully accept the verdict of
the voters in the 13th General Election and would peacefully and smoothly transfer Federal
power to Pakatan Rakyat if this is the verdict of the Malaysian electorate in the ballot box.
It is clear that a change of government at the national level, for the first time in 55 years, is
needed to undo all the ravages and adverse effects of the 25-year Operation Lalang on
democracy, human rights and the national institutions – whether it be the restoration of a truly
independent judiciary and a just rule of law; the unshackling of Executive usurpation of powers
of Parliament and the Judiciary; the flourishing of a free and responsible media and the
fundamental rights of freedom of speech, expression and information; proper check-and-balance
mechanisms to end corruption and abuses of power; and the restoration to all national institutions
their impartiality, independence and professionalism.
On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of Operation Lalang, let all Malaysians reaffirm their
resolve to undo all the ravages of the Operation Lalang catastrophe in 1987 by a united effort to
strengthen democracy, human rights and national institutions so that there could be no recurrence
of a Operation Lalang in future by voting solidly for a national change of government in the
coming general election.
10. REFERRENCES
Barry Wain . (2010). Malaysian Maverick: Mahathir Mohamad in Turbulent Times.
Plate, T. (2011). Doctor M: Operation Malaysia – Conversations with Mahathir Mohamad. Giants of Asia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lalang