Operations Research
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Operations research (OR) is the scientific study of operations involving the use of analytical methods to make better operational decisions. OR began in the 1930s in England and has been applied in various fields like transportation, manufacturing, healthcare and more. OR uses multidisciplinary techniques like linear programming, network models, stochastic models to solve complex management problems. Some benefits of OR include effective decision making, improved productivity and cost reduction. Common OR applications include transportation and logistics problems, production planning, facility location, and resource allocation.
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Operations Research
- 1. OPERATIONS RESEARCH Presented By Gayathri Devi M K, M.Tech Dairy Technology, CFDT, TANUVAS, Chennai-52. gdkrishnan97@gmail.com
- 2. OR Operations: The activities carried out in an organization. Research: The process of observation and testing characterized by the scientific method.
- 3. OPERATIONS RESEARCH • OR is an art & science. • OR is the scientific study of operations for the purpose of making better decisions. According to WHO (2003), “The use of systematic research techniques for program decision making to achieve a specific outcome”.
- 4. HISTORY • It was initiated in England during world war II(1930). • At the same time , A.K.Erlang , a Danish engineer carried out experiment to supply the fluctuation in demand for telephone facilities using a automatic dialing experiment. • OR has been studied in Health Care Settings since 1952.
- 5. PROPERTIES
- 6. Characteristics of OR • OR technique is multidisciplinary. • It is used to solve complex management problems. • It is a continuous process. • It is a team activity. • It is a set of mathematical techniques
- 7. Phases of OR
- 8. Benefits of OR • Effective decisions • Better coordination • Improves productivity • Decrease cost • Increase revenue • Manage and reduce risks • Improve utilization from limited resources
- 9. Limitations of OR • Formulation of an industrial problem to an OR set programme is a difficult task. • A non-linear relationship is changed to linear, this may disturb the solution. • When the basic data is subject to frequent changes, the cost of changing programmes manually is a costly affair.
- 10. Applications • Airline industry • Telecommunications • Manufacturing industry • Health care • Transportation
- 11. OR Models Determinstic Model: Linear program(Transportation & Assignment) Non-linear program Network Model: PERT,CPM Stochastic Model: Queuing, Inventory, Simulation
- 12. Linear Programming Problem • LPP is a mathematical programming technique to optimize performance (profit or cost) under a set of resource constraints as specified by organization. • Concept - Objective function -Set of constraints -Non-negativity restrictions
- 13. LPP • Graphical method • Simplex method • Two phase method • Big M method
- 14. Graphical Solution Method • In equality constraints Equation • Plot the lines on the graph • Identify the feasible solution region • Plot 2 objective function lines to determine the direction of improvement. • Locate the solution point.
- 15. Feasible region: containing all the points that satisfy all the inequalities in a system.
- 17. Simplex Method • Simplex method is the basic building blocks for all other methods. • Solves the LPP in iterations to improve the value of the objective function.
- 18. Slack variables: refer to the amount of unused resources like raw material, money and labour. Steps: 1)Formulate LP 2)Introduce slack variables 3)Establish a simplex table If objective function is max- enter the opposite sign of coefficient, if min enter without changing the sign.
- 19. 4)Take the minimum positive value in Cj-Zj. 5)The intersection element of the key column and key row is pivot element. 6)Construct the new iteration table by eliminating the leaving variable and introducing the entering variable 7)Old value-(new value ˟ opposite value of pivot element)
- 21. Software’s used • TORA(Henrick Johnson) • Design Expert( Stastistical optimization) • SAS • MATLAB • MATHMATICA
- 22. Applications • Manufacturing problem • Diet problems: Minimize the cost of the desired at such that it contains a certain minimum amount of each nutrients. • Transportation : to find a cheapest way to transport product
- 25. Thank You