This document discusses the key components of a file system and disk drive architecture. It covers disk structure, scheduling, management, and swap space. It describes concepts like disk formatting, boot blocks, bad blocks, and swap space location. The document also provides a high-level overview of the Windows 2000 operating system, covering its architecture, kernel, processes and threads, exceptions, and subsystems.
UNIT V CASE STUDY
Linux System – Design Principles, Kernel Modules, Process Management, Scheduling, Memory Management, Input-Output Management, File System, Inter-process Communication; Mobile OS – iOS and Android – Architecture and SDK Framework, Media Layer, Services Layer, Core OS Layer, File System.
UNIT IV FILE SYSTEMS AND I/O SYSTEMS 9
Mass Storage system – Overview of Mass Storage Structure, Disk Structure, Disk Scheduling and Management, swap space management; File-System Interface – File concept, Access methods, Directory Structure, Directory organization, File system mounting, File Sharing and Protection; File System Implementation- File System Structure, Directory implementation, Allocation Methods, Free Space Management, Efficiency and Performance, Recovery; I/O Systems – I/O Hardware, Application I/O interface, Kernel I/O subsystem, Streams, Performance.
32-bit preemptive multitasking operating system for Intel microprocessors. Uses a micro-kernel architecture. Uses a micro-kernel architecture. Environmental subsystems emulate different operating systems. Protection subsystems provide security functions
UNIT V CASE STUDY
Linux System – Design Principles, Kernel Modules, Process Management, Scheduling, Memory Management, Input-Output Management, File System, Inter-process Communication; Mobile OS – iOS and Android – Architecture and SDK Framework, Media Layer, Services Layer, Core OS Layer, File System.
UNIT IV FILE SYSTEMS AND I/O SYSTEMS 9
Mass Storage system – Overview of Mass Storage Structure, Disk Structure, Disk Scheduling and Management, swap space management; File-System Interface – File concept, Access methods, Directory Structure, Directory organization, File system mounting, File Sharing and Protection; File System Implementation- File System Structure, Directory implementation, Allocation Methods, Free Space Management, Efficiency and Performance, Recovery; I/O Systems – I/O Hardware, Application I/O interface, Kernel I/O subsystem, Streams, Performance.
32-bit preemptive multitasking operating system for Intel microprocessors. Uses a micro-kernel architecture. Uses a micro-kernel architecture. Environmental subsystems emulate different operating systems. Protection subsystems provide security functions
UNIT II PROCESS MANAGEMENT
Processes – Process Concept, Process Scheduling, Operations on Processes, Inter-process Communication; CPU Scheduling – Scheduling criteria, Scheduling algorithms, Multiple-processor scheduling, Real time scheduling; Threads- Overview, Multithreading models, Threading issues; Process Synchronization – The critical-section problem, Synchronization hardware, Mutex locks, Semaphores, Classic problems of synchronization, Critical regions, Monitors; Deadlock – System model, Deadlock characterization, Methods for handling deadlocks, Deadlock prevention, Deadlock avoidance, Deadlock detection, Recovery from deadlock.
UNIT I OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Computer System Overview-Basic Elements, Instruction Execution, Interrupts, Memory Hierarchy, Cache Memory, Direct Memory Access, Multiprocessor and Multicore Organization. Operating system overview-objectives and functions, Evolution of Operating System.- Computer System Organization Operating System Structure and Operations- System Calls, System Programs, OS Generation and System Boot.
Windows Architecture Explained by StacksolStacksol
Now here we explained the windows architecture. The inside view of Microsoft Windows. The architecture of Windows NT, a line of operating systems produced and sold by Microsoft, is a layered design that consists of two main components, user mode and kernel mode.
UNIT II PROCESS MANAGEMENT
Processes – Process Concept, Process Scheduling, Operations on Processes, Inter-process Communication; CPU Scheduling – Scheduling criteria, Scheduling algorithms, Multiple-processor scheduling, Real time scheduling; Threads- Overview, Multithreading models, Threading issues; Process Synchronization – The critical-section problem, Synchronization hardware, Mutex locks, Semaphores, Classic problems of synchronization, Critical regions, Monitors; Deadlock – System model, Deadlock characterization, Methods for handling deadlocks, Deadlock prevention, Deadlock avoidance, Deadlock detection, Recovery from deadlock.
UNIT I OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Computer System Overview-Basic Elements, Instruction Execution, Interrupts, Memory Hierarchy, Cache Memory, Direct Memory Access, Multiprocessor and Multicore Organization. Operating system overview-objectives and functions, Evolution of Operating System.- Computer System Organization Operating System Structure and Operations- System Calls, System Programs, OS Generation and System Boot.
Windows Architecture Explained by StacksolStacksol
Now here we explained the windows architecture. The inside view of Microsoft Windows. The architecture of Windows NT, a line of operating systems produced and sold by Microsoft, is a layered design that consists of two main components, user mode and kernel mode.
SlideShare now has a player specifically designed for infographics. Upload your infographics now and see them take off! Need advice on creating infographics? This presentation includes tips for producing stand-out infographics. Read more about the new SlideShare infographics player here: http://wp.me/p24NNG-2ay
This infographic was designed by Column Five: http://columnfivemedia.com/
No need to wonder how the best on SlideShare do it. The Masters of SlideShare provides storytelling, design, customization and promotion tips from 13 experts of the form. Learn what it takes to master this type of content marketing yourself.
Are you new to SlideShare? Are you looking to fine tune your channel plan? Are you using SlideShare but are looking for ways to enhance what you're doing? How can you use SlideShare for content marketing tactics such as lead generation, calls-to-action to other pieces of your content, or thought leadership? Read more from the CMI team in their latest SlideShare presentation on SlideShare.
10 Ways to Win at SlideShare SEO & Presentation OptimizationOneupweb
Thank you, SlideShare, for teaching us that PowerPoint presentations don't have to be a total bore. But in order to tap SlideShare's 60 million global users, you must optimize. Here are 10 quick tips to make your next presentation highly engaging, shareable and well worth the effort.
For more content marketing tips: http://www.oneupweb.com/blog/
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
Not sure what to share on SlideShare?
SlideShares that inform, inspire and educate attract the most views. Beyond that, ideas for what you can upload are limitless. We’ve selected a few popular examples to get your creative juices flowing.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
Chorus - Distributed Operating System [ case study ]Akhil Nadh PC
ChorusOS is a microkernel real-time operating system designed as a message-based computational model. ChorusOS started as the Chorus distributed real-time operating system research project at Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (INRIA) in France in 1979. During the 1980s, Chorus was one of two earliest microkernels (the other being Mach) and was developed commercially by Chorus Systèmes. Over time, development effort shifted away from distribution aspects to real-time for embedded systems.
lecture 1 (Part 2) kernal and its categoriesWajeehaBaig
Kernel and its categories
computer start up
Architecture of Operating system(Monolithic ,Layered,Micro kernel,Network and distributed O.S)
Interrupt and its function
System calls
System boot
O.S services(for system, for user)
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
2. This file system can be viewed logically
consist of following parts:
Disk structure
Disk scheduling
Disk Management
Swap-space Management
3. Disk provide the bulk of secondary storage
Magnetic tape was used an early secondary storage
medium
Modern disk drives are addressed as large one-
dimensional arrays of logical blocks
The logical blocks is the smallest unit of tranfer.
The one-dimensional array of logical blocks is
mapped onto the sectors of the disk sequentially.
It is difficult to perform two reasons
Most disks have some defective sectors.
The number of sectors per track is not a
constant on some drives.
4. The disk drives has fast access time and disk bandwidth
The access time has two major components.
Seek time
Rotational latency
The disk bandwidth is the total number of byes
transferred, divided by the total time between the
first request for service and the completion of the last
transfer.
The request specifies several pieces of information
I. Whether this operation is input or output
II. What the disk address for the transfer is
III. What the memory address for the transfer is
IV. What the number of bytes to the transferred is
5. The simplest form of disk scheduling is the first
come, first-served(FCFS) algorithm.
The algorithm does not provide the fastest
services.
SSTF Scheduling
It seems reasonable to service all the requests
close to the current head position, before
moving the head far away to service.
The assumption is the basis for the shortest-
seek-time-first algorithm
The SSTF algorithm selects the request with
the minimum seek time from the current head
position
6. In the scan algorithm the disk arm starts at one
end of the disk, and moves toward the other end.
The direction of head movement is reversed, and
servicing continues.
The scan algorithm is sometimes called the
elevator algorithm
C- SCAN scheduling
Circular scan scheduling is a variant of SCAN designed
to provide a more wait time
The C-SCAN scheduling algorithm treats the cylinders
as a circular list that wraps around from the final cylinder
to the first one.
7. • The scheduling algorithms described the seek
distances for modern disks, the rotational latency
Can be nearly as large as the average seek time.
• But it is difficult for the operating system to
scheduled for improved rotational latency because
modern disks do not disclose the physical location of
logical blocks.
8. Disk Formatting
• A new magnetic disk is a blank slate.
• It must be divided into sectors that the disk controller
can read and write. This process is called Low level
formatting
• A sector number and an error-correcting code.
• The operating system still needs to record its own data
structures.
• In two steps
• The first step is two partition the disk into one or more
groups of cylinders
• The second step is logical formatting.
• In this step the operating system stores the initial file
system data structures into the disk
9. The bootstrap is stored in read only memory
The full bootstrap program is stored in a partition
called the boot blocks, at a fixed location on the
disk.
A disk that has a boot partition is called a boot
disk or system disk.
Bad blocks
Most frequently, one or more sectors become defective.
Most disks even come form the factory with bad blocks
This scheme is known as sector sparing or forwarding
10. Swap-space management is another low-level task of the
operating system
The main goal for the design and implementation of swap
space is to provide the best throughput for the
Virtual memory system
Swap-space use
Swap space is used in various ways by different operating systems,
depending on the implemented memory-management
Algorithms.
Swap-space Location
A swap space can reside in two places.
Swap space can be carved out of the normal file system or it can be
in a seperated disk partition.
11.
12. Windows 2000 Operating system is a 32-bit
preemptive multitasking operating system for Intel
pentium and later microprocessor.
In 1980 Microsoft and IBM cooperated to develop
the OS/2 operating system in single processor Intel
80286
Microsoft developed a portable operating system
that supported both the application system.
There are four versions of windows 2000
The professional version intended for desktop use.
The other three are server version datacenter
version.
13. The design goals that Micros0ft has stated for
windows 2000 include Extensibility, portability,
compatibility, performance.
Extensibility refers to the capacity of the operating
system to keep up advances in computing technology
Windows 2000 uses a client-server model.
Mach operating system and supports multiple
processing by remoter procedure call(RPC).
An operating system is portable and it can be
moved from one hardware architecture to another.
14. The architecture of windows 2000 is a layered
system of modules.
The user-mode subsystems are in two categories
environment subsystems emulate different operating
systems;the subsystems provide security functions.
One of the chief advantages of the architecture is
the intreactions between modules can be kept simple
remainder of this section describes these layers and
subsytems.
15. HAL is the layer of software that hides hardware
differences from the operating system,virtual-machine
interface that is used by the kernel,the exculive and
device drivers.
One advantage of this approach is that only a single
of each device driver is needed-it can run on all
hardware flatform will porting the driver code.
16. The kernal of windows 2000 provides the fundation
for the executive and subsystems.
kernal uses to sets of objects. The first set
comparises the dispatcher.
Dispatcher objects control dispatching and
synchoronous the event object is used to record an
event occurances.
Synchronize the later with some action A semaphore
objects acts as a counter or gate to control the number
that access some resource.
The thread object is the entity that is run kernal and
is associated with a process object.
17. Timer objects are used to keep track of the time
and
and to signal time outs when operations and need to
be interrupted
The second set of kernal objects comparises the
control objects.
The power states object to check whether the
power
a process object represents the virtual address
space and control.
The system uses the profile object to measure the
amount of time used by a amount of code
18. Windows 2000 uses the process and threads for
executable code .
Each process has one or more threads. Each thread
has its own state.
It includes a priority, processor, affinity, and
accounting information.
The six possible thread states or ready, stand by ,
running, waiting, and terminated.
19. Ready means waiting to run.
The highest priority thread is moved to the standby
state.
A thread is running when it is executing on a
processor
A thread is in the waiting state when it is waiting for
a signal
A new thread is in the transition state while it is
waiting resourcs necessary for execlution
A thread enters the terminated state finishes
execution
20. Kernal also provides trap handling for exceptions
and interrupts that are used by hardware or software
windows 2000 defines several architecture
exceptions including memory-access violation integer
overflow or underflow, integer divide by zero, floating-
point by zero , illegal instruction , data misalignment,
privileged instruction, read error , guard-page,
violation, paging files, quote exceeded, debugger, point
and debugger, single step.
The exeption dispatcher creates and exception that
contains the reason for the exception and finds an
exception handler deal with it.
21. The kernal uses an interrupted dispatch table to
bind each interrupt that a service routine
Windows 2000 takes advantage of this property to
software interrupts to perform system functions
kernal uses the dispatch interrupt to control thread
context switching to the kernal is running.
It queues a deferred procedure call(DPC) that
contains the address of the function to be executed
and generates interrupt.
They cannot modify its memory: create, acquire, or
wait on objects, call system services or page faults.
22. Third reponsibility of the kernal is to provide low-
level processor synchronization.
The APC mechanism is similar to the DPC algorithm
but was most use.
The APC mechanism enables threads to set up a
procedure call that happen out of the blue at some
future time.
windows 2000 can run on symmetric multiprocessor
machines, so the kernal must prevent two of its
threads from modifying a shared data structure in
same time.
23. The fourth and final responsibility of the kernal is
to provide recovery after a failure
A power fail interrupt which has the second-highest
priority notifies the operating system whenever a
power loss is detected.
The power notify object provides a way for a device
driver to register a routine that is call on power
restoration and ensures that devices get set to the
proper and recovery
27. Windows 2000 supports both peer-to-peer and
client server networking.
The networking components provide data transport,
interprocess communication file sharing across a network,
and the ability to send print jobs to remote printers.
Protocols
Distributed processing Mechanisms