The document summarizes the role of media in Pakistan. It discusses how the proliferation of electronic media has impacted social, economic, and political life in Pakistan. It outlines the history of media in Pakistan from the pre-partition era to the present day. It notes that while print media was historically privately owned, electronic media was state-controlled until private channels emerged in 2002. It states that presently there are over 70 private TV channels and newspapers remain an important source of independent analysis, though their numbers have declined with the rise of electronic media.
The document provides a quarterly situation report for Pakistan's North Zone (KP, FATA, GB, AJK) from March 2016. Some key points:
1. The first quarter saw continued political stability but a rise in militant attacks, especially using IEDs. Militant group Jamaat-ul-Ahrar emerged as the lead group claiming attacks.
2. 538 people were killed in militant violence, including 2 US consulate staff. 7 FDA staff remain missing after being abducted.
3. Operations against militants continued in FATA but extremism is spreading, with attacks now reaching other parts of Pakistan. Extortion has also become a major problem in KP.
Burundi's media environment deteriorated in 2015 due to political instability triggered by President Nkurunziza's decision to run for a third term. Private radio stations were shut down or destroyed, depriving citizens of information. Journalists faced attacks and fled the country in large numbers. The repressive 2013 media law was ruled unconstitutional, but amendments were not signed into law. Violence and intimidation of journalists increased around the disputed July election and aftermath of a failed coup, with over 50 journalists fleeing the country as a result.
Global press freedom fell to its lowest level in over a decade in 2013 according to the report. Several countries saw significant declines in media freedom, including Egypt, Libya, Turkey, Ukraine, and some East African nations. Private media owners with close government ties also negatively impacted press freedom in some countries. Governments, especially authoritarian states, sought to control news content and restrict reporting on protests and sensitive issues through harassment of journalists and limitations on foreign media.
Pakistan: the political, economic, security and trade control context relevant to defence, security and dual use exporters, clarifying what are the main areas of opportunity and risk
The document discusses the role and history of media in Pakistan. It begins by defining different types of media including print, electronic, and new age media. It then discusses the history of media in Pakistan from its early beginnings in the 1950s to the growth of private media channels starting in the 2000s. The document also discusses both the positive and negative impacts of media, noting how media can both inform and entertain but also potentially destroy national image, sensationalize issues, and promote westernization.
The document discusses several foreign mass media sources and their role in the modern media landscape, including:
1) Print newspapers like The Times (UK), The New York Times, Bloomberg, and Sabah that provide international news coverage.
2) Radio broadcasters like Echo of Moscow (Russia), TRT (Turkey), and Voice of America that transmit news and information programming internationally.
3) A Harvard Business Review article by marketing expert Ted Levitt on differentiation and avoiding "marketing myopia" remains influential for managers.
Presentation 1 role of broadcast media in pakistanMuhammad Ahmad
The document discusses the history and development of media in Pakistan from its independence in 1947. It notes that at independence, Pakistan inherited a weak press with little regulation. It then summarizes the establishment of key media organizations over time, including the first news agency APP in 1947, the takeover of APP by the government in 1961, the launch of radio broadcasting by Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation in 1947, the start of television broadcasts by PTV in 1964, and the opening up of private TV channels in 2002. The document concludes by discussing the roles and advantages and disadvantages of media.
The document discusses media organizations and mass communication. It defines a media organization as a person or entity that disseminates information to the public through various mediums. Mass communication aims to inform, educate, entertain, and persuade the public. Media law regulates the mass media and includes issues like censorship, copyright, defamation, and antitrust laws. The media economy analyzes the role of media industries in the overall economy. The document also discusses the role of media in areas like legal awareness, society, politics, and the economy.
The document provides a quarterly situation report for Pakistan's North Zone (KP, FATA, GB, AJK) from March 2016. Some key points:
1. The first quarter saw continued political stability but a rise in militant attacks, especially using IEDs. Militant group Jamaat-ul-Ahrar emerged as the lead group claiming attacks.
2. 538 people were killed in militant violence, including 2 US consulate staff. 7 FDA staff remain missing after being abducted.
3. Operations against militants continued in FATA but extremism is spreading, with attacks now reaching other parts of Pakistan. Extortion has also become a major problem in KP.
Burundi's media environment deteriorated in 2015 due to political instability triggered by President Nkurunziza's decision to run for a third term. Private radio stations were shut down or destroyed, depriving citizens of information. Journalists faced attacks and fled the country in large numbers. The repressive 2013 media law was ruled unconstitutional, but amendments were not signed into law. Violence and intimidation of journalists increased around the disputed July election and aftermath of a failed coup, with over 50 journalists fleeing the country as a result.
Global press freedom fell to its lowest level in over a decade in 2013 according to the report. Several countries saw significant declines in media freedom, including Egypt, Libya, Turkey, Ukraine, and some East African nations. Private media owners with close government ties also negatively impacted press freedom in some countries. Governments, especially authoritarian states, sought to control news content and restrict reporting on protests and sensitive issues through harassment of journalists and limitations on foreign media.
Pakistan: the political, economic, security and trade control context relevant to defence, security and dual use exporters, clarifying what are the main areas of opportunity and risk
The document discusses the role and history of media in Pakistan. It begins by defining different types of media including print, electronic, and new age media. It then discusses the history of media in Pakistan from its early beginnings in the 1950s to the growth of private media channels starting in the 2000s. The document also discusses both the positive and negative impacts of media, noting how media can both inform and entertain but also potentially destroy national image, sensationalize issues, and promote westernization.
The document discusses several foreign mass media sources and their role in the modern media landscape, including:
1) Print newspapers like The Times (UK), The New York Times, Bloomberg, and Sabah that provide international news coverage.
2) Radio broadcasters like Echo of Moscow (Russia), TRT (Turkey), and Voice of America that transmit news and information programming internationally.
3) A Harvard Business Review article by marketing expert Ted Levitt on differentiation and avoiding "marketing myopia" remains influential for managers.
Presentation 1 role of broadcast media in pakistanMuhammad Ahmad
The document discusses the history and development of media in Pakistan from its independence in 1947. It notes that at independence, Pakistan inherited a weak press with little regulation. It then summarizes the establishment of key media organizations over time, including the first news agency APP in 1947, the takeover of APP by the government in 1961, the launch of radio broadcasting by Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation in 1947, the start of television broadcasts by PTV in 1964, and the opening up of private TV channels in 2002. The document concludes by discussing the roles and advantages and disadvantages of media.
The document discusses media organizations and mass communication. It defines a media organization as a person or entity that disseminates information to the public through various mediums. Mass communication aims to inform, educate, entertain, and persuade the public. Media law regulates the mass media and includes issues like censorship, copyright, defamation, and antitrust laws. The media economy analyzes the role of media industries in the overall economy. The document also discusses the role of media in areas like legal awareness, society, politics, and the economy.
Development of modern Russian mass media.pptxEtna7
The document discusses media in Russia. It notes that while the Russian constitution guarantees freedom of speech, the press has faced government censorship and self-censorship. It provides statistics on the various types of media outlets in Russia, with magazines, newspapers, and online media being most common. Media outlets require licenses to broadcast. The document also discusses some of the key laws governing the media in Russia.
The role and impact of media in Pakistan has evolved significantly over time. Originally established to promote the idea of Pakistan pre-independence, media laws and oversight were tightened under successive military rulers Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq. However, under Musharraf in 2002, private electronic media flourished as regulations were liberalized. While media has brought greater awareness of rights and exposed corruption, there are also concerns it sometimes prioritizes crises over good news or exploits freedoms for profit over national interests. Both print and electronic media also show contradictory approaches at times.
1. The document presents information about media in Pakistan, including various types of media used such as television, print, radio, and internet.
2. It discusses some of the major television channels, newspapers, and radio stations in Pakistan.
3. The document also outlines both the strengths and weaknesses of media in Pakistan, noting increased coverage but also challenges with professionalism and overfocus on politics.
International communication involves the exchange of information between entities in different countries. It can occur between governments, businesses, and individuals. Some key aspects of international communication discussed in the document include:
1) Mass media platforms like newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet are commonly used to share information across borders. News agencies also operate globally to report international news.
2) Elements that shape international communication are the actors involved like governments and non-state organizations, the technologies used, a country's economic mode of production, and its communication policies.
3) The scope of international communication encompasses political, social, economic, cultural, and military topics, and it plays an important role in resolving global conflicts and
Communication channels through which news entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are delivered is known as media. Media includes every broadcasting and narrow-casting medium such as Newspaper, Magazines, Television, Radio, Billboards, Direct mail, Telephone, Fax and Internet.
Journalists Associations in Pakistan By Dilawar DarDilawar Dar
The document discusses social work and defines it as work done by professionals to help people facing financial or family problems through government or private organizations. It explains that social work aims to help individuals and communities enhance their well-being by developing skills to resolve problems related to issues like poverty, unemployment, and domestic violence. The key aspects of social work covered are understanding why people suffer, responsibilities towards others, and gaining knowledge about human problems.
Pakistan has experienced a media boom over the last ten years, growing from just one television channel to over 100 channels today. This media revolution has helped open up the country by taking on the government, breaking social taboos, and pushing back against the Taliban. Specifically, over 100 private FM radio stations have been licensed in the last decade providing entertainment and information to audiences. Television remains the dominant medium, particularly in rural areas, though radio listenership also remains strong, especially in less developed provinces.
Situational Analysis of RTI in PakistanAmir Jahangir
This document provides a situational analysis of right to information in Pakistan's communication and information sector. It discusses Pakistan's media landscape, including print, television, radio and internet. It also examines right to information laws and policies, press freedom, media regulation and ownership, and challenges around reporting in conflict areas. The analysis is based on interviews and a review of existing documents. It aims to recommend areas where UNESCO can help build capacities to develop a more open information environment and support independent media.
Bangladesh has a mix of print, broadcast, and online media. Print media includes many newspapers published in Dhaka and elsewhere. State-owned television and radio channels exist alongside private broadcasters. Electronic and internet media are growing rapidly, with social media playing an important role. However, the government maintains some control and restrictions over media, and freedom of the press has faced challenges at various points due to censorship and harassment of journalists. Overall the media landscape is expanding but still navigates a restrictive policy environment at times.
This document is a thesis submitted by Blen Fitsum to Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of a master's degree in journalism. It examines the Ethiopian government's management of the media during the Ethio-Eritrean War from 1998 to 2000. Chapter 1 provides an overview of Ethiopia's media landscape and a background on the war. It establishes the research problem, questions, and objectives. Chapter 2 will review literature on media roles during war and techniques of media management and control. Chapter 3 describes the study's methodology, including data collection and sampling. Chapters 4 and 5 will present and analyze data on how the government managed information sources, access, censorship, patriotism, and the media
This document summarizes mass media in Russia, the United States, and Great Britain. It discusses the development of print, broadcast, and internet media over time. In Russia, over 90,000 media organizations are registered, most of which are private. Television and newspapers are widely consumed, while the internet is growing in popularity. The US relies heavily on television and internet for news, while Britain has a large newspaper and BBC television industry. Mass media keeps people informed on events and plays a key role in modern life.
The Role of Community Radio in Promoting Community Participation in Local Gov...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the community radio as a tool that promotes community participation in
local governance. Multi-stage random sampling method and purposive method was adopted. Data collection
was undertaken using questionnaire and interviews. The datawascollected in three Sectors (Muzo, Kivuruga and
Gakenke) of Gakenke District in Northern Province of Rwanda. Overall research results indicated that 93% of
respondents (citizens, local authorities, and journalists) agreed that PAXPRESScommunity radio debates
enhance the knowledge and awareness of the citizens. For the role played by PAXPRESS community radio in
promoting dialogue on community issues and needs, the overall research results indicated that 20% of
respondents strongly agreed and 74% of respondents agree that PAXPRESS community radio promotes
dialogue on community issues and needs as well as educating on household decisions making. On the
contribution of PAXPRESS community radio in improving the relationship between citizens and authorities, in
general, 70% of respondents believe that the relationship has improvedand 18% believe that it has changed a
little while 10% believe that maybe it exists while 2% do not agree. The good practices and lessons learned for
the promotion of community participation in local governance through PAXPRESS community radio include (i)
Paxpress debates engage community and authorities in these debates; (ii) Paxpress debates provide dialogue for
the community with disabilities; (iii) Paxpress debates allow rural community to interact with authorities and
journalists; and (iv) Paxpress debates enhance the knowledge of the citizens on their rights, household decision
making and government policies. Challenges outlined by the research include: difficult to convince citizen to
talk through radio; difficulty to convince local authorities who seem not informed about the laws of access to
information and freedom of expression; Misinterpretation of some authorities face the media's role or mission;
(v) Financial limitations. The research recommends: (i) to make a follow up after debate; (ii) allocating enough
time to the debates; (iii)managing citizens‟ emotions; (iv)toinform people on the topic to be discussed before,
and give enough time to authorities to explain their concerns instead of challenging them only; (v) emphasize on
the debates that strengthen the relationship between the community and authorities. If well done, this would be
an utmost achievement for the government.
KEYWORDS:Community Radio, localgovernance, community participation,PAXPRESS
This document provides a historical overview of media development in Uganda from 1900 to 1986. It discusses the early missionary print publications in the 1900s-1950s that served religious purposes. The first radio station, Uganda Broadcasting Service, was established in 1954 to serve colonial interests. During this period, the media landscape was dominated by religious and government-owned publications and broadcasters. The document outlines increasing government control and restrictions on independent media during the post-independence years under Milton Obote and Idi Amin in the 1960s-1970s. Many private newspapers were banned or faced censorship and intimidation if critical of the government. By the late 1970s, independent print media growth of the 1950s-1960s had largely been reversed
Singapore has used media to promote Asian Values and Confucian Ethics during its two phases of nation building. In phase one after independence, media focused on advocating government policies to create stability and bind citizens. Regulations and censorship of conflicting opinions were used. In phase two from the 1980s, media promoted invented traditions like the Merlion symbol to reduce immigrant identities and encourage the idea of shared values across diverse populations. This strengthened national identity and hierarchical foundations of society in line with Asian values of prioritizing group over individual interests. Singapore's use of media played a key role in its successful nation building process.
The document discusses the role of press in disseminating knowledge and promoting social awareness. It notes that the introduction of printing press in India was revolutionary and helped promote nationalism. Over time, various acts both promoted and restricted press freedom in India. The press played a key role in building nationalism, organizing political and social movements, and exposing social issues. It helped connect different parts of India and spread awareness of national and global events.
The document discusses the impact of media on national harmony in Pakistan. It provides background on the functions and types of media, as well as definitions of key terms like nation and harmony. It then outlines the history and development of media in Pakistan, including print, radio, TV and internet. The document also discusses Pakistan's legal framework for media, including protections for freedom of expression in the constitution and the role of PEMRA in regulating electronic media. Both the positive and negative impacts of media on national harmony are described. Characteristics of Pakistani media that can promote or weaken national harmony are also examined.
Growth and role of electronic media in IndiaANUJ SHUKLA
Television was introduced experimentally in India in 1959 and became more widespread in the 1970s and 1980s. The introduction of color TV for the 1982 Asian Games and the launch of communication satellites accelerated television's growth. In the early 1990s, foreign satellite channels like CNN and Star TV entered India, followed by domestic channels like Zee TV and Sun TV, increasing programming options. Radio broadcasting in India began in the 1920s and 1930s through private initiatives. It was consolidated into All India Radio in 1936 under government control. Radio and television were harnessed by the new Indian government post-independence to promote national integration, development, and a unified national identity.
China has shifted from propaganda to public diplomacy since the end of the Cold War. Its public diplomacy aims to build a positive image abroad and counter perceived negative portrayals in Western media. It utilizes various methods, including publications, foreign correspondents, broadcasting, and cultural exchanges. However, China's public diplomacy differs from Western models in its close government control over media and emphasis on promoting its political agenda.
Development of press and regimes and state relationsZarmeen Durrani
The document discusses the development of press in Pakistan and its relationship with the state from 1947 to 1971. It notes that initially only a few newspapers existed in Pakistan but their numbers grew rapidly. However, various authoritarian regimes used repressive laws and tactics to curb press freedom and control media messaging. The Ayub Khan regime in the 1960s introduced the repressive Press and Publications Ordinance to restrict newspapers, while the National Press Trust took over independent publications. While the Yahya Khan era saw more freedom, ethics were not followed and dummy newspapers proliferated.
Post-EDSA, mainstream media like the Philippine Daily Inquirer and Malaya that were previously considered alternative became dominant as pro-Marcos establishment newspapers retreated or closed. The Aquino government also sequestered major establishment newspapers and broadcast stations owned by Marcos cronies. Media ownership remained largely in the hands of individuals and families involved in diverse business interests due to the capital-intensive nature of media. The 1987 Philippine Constitution contained unprecedented provisions regarding communication that aimed to recognize its vital role in nation-building and promote democratization of media ownership.
This document provides guidance on writing effective headlines. It outlines the expected outcomes of learning headline writing skills and defines common headline types such as banner, streamer, flush left, dropline step form, inverted pyramid, hanging indentation, crossline/barline, and boxed. The document describes features headlines should have, such as answering the five Ws and using verbs. It also lists "do's" and "don'ts" of headline writing, such as avoiding thin, fat, label, wooden, mandatory, screaming styles and not repeating words or editorializing. The goal is to help writers craft headlines that accurately and concisely summarize stories in an engaging format.
The document summarizes press laws in Pakistan. It outlines that the first media laws were introduced in 1962 by President Ayub Khan through the Press and Publication Ordinance, which empowered authorities to censor newspapers and arrest journalists. More repressive amendments were made under General Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s to promote censorship. Under General Pervez Musharraf from 2002, media laws were liberalized allowing private broadcasters and breaking the state's media monopoly, though the military still aimed to control media. Pakistan's media laws also cover defamation, contempt of court, copyright and various other press ordinances.
Development of modern Russian mass media.pptxEtna7
The document discusses media in Russia. It notes that while the Russian constitution guarantees freedom of speech, the press has faced government censorship and self-censorship. It provides statistics on the various types of media outlets in Russia, with magazines, newspapers, and online media being most common. Media outlets require licenses to broadcast. The document also discusses some of the key laws governing the media in Russia.
The role and impact of media in Pakistan has evolved significantly over time. Originally established to promote the idea of Pakistan pre-independence, media laws and oversight were tightened under successive military rulers Ayub Khan and Zia-ul-Haq. However, under Musharraf in 2002, private electronic media flourished as regulations were liberalized. While media has brought greater awareness of rights and exposed corruption, there are also concerns it sometimes prioritizes crises over good news or exploits freedoms for profit over national interests. Both print and electronic media also show contradictory approaches at times.
1. The document presents information about media in Pakistan, including various types of media used such as television, print, radio, and internet.
2. It discusses some of the major television channels, newspapers, and radio stations in Pakistan.
3. The document also outlines both the strengths and weaknesses of media in Pakistan, noting increased coverage but also challenges with professionalism and overfocus on politics.
International communication involves the exchange of information between entities in different countries. It can occur between governments, businesses, and individuals. Some key aspects of international communication discussed in the document include:
1) Mass media platforms like newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet are commonly used to share information across borders. News agencies also operate globally to report international news.
2) Elements that shape international communication are the actors involved like governments and non-state organizations, the technologies used, a country's economic mode of production, and its communication policies.
3) The scope of international communication encompasses political, social, economic, cultural, and military topics, and it plays an important role in resolving global conflicts and
Communication channels through which news entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are delivered is known as media. Media includes every broadcasting and narrow-casting medium such as Newspaper, Magazines, Television, Radio, Billboards, Direct mail, Telephone, Fax and Internet.
Journalists Associations in Pakistan By Dilawar DarDilawar Dar
The document discusses social work and defines it as work done by professionals to help people facing financial or family problems through government or private organizations. It explains that social work aims to help individuals and communities enhance their well-being by developing skills to resolve problems related to issues like poverty, unemployment, and domestic violence. The key aspects of social work covered are understanding why people suffer, responsibilities towards others, and gaining knowledge about human problems.
Pakistan has experienced a media boom over the last ten years, growing from just one television channel to over 100 channels today. This media revolution has helped open up the country by taking on the government, breaking social taboos, and pushing back against the Taliban. Specifically, over 100 private FM radio stations have been licensed in the last decade providing entertainment and information to audiences. Television remains the dominant medium, particularly in rural areas, though radio listenership also remains strong, especially in less developed provinces.
Situational Analysis of RTI in PakistanAmir Jahangir
This document provides a situational analysis of right to information in Pakistan's communication and information sector. It discusses Pakistan's media landscape, including print, television, radio and internet. It also examines right to information laws and policies, press freedom, media regulation and ownership, and challenges around reporting in conflict areas. The analysis is based on interviews and a review of existing documents. It aims to recommend areas where UNESCO can help build capacities to develop a more open information environment and support independent media.
Bangladesh has a mix of print, broadcast, and online media. Print media includes many newspapers published in Dhaka and elsewhere. State-owned television and radio channels exist alongside private broadcasters. Electronic and internet media are growing rapidly, with social media playing an important role. However, the government maintains some control and restrictions over media, and freedom of the press has faced challenges at various points due to censorship and harassment of journalists. Overall the media landscape is expanding but still navigates a restrictive policy environment at times.
This document is a thesis submitted by Blen Fitsum to Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of a master's degree in journalism. It examines the Ethiopian government's management of the media during the Ethio-Eritrean War from 1998 to 2000. Chapter 1 provides an overview of Ethiopia's media landscape and a background on the war. It establishes the research problem, questions, and objectives. Chapter 2 will review literature on media roles during war and techniques of media management and control. Chapter 3 describes the study's methodology, including data collection and sampling. Chapters 4 and 5 will present and analyze data on how the government managed information sources, access, censorship, patriotism, and the media
This document summarizes mass media in Russia, the United States, and Great Britain. It discusses the development of print, broadcast, and internet media over time. In Russia, over 90,000 media organizations are registered, most of which are private. Television and newspapers are widely consumed, while the internet is growing in popularity. The US relies heavily on television and internet for news, while Britain has a large newspaper and BBC television industry. Mass media keeps people informed on events and plays a key role in modern life.
The Role of Community Radio in Promoting Community Participation in Local Gov...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the community radio as a tool that promotes community participation in
local governance. Multi-stage random sampling method and purposive method was adopted. Data collection
was undertaken using questionnaire and interviews. The datawascollected in three Sectors (Muzo, Kivuruga and
Gakenke) of Gakenke District in Northern Province of Rwanda. Overall research results indicated that 93% of
respondents (citizens, local authorities, and journalists) agreed that PAXPRESScommunity radio debates
enhance the knowledge and awareness of the citizens. For the role played by PAXPRESS community radio in
promoting dialogue on community issues and needs, the overall research results indicated that 20% of
respondents strongly agreed and 74% of respondents agree that PAXPRESS community radio promotes
dialogue on community issues and needs as well as educating on household decisions making. On the
contribution of PAXPRESS community radio in improving the relationship between citizens and authorities, in
general, 70% of respondents believe that the relationship has improvedand 18% believe that it has changed a
little while 10% believe that maybe it exists while 2% do not agree. The good practices and lessons learned for
the promotion of community participation in local governance through PAXPRESS community radio include (i)
Paxpress debates engage community and authorities in these debates; (ii) Paxpress debates provide dialogue for
the community with disabilities; (iii) Paxpress debates allow rural community to interact with authorities and
journalists; and (iv) Paxpress debates enhance the knowledge of the citizens on their rights, household decision
making and government policies. Challenges outlined by the research include: difficult to convince citizen to
talk through radio; difficulty to convince local authorities who seem not informed about the laws of access to
information and freedom of expression; Misinterpretation of some authorities face the media's role or mission;
(v) Financial limitations. The research recommends: (i) to make a follow up after debate; (ii) allocating enough
time to the debates; (iii)managing citizens‟ emotions; (iv)toinform people on the topic to be discussed before,
and give enough time to authorities to explain their concerns instead of challenging them only; (v) emphasize on
the debates that strengthen the relationship between the community and authorities. If well done, this would be
an utmost achievement for the government.
KEYWORDS:Community Radio, localgovernance, community participation,PAXPRESS
This document provides a historical overview of media development in Uganda from 1900 to 1986. It discusses the early missionary print publications in the 1900s-1950s that served religious purposes. The first radio station, Uganda Broadcasting Service, was established in 1954 to serve colonial interests. During this period, the media landscape was dominated by religious and government-owned publications and broadcasters. The document outlines increasing government control and restrictions on independent media during the post-independence years under Milton Obote and Idi Amin in the 1960s-1970s. Many private newspapers were banned or faced censorship and intimidation if critical of the government. By the late 1970s, independent print media growth of the 1950s-1960s had largely been reversed
Singapore has used media to promote Asian Values and Confucian Ethics during its two phases of nation building. In phase one after independence, media focused on advocating government policies to create stability and bind citizens. Regulations and censorship of conflicting opinions were used. In phase two from the 1980s, media promoted invented traditions like the Merlion symbol to reduce immigrant identities and encourage the idea of shared values across diverse populations. This strengthened national identity and hierarchical foundations of society in line with Asian values of prioritizing group over individual interests. Singapore's use of media played a key role in its successful nation building process.
The document discusses the role of press in disseminating knowledge and promoting social awareness. It notes that the introduction of printing press in India was revolutionary and helped promote nationalism. Over time, various acts both promoted and restricted press freedom in India. The press played a key role in building nationalism, organizing political and social movements, and exposing social issues. It helped connect different parts of India and spread awareness of national and global events.
The document discusses the impact of media on national harmony in Pakistan. It provides background on the functions and types of media, as well as definitions of key terms like nation and harmony. It then outlines the history and development of media in Pakistan, including print, radio, TV and internet. The document also discusses Pakistan's legal framework for media, including protections for freedom of expression in the constitution and the role of PEMRA in regulating electronic media. Both the positive and negative impacts of media on national harmony are described. Characteristics of Pakistani media that can promote or weaken national harmony are also examined.
Growth and role of electronic media in IndiaANUJ SHUKLA
Television was introduced experimentally in India in 1959 and became more widespread in the 1970s and 1980s. The introduction of color TV for the 1982 Asian Games and the launch of communication satellites accelerated television's growth. In the early 1990s, foreign satellite channels like CNN and Star TV entered India, followed by domestic channels like Zee TV and Sun TV, increasing programming options. Radio broadcasting in India began in the 1920s and 1930s through private initiatives. It was consolidated into All India Radio in 1936 under government control. Radio and television were harnessed by the new Indian government post-independence to promote national integration, development, and a unified national identity.
China has shifted from propaganda to public diplomacy since the end of the Cold War. Its public diplomacy aims to build a positive image abroad and counter perceived negative portrayals in Western media. It utilizes various methods, including publications, foreign correspondents, broadcasting, and cultural exchanges. However, China's public diplomacy differs from Western models in its close government control over media and emphasis on promoting its political agenda.
Development of press and regimes and state relationsZarmeen Durrani
The document discusses the development of press in Pakistan and its relationship with the state from 1947 to 1971. It notes that initially only a few newspapers existed in Pakistan but their numbers grew rapidly. However, various authoritarian regimes used repressive laws and tactics to curb press freedom and control media messaging. The Ayub Khan regime in the 1960s introduced the repressive Press and Publications Ordinance to restrict newspapers, while the National Press Trust took over independent publications. While the Yahya Khan era saw more freedom, ethics were not followed and dummy newspapers proliferated.
Post-EDSA, mainstream media like the Philippine Daily Inquirer and Malaya that were previously considered alternative became dominant as pro-Marcos establishment newspapers retreated or closed. The Aquino government also sequestered major establishment newspapers and broadcast stations owned by Marcos cronies. Media ownership remained largely in the hands of individuals and families involved in diverse business interests due to the capital-intensive nature of media. The 1987 Philippine Constitution contained unprecedented provisions regarding communication that aimed to recognize its vital role in nation-building and promote democratization of media ownership.
This document provides guidance on writing effective headlines. It outlines the expected outcomes of learning headline writing skills and defines common headline types such as banner, streamer, flush left, dropline step form, inverted pyramid, hanging indentation, crossline/barline, and boxed. The document describes features headlines should have, such as answering the five Ws and using verbs. It also lists "do's" and "don'ts" of headline writing, such as avoiding thin, fat, label, wooden, mandatory, screaming styles and not repeating words or editorializing. The goal is to help writers craft headlines that accurately and concisely summarize stories in an engaging format.
The document summarizes press laws in Pakistan. It outlines that the first media laws were introduced in 1962 by President Ayub Khan through the Press and Publication Ordinance, which empowered authorities to censor newspapers and arrest journalists. More repressive amendments were made under General Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s to promote censorship. Under General Pervez Musharraf from 2002, media laws were liberalized allowing private broadcasters and breaking the state's media monopoly, though the military still aimed to control media. Pakistan's media laws also cover defamation, contempt of court, copyright and various other press ordinances.
Photojournalism involves using photographs to tell a visual story or convey information to readers. It aims to capture viewers' attention through composed images and captions. A photojournalist is a storyteller who takes photos reflecting life, not art, working with editors to complete assignments. While travel and sharing work with large audiences are pros, photojournalists also face long hours, physical danger, and low initial pay. The purposes of photojournalism are to engage readers emotionally, serve as a watchdog on those in power, and provide a view of the world beyond most people's access. Effective photojournalists research topics, prepare equipment, build rapport with subjects, get close when photographing, and gather caption details.
The document provides guidance on how to write effective photo captions in 1-2 sentences. Captions should grab attention, provide key details like who, what, when, where, why in a factual manner. For photos without a related story, the caption acts as a standalone with the first 3-5 words sometimes serving as a headline. Captions should identify subjects concisely while avoiding redundancies and focus on visual details, actions, and relevant facts.
- News agencies gather, write and distribute news from around the world to newspapers, TV and radio stations, and other subscribers. This document discusses different types of news agencies including local, national and international.
- It provides details on major national news agencies in Pakistan like APP, PPI and INP. It also discusses some international news agencies such as AFP, Reuters, AP, Xinhua, TASS and IRNA.
- News agencies supply bulk news to mass media subscribers who share costs to access services they could not afford individually. All mass media rely heavily on agency reports and materials.
This document discusses what a blog is and provides information on starting a blog. It defines a blog as an online journal located on a website that typically includes text, images, videos and other media. It notes that blogs can be used for personal or business purposes. For businesses, blogging helps increase website visibility and grab consumers' attention. Starting a successful business blog requires skills like writing, design, publishing, and search engine optimization. Money can be made from blogs through advertising programs like Google AdSense that display contextual ads, or by directly selling advertising space on the blog.
This document provides a summary of a lecture on relationship analysis. It discusses various measures of relationships between variables, including correlation coefficients and correlation analysis methods like Pearson's correlation coefficient. Examples are provided to show how wages may correlate with factors like age, education level, and year. Both parametric and non-parametric hypothesis testing approaches are also summarized.
This document discusses several media theories and their relevance to communication practice. It begins by discussing indigenous media or folk media, which refers to traditional means of mass communication used by ancient communities, such as drums, dances, and paintings. The Magic Bullet Theory is relevant here, as indigenous audiences are directly influenced by these media. It then discusses traditional print and broadcast media, noting the Cultivation Theory, which posits that heavy exposure to media shapes audiences' views of social reality. The document emphasizes that understanding media theories is important for communication students and practitioners to effectively reach and influence audiences.
This document discusses several media theories and their relevance to communication practice. It begins by discussing indigenous media or folk media, which refers to traditional means of mass communication used by ancient communities, such as drums, dances, and paintings. The Magic Bullet Theory is relevant here, as indigenous audiences are directly influenced by these media. It then discusses traditional print and broadcast media, noting the Cultivation Theory, which posits that heavy exposure to media shapes audiences' views of social reality. The document emphasizes that understanding media theories is important for communication students and practitioners to effectively reach and influence audiences.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
The roleofmediainpakistan
1. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies,
35 :4, Summer 2012.
The Role of Media in Pakistan
Dr. Nazir Hussain
The explosion of information revolution and the proliferation of electronic media have
virtually converted the world into a globalized village. Now, information, news and
events have no barriers and control to reach anywhere around the world. These
happenings reach to every living room instantaneously even before the governments
can react and control it. The enhanced role of media has impacted the social,
economic and political life. What one thinks, believes and perceives are based on the
images shown on the media. It has penetrated the routine life of all individuals;
commoners, elites, decision-makers and statesmen.
States have often been inclined to use the media as a propaganda tool for political
and military purposes. The decades of 1980s and 1990s have for instance witnessed
the use of US media for politico-military ends. The projection of Soviet Union as an
‘Evil Empire’, the Saddam saga and the ‘Weapons of Mass Destruction’ and the
Osama Bin Laden from ‘Freedom Fighter to a Terrorist’ are some of the examples.
However, now the media has come out of the domain of the state controls, it is the
financiers, the media houses and the media anchors that make heroes and villains,
leaders and terrorists. Therefore, the role of media is growing from an observer to an
active player in political decision making. The political leaders and government
officials have become dependent to convey and defend their policies through the use
of media. The media where ‘more anti-government will earn more business’ is
considered a basic key to success. This over-emphasised role of media has been
theorised as Mediatization” by Swedish media researcher Kent Asp in 1986 and later
by D.G. Lillker in 2006.1
The Author is Associate Professor at the Department of International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam
University, Islamabad-Pakistan. He has been a media anchor during 2000-2006. The research for this
paper was done at the French Institute of International Relations (IFRI), Paris-France, for which the
author compliment the help and cooperation of Dr. Gilles Boquerat, John Seaman and Daniel Marier.
1 K. Asp, Massmedier: studier i politisk opinionbildning (Powerful mass media: studies in political
opinion formation), Stockholm: Akade-militteratur, 1986, and D.G. Lillker, Key Concepts in Political
Communication, London: SAGE Publications, 2006. However, the pioneering work on this issue has
been done by Muhammad Atif Khan, ‘The Mediatization in Pakistan: A Structural Analysis’
Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 2009.
2. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies,
35 :4, Summer 2012.
Pakistan, a developing state with multiple social, economic, political and security
issues, is not insulated from the media effects of contemporary world. In fact, the
Pakistani media is described as more open, blunt and proactive than before. It now
highlights the social wrong-doings, economic mismanagement and political
inaccuracies prevalent in the country. Over the years, Pakistani media has become a
strong medium of scrutinizing the functioning of state institutions; instead of offering
policy options to the government, it has taken over the task of policy-making.
Therefore, this paper endeavors to highlight the role of media in Pakistan by
analyzing its evolution, present state of affairs, major media houses, the controlling
bodies and its future in the country.
Media in Pakistan
The Constitution of Pakistan Article 19 states that ‘every citizen shall have the right to
freedom of speech and expression, and there shall be freedom of press, subject to
any reasonable restrictions imposed by the law in the interest of the glory of Islam or
the integrity, security or defence of Pakistan or any part thereof, friendly relations with
foreign states, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court,
commission of or incitement to an offence.’ Therefore, the freedom of expression and
speech is enshrined in the very basis and spirit of the legal foundations of the
country.
In the pre-partition Pakistan, there were few newspapers echoing the line of the
Muslims; Nawa-i-Waqat, a right-wing Urdu newspapers was the first one to start its
publication in 1940, whereas DAWN, an English newspaper, followed in 1941, mainly
to counter the anti-Muslim propaganda during the time. There were few other
newspapers, which moved into the newly created Pakistan, these included Pakistan
Times, Zamindar, Civil and Military Gazette, Morning News and Jang. However, most
of the print media remained in the private hands but the government could control it
through advertisement and regulations.
In the audio media, Pakistan inherited three radio stations based in Lahore,
Peshawar and Dhaka. More stations were established in Karachi, Quetta and
Rawalpindi. The television services in Pakistan started with the Japanese help in
1964 from Lahore and later more TV stations were established in Karachi and
3. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies,
35 :4, Summer 2012.
Rawalpindi in 1967, and Peshawar and Quetta in 1974. Subsequently, the coloured
transmission began in 1974. Unlike the print media, there was complete government
monopoly over the electronic media both in radio and television. However, the first
signs of private TV channel started in 1989, when the state-owned Shalimar
Recording Company began its own transmission under Shalimar Television Network
(STN), which later leased out its prime time transmission to Network Television
Marketing (NTM), a private sector programming and marketing agency.
The government monopoly on the electronic media was further broken, with the
introduction of dish antenna in 1995-96, through which international TV transmission
could be seen directly without any interruption or control. Nonetheless, due to limited
awareness and cost factors, it remained confined to the elite class and the privileged
segment of the society. The real change occurred when the Geo News began its first
test transmission in August 2002, the era of private channels started in Pakistan.
Between 2002 to 2008 the private electronic media proliferated unprecedently and
the number of TV channels reached to 70. The private media received further boost
with the introduction of Cable Television Networking in 2004; the transmission of TV
services through cable to the large population in very cheap cost. Seeing the success
of private media, the state control electronic media also had to change its substance
and contents.
Present State of Media
In the absence of private electronic media, when people had to rely mostly on the
state-owned PTV, the newspapers were the major source of independent information
and analysis. Therefore, in 1997, there were 4,455 newspapers and periodicals in all
languages with 3,912,301 copies. However, with the advent of private electronic
media, the number of newspapers and periodicals has shrinked. Thus in 2006 there
were 1,464 newspapers and periodicals in all languages but with increased
circulation of 8,208,874 copies.2 The data available for 2008 shows total number of
publications 1199 (1000 English and 1042 Urdu) with a total circulation of 7,205,275;3
only few papers have more than 100,000 circulation, such as Dawn, News, Nation,
2 Qazi Asif, ‘Newspaper numbers decrease as readership increases’ Daily Times, March 4, 2008.
3 Monthly Bulletin of Statistics January 2010, (Islamabad: Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan,
2010), pp. 235-238.
4. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies,
35 :4, Summer 2012.
Jang, Nawa-i-Waqt and Express. There were 324 dailies, 292 weeklies, 502
monthlies, 52 fortnightlies and 28 biannual publications in 2008. Out of the total 1199
publications in all languages, the province-wise publications for the same year is;
Punjab 422, Sindh 276, NWFP 48, and Baluchistan 453 (surprisingly 412 being in
Urdu). Out of the total circulation of over 7 million, dailies have circulation of
6,067,988, weeklies 484,282, monthlies 584,215, monthlies 61,290 and bi-annually
7500.4 Almost all of these newspapers and periodicals are owned by private
individuals, joint-stock companies and trusts.
With the introduction of private media, the state-controlled monopoly of the electronic
media almost vanished but Pakistan Television (PTV) was compelled to improve and
enhance its services. It opened two new channels; the PTV-2 and PTV World in
2006. At present it has four TV channels; 1) PTV News for news and current affairs,
2) PTV Home for entertainment, 3) PTV Global for transmission to the United States
and Europe, and 4) PTV National for regional language transmission in Brohi, Pashto
Punjabi and Sindhi.5 TV coverage is expanding rapidly and reaching more than 38
million households; approximately 42 per cent of urban and 16 per cent of rural
population.6 Presently, Radio Pakistan has 69 stations and 19 FM stations operating
in different frequencies all over the country. With 12 million radio sets and 95 million
listeners; the radio broadcast covers 80% of the Pakistani territory.7
On the other hand, the proliferation of private TV channels is unprecedented; they
rose from zero to 70 by 2008. More than 28 foreign TV channels, including CNN,
BBC, Sky News, Star World, HBO, Cartoon Network etc were given landing rights to
transmit their services. Cable TV (CTV) network became the fastest growing means
of entertainment whereby 8 million households from 2346 registered Cable System
network watch TV transmission. Around 70-80 percent of the urban population has
access to CTV and 40 million people watch CTV. In radio broadcast 129 licenses
4 Ibid.
5 See the official PTV website www.ptv.com.pk
6 Annual Report 2006-2009 of the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA).
7 See the official Radio Pakistan website www.radio.gov.pk
5. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies,
35 :4, Summer 2012.
were awarded to the private FM radio stations and 108 are functional; these include,
entertainment, educational (including some universities) and commercial.8
In 2008, Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) awarded two
licenses to transmit TV services through the internet, the Internet Protocol TV (IPTV),
one to Pakistan Telecommunication Limited (PTCL), and the other to Sachal Satellite
Communication; both are now operational. In 2009 two foreign mobile companies,
Mobilink (Egyptian) and Telenor (Norwegian) were given TV transmission rights to
show TV services though Mobile TV; the Content Provision Service. Moreover,
through the MMDS (Multi-channel Media Distribution and Data Service); the digital
techniques of wireless distribution of TV channels, 70-80,000 people watch TV
transmission in 5 major cities, such as Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Okara and
Sahiwal. Following is the present state of electronic media in Pakistan;9
Satellite TV Channels 77
Foreign TV Channels 28
FM Radio Stations 109
MMDS 06
IPTV 02
Mobile TV 02
There are various news agencies both in private and government sectors. The
Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) was established in 1947; and taken over by the
GOP in 1961. Subsequently more news agencies came into being namely; PPI
Pakistan Press International (1968), UPA; United Press Agency (1992), NNI; News
Network International (1992) and ONLINE News. Except APP, all other news
agencies are in the private sector.
Media Governing Bodies
The Press Information Department (PID) is a governmental organization under the
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting that overall coordinates with newspapers,
news agencies, TV channels, radio and Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory
Authority (PEMRA). It issues official press releases of President, Prime Minister and
other ministers. It is headed by a Principal Information Officer (POI), who is form the
8 Annual Report 2006-2009 of the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA).
9 Ibid.
6. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies,
35 :4, Summer 2012.
Information Services Group but mostly close to the government.10 It awards
government advertisement to various newspapers and periodicals, thus has become
a tool for the government to regulate these publications, as the denial of state
advertisement seriously impacts their publications.
The Pakistan Newspapers Society was established in 1950, later it was converted
into All Pakistan Newspapers Society (APNS) in 1953, as a premier body of
newspapers publishers, with its headquarters at Karachi, as at that time the majority
of publications originated from there. The APNS watch over, protect, preserve and
promote the rights and interests of the newspaper industry (owners) on matters
directly or indirectly affecting their rights and interests, such as advertisements,
clearance of dues, taxes and duties and newsprint. One of the major rules framed
being the accreditation of advertising agencies by the APNS, introducing security
deposits and clearance schedule to member publications within a specified period. It
has successfully evolved a mechanism of streamlining advertisement and clearance
system protecting the collective interests of its member publications, advertising
agencies as well as advertisers.11
Other media organizations include the Council of Pakistan Newspaper Editors
(CPNE), which also looks for the interests of the owners; All Pakistan Newspaper
Employees Council (APNEC) that looks into the interests of the employees and All
Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists (PFUJ) that looks for the interests of the
journalist community.
Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) was set up in March, 2002
mainly to award licenses, regulate the media and keep an eye on the private
channels. However, officially, its objectives are to; 1) improve the standards of
information, education and entertainment; 2) enlarge the choices available to the
people of Pakistan in the media for news, current affairs, religious knowledge, art,
culture, science, technology, economic development, social sector concerns, music,
sports, drama and other subjects of public and national interest; 3) facilitate the
devolution of responsibility and power to grass-root at community level and; 4)
10 See the official website of PID www.pid.gov.pk
11 See the official website of APNS www.apns.com.pk
7. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies,
35 :4, Summer 2012.
ensure accountability, transparency and good governance by optimizing the free flow
of information. Moreover, PEMRA regulates and promotes the establishment and
operation of all private broadcast media and distribution stations in Pakistan
established for the purpose of international, national, provincial, district, local or
special target audiences. The Authority also regulates the distribution of foreign &
local TV and Radio channels in Pakistan.12
Major Media Houses
There are three pioneer and largest media houses in the country; the Jang Group,
the Nawa-i-Waqt group and the Dawn group. These three groups have the largest
publications (newspapers and periodicals) in English and Urdu and the Jang group
has the largest private electronic media transmission. Other business groups have
subsequently joined the media industry such as Lakhani group both in print and
electronic media and Dubai based ARY group, exclusively in electronic media.
The Jang group has the largest Urdu and English publications; Urdu newspaper Jang
is the largest and most popular being published from Karachi, Lahore, Quetta and
Rawalpindi/Islamabad. They have the largest English newspaper; The News being
published form Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi/Islamabad. The largest evening
newspaper in English The Daily News is also credited to them. Besides they have the
largest, most popular and widely read weeklies; MAG (English) and Akhbar-e-Jehan
(World Newspaper, Urdu). In the electronic media, the Jang group also dominates,
they have four channels; Geo News, for news and current affairs, Geo Entertainment,
Geo Sports and AAG, a multi-purpose channel for young generation. They also have
the license for Geo English but due to limited English audience in the country, the
channel could not go on air. The group follows a centrist approach and has moderate
political views; however, they follow strict nationalistic approach in their Urdu
publications. They tend to remain close to the government of the day, however, at
present there is a serious tug of war between the government and the Jang group
apparently over compensations of Geo closure during Musharraff regime, and over
who decides what in a ‘state vs the media’ powers.
12 Annual Report 2006-2009 of the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA).
8. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies,
35 :4, Summer 2012.
The Nawa-i-Waqt group is the second largest media house in Pakistan. It has the
second largest Urdu newspaper Nawa-i-Waqt (Voice of the Time) published from
Karachi, Lahore, Multan and Rawalpindi/Islamabad, and English daily The Nation
from Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi/Islamabad. Besides it publishes widely read
Urdu monthly Nida-e-Millat (Voice of the Nation) and Urdu weekly for children Phool
(Flower). They are the new entrant in the electronic media with only one channel
Waqt (Time), which covers news/current affairs and entertainment. The group
espouses the rightist political approach and is considered close to the Nawaz Sharif
camp.
The third largest media house is the Dawn group, which publishes widely respected
English daily DAWN from Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad and widely read and
respected English monthly Herald, which covers current affairs, entertainment and
fashion. Like the Nawa-i-Waqt group, they are also comparatively new in the
electronic media but they have the first-ever English channel; Dawn News, which
transmits news/current affairs and entertainment, besides they also have a radio
service FM89. In May 2010, due to limited audience, the Dawn News was converted
into Urdu from English language. They follow liberal/moderate political views and are
regarded as projecting unbiased, balanced and objective views. Though the group
has remained critical to the governments but presently is considered close to the
government.
The other two important groups that have made tremendous strides in the Pakistani
media in a very short span of time are the Lakhani group, a well established Karachi-
based business family and the ARY group, a Dubai-based business group, headed
by Haji Abul Razaq, which deals in gold; commonly known as ARY Gold. The
Lakhani group first launched Urdu daily Express from 8 cities challenging the
monopoly of Jang and Nawa-i-Waqt and then launched two TV channels Express TV
in Urdu broadcast and Express English, covering news, current affairs and
entertainment. In June 2010, it also launched the English daily Herald Tribune from
Karachi and Islamabad, in collaboration with the Herald Tribune London. The group
follows the moderate political approach and instead of being aligned with any political
party looks after its business and commercial interest. The ARY group is the largest
and popular media house after the Geo TV. It has five TV channels; ARY One World,
9. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies,
35 :4, Summer 2012.
Urdu transmission in news and current affairs, ARY Digital for entertainment, ARY
Zouq for household, QTV for religious programs and ARY Shopping, the first-ever
shopping channel in the country. Through these various channels, the group covers
almost every segment of the Pakistani society and therefore, makes a significant
impact in the opinion-building. Although the group has rightist-religious tendency but
it follows the business and commercial approach, however at present it is considered
close to the government.
Besides the above major media houses, there are three other media groups, which
have made important contribution in the Pakistani socio-political landscape namely
the Media Times, the Business Recorder Group and the News Network. The Media
Times is owned by business-cum-politician and assassinated governor of Punjab
province, Salman Taseer. The group launched the Daily Times, an English daily from
Lahore, in 2003, which became most popular/respected among the English-speaking
community of Pakistan. Later, they launched two TV channels; Business Plus for
business, trade and commerce and Wikkid Plus for children entertainment. However,
the group could not make any important impact in the electronic media. The Business
Recorder Group has the credit of first-ever exclusively trade/commerce and business
daily in English, The Business Recorder from Karachi. They launched the AAJ
(Today) News, news/current affairs and entertainment channel, which due to its
balanced and objective reporting/analysis became a popular TV, however, it could
not match the Geo, ARY and Express popularity. The News Network is a Lahore
based group that deals in education and is owned by a former mayor of Lahore, Mian
Amir, it launched Dunya (World) News TV, which became very attractive and popular
because its management hired the existing media names from different channels. All
these groups have moderate political approach and apparently they do not follow the
line of any particular political party/group in the country, however their interests are
more focused on commercialism.
Government-Media Relations
Media has played a very effective role against the suppression of political dissent and
military/civil dictators. On the other hand all successive governments in Pakistan
have tried to cage the media. The Press and Publication Ordinance (PPO) was
promulgated in 1962 by Gen. Ayub Khan to control and cage the media. During the
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time of Gen. Zia-ul-Haq, who promulgated the Revised Press and Publication
Ordinance (RPPO) in 1980, the media and journalists met with the worst kind of
treatment; tortures, jails, public lashes and closer of dailies. Media led by newly
established English daily from Islamabad; The Muslim, (Mushahid Hussain and
Maleeha Lodhi, as editors)13 valiantly fought against the dictatorial policies of Gen.
Zia. During the Nawaz Sharif rule there was a severe tug of war between the
government and the Jang group over testing of the state vs media authority, as both
tried to undermine the other. However, ultimately both resolved the issue through a
compromise.
Later, Gen. Pervez Musharraf, who is credited with the opening of media14 also
promulgated the Press Council of Pakistan Ordinance (PCPO) in 2002. Again in
2007, media was suppressed and several private channels were put off the air and
some anchors of current affair programs were barred from conducting their talk
shows; it was due to criticism of government’s internal/external policies, especially
against Gen. Musharraf by the media. Surprisingly, the man who was credited to the
proliferation of media in the country tried to suppress and control it when it became
too much to digest for him. However, the media’s role was exemplary; it not only
fought against the dictator but compelled him to undo the black laws. The most
significant and proactive role of media was witnessed when Gen. Musharraf imposed
the emergency and deposed the sitting Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Pakistan.
Again media played an important role, not only in voicing against the emergency rule
but also in the restoration of Chief Justice of Pakistan.
Though the present government undid some of the previous black laws
restricting/limiting the role of media in the country such as repealing the PPO and
PCPO but some officials and ministers tried to cage the media. However, the
resentment form within the ruling party and strong media reaction compelled the
government to withdraw these restrictions. Once again in August 2010 during the visit
of President Zardari to the UK, Geo News and ARY transmitted the alleged ‘shoe
13 Mushahid Hussain was Information Minister in the Nawaz Sharif government (1997-99), presently
he is Secretary General of Pakistan Muslim League-Q, close to Gen. Musharraf, and Dr. Maliha Lodhi
was editor of The News, and has served as Pakistan’s Ambassador to the USA and UK during
Musharraf era.
14 Pervaiz Musharraf, On the Line of Fire: A Memoir, London: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
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throwing’ on him resulting in the closure of these channels. There was strong protest
by the journalist community and the political parties, ultimately the Supreme Court
had to order the opening of these channels on August 13, 2010.
Role of Media in Pakistan
Ideally, media should be impartial and free from the propaganda mechanisms. It
should provide balanced account to the people. Media educates and keeps the public
informed about the national and international political and other human realities
taking place in everyday life. The purpose of media is to highlight the trouble spots in
the society and press the government and public to devise suitable mechanisms to
eliminate these troubles. At the national level, the responsibility of media is to build a
bridge between people and governments. Media serves as a checkpoint by ensuring
that the government is working within its mandate. However, following the
globalization, the responsibilities of media have also widened. It has to play a role for
preserving and pursuing the national interests of the state and highlighting its
perspective along with the global issues. It has to examine the conduct of
international relations and to highlight the trouble spot at global level in lieu of global
security.15
When the electronic media boom occurred in Pakistan, there was a severe lack of
qualified manpower; anchors, experts and technicians from the sate-owned PTV
provided the bulk of this manpower, as many people left PTV to join financially more
lucrative private media. On the other hand, as the exiting major media houses
opened their own TV channels, automatically people from the print media joined
these channels. The young people who became the initial bulk of reporters and
journalists, joined the media after their terminals degrees in Mass
Communication/Journalism or International Relations, having little or no practical
experience in the electronic media. Therefore, right from the very beginning the
electronic media started its functioning with many handicaps, which was reflected in
their transmissions. Moreover, the joining of non-professional business/commercial
groups into the electronic media further undermined the professionalism, experience
and responsibility. Therefore, currently, the role of media in Pakistan is what Noam
15 See Nazir Hussain, ‘The Role of Media in Internal Security of Pakistan’, The Journal of Political
Studies, (Research Journal of Political Science, University of Punjab-Lahore), Issue XIII, Summer 2008.
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Chomsky notes “it would hardly come as a surprise if the picture of the world they
present were to reflect the perspectives and interests of the sellers, the buyers and
product… the product being audiences willing and able to spend.”16 The approach of
media in Pakistan is business oriented where sensationalism is used as a tool to
attract the financier and buyers.
The rapid developments taking place in the media are due to deregulation, foreign
and domestic investment and increased viewer-ship along with easy access to
technology. Therefore, media receives funds from the unknown private financiers,
may be from the political parties or anti-government lobbies. Ultimately, the views
projected on media are not of public neither of the professionals but of those who
finance it. This is the reason that media in Pakistan is mostly critical to the
government and there is a controversy between the government and the media.
Currently, media resort to sensationalism for profit purposes irrespective of its
implications for stability and image of the country.
This over-emphasised role of media has given immense leverage to the media
anchors, who through political debate and the popularity among the masses, have
become to influence the policy-making and conversely have tried to become the
decision-makers. Also through live broadcasts and ‘breaking news’ there is no role of
the editors and government control; the news is shown as it happens, has a
tremendous effect on the people. Moreover, with commercialization of media, the
major clients of these new media are not governments but the corporate companies
doing business in consumer’s goods.
The media is a double-edged sword; it can work positively as well as negatively.
Through the use of innovative techniques and new technologies such as the ‘sound
bites’ that is the out of context use of words, the media has a complete leverage over
what to show and how to show it, thus undermining the authenticity of the reporting
event. Investigating reporting in the print media is another tool to highlight the
different angle of a particular event or story. Through these techniques certain
section of the media also blackmails individuals, business groups, politicians and
16 Aroan Stark, ‘Noam Chomsky on Media, Politics, Action’ available at www.chomsky.info
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government officials. However, in certain cases the investigating reporting has been
very effective in highlighting the wrong doings. There are two important examples;
one was the ‘Farh Dogar Case’ in which the daughter of the former Chief Justice of
Supreme Court of Pakistan was given extra marks by the Federal Board of
Education, Islamabad to make her qualify for admission into the medical collage, and
the other was ‘Rental Power Projects’ that exposed the present government’s
purchase of rental power plants at a very high price and its fallout on the power
consumers.
However, in its positive role, media is an important source of information and news,
whatever happens around the word is shown right on the TV screens. The new-found
role of media has also provided it a chance to create social and political awareness
among the masses, thus making people aware of their social, economic and political
rights. It scrutinizes the government working both in the domestic and foreign affairs,
thus is a watch-dog over the government policies. Moreover, media has become a
full-fledged industry and an important source of revenue generator. There has been
$2.5 billion investment in the media industry by 2009. The print and electronic media
together earn around $2.5 billion (Rs. 20 billion) with a 40 to 60 ratio from the
advertisement. The FM Radio advertisement was $17 million in 2007-08 and was
expected to be around $50 million in 2010. The media industry provides employment
to over 150,000 people.17
On the other hand, due to intense competition to break the news first, media often
resort to sensationalism; without confirming the news and event, it flashes the news
and starts discussion thus creating unseen fears and panic. Now the popular TV
anchors such as Dr. Shahid Masud (previously Geo now ARY), Kamran Khan (Geo)
Hamid Mir (Geo), Javaid Chaudhry (Express), Kashif Abassi (ARY) discuss, analyse
and scrutinise the government policies, they set the agenda and they form the public
opinion. These anchors discuss and debate major political issues in their prime-time
broadcasts (8-10 pm), when most of the people are glued to their TV sets. Therefore,
just 5-6 TV anchors dominate the public policy issues; often promote sensationalism
17 See ‘Newsweek Eyes Pakistan Media Market’ available at www.southasianinvestor.blogpost.com
of March 12, 2010, and Annual Report 2006-2009 of the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory
Authority (PEMRA).
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because of ungrounded speculations and unfounded theories.18 However, some
anchors such as Najam Sethi (Dunya News now Geo News), Talat Hussain (AJJ
News now Dawn News) and Moueed Pirzada (Dunya News) are more balanced and
suggestive to the government policies. Another confusing trend by the anchors is the
switching over from one TV channel to another, which often smacks of
unprofessionalism and creates doubts in the public mind about their credibility.
Therefore, media in Pakistan play both positive and negative role. It depends on its
level of maturity, experience, professionalism and training that it would play a more
effective and constructive role in the nation building.
Future of Media in Pakistan
Given the potential in fast growing media industry of Pakistan, it has bright future
ahead. Both state-owned and private media are employing new technologies such as
Direct/Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting (DTB). The Direct TV service though radio
frequencies to the household antenna rather than to dishes. This technology is in use
by more than 50 countries in the world. The Cable TV Network is being converted
into digital technology, to be completed by December 2011. There are plans for more
Mobile TV, Internet TV and MMDS to be extended to 33 cities; major newspapers
have lunched their own channels and converted their dailies onto internet online
availability. The future prospects can be gauged from the fact that the Newsweek
Magazine has launched its Pakistani Edition from June 2010 with 30,000 copies. It
would be Newsweek eighth local brand in the world.19
In a country where educational and socio-economic development is very low, the
presence of female journalists is a real achievement. Previously in the print media
there were very seasoned and educated journalists, now they have also joined the
electronic media. More and more young females are joining the media that can bring
a better soft image for the media and the country.
Various media houses and non-governmental organisations as well as the state-
owned PTV have introduced in-house training of its professional and technical staff.
18 See ‘Between Radicalisation and Democratisation in an Unfolding Conflict: Media in Pakistan’ a
report by the International Media Support, Denmark, July 2009.
19 See ‘Newsweek Eyes Pakistan Media Market’ available at www.southasianinvestor.blogpost.com
of March 12, 2010.
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PTV has an academy where professional and technical training are provided in
different fields. The Lok Virsa, a state-owned cultural organisation, has also started
media education and training. Seeing the tremendous boom in the media more and
more people are eager to join the media industry.
The growing role of media has enhanced the importance of disciplines like mass
communication/journalism, and some of the private educational institutions have also
introduced these subjects in their syllabus. The government has also announced to
establish a media university in the country to meet the growing demands of
professional education and training. With these measures, it is hoped that media in
Pakistan would have more maturity, responsibility and professionalism.
Conclusion
Over the years, Pakistani media has seen many ups and downs in its growth and
progress but the media boom in the beginning of 21st
century has unfolded
tremendous opportunities and challenges to it. In its very brief life of just 8 years, the
private electronic media has played an important and effective role in national
politics. From opposing the black laws and media restrictions of the governments to
the restoration of the Chief Justice of Pakistan, it has been bold, proactive, vibrant
and penetrative both for the government and public. However, it is young, and lacks
professional training, maturity and responsibility. Nonetheless, given its potential role,
it would be an important source of positive and constructive socio-economic and
political change in the country.